REARING OF DAIRY CALVES ON PASTURE WITH OR WITHOUT WHOLE OATS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Average Body

Three groups of 10 Ayrshire bull calves born in May and June, 1963 were placed on pasture at 2 weeks of age, after weaning at 55 kg body weight, or at 15 weeks of age. Half the calves in each group also received whole oats while on pasture to a maximum of 1.4 kg/day. Prior to going on pasture, calves were fed a starter ration and timothy hay. The calves were removed from pasture at 21 weeks of age and fed hay and grain until 52 weeks of age. There were no differences between groups in rate of gain from 1 week of age to weaning, the average growth rate for all calves being 427 g/day. Calves put on pasture after weaning gained 223 g/day from weaning to 15 weeks of age, and calves put on pasture at 15 weeks of age gained only 177 g/day from 15 to 21 weeks of age. Weight gains during these same two periods for calves put on pasture at 2 weeks of age were 432 and 500 g/day, respectively. Feeding oats to calves on pasture did not increase growth rates to weaning or to 15 weeks of age. Average body weights at 52 weeks of age were 251, 228, and 242 kg, respectively for calves started on pasture at 2 weeks of age, after weaning, and at 15 weeks of age.

scholarly journals Growth and body weight of free-range reindeer in western Alaska

Rangifer ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg L. Finstad ◽  
Alexander K. Prichard
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Reproductive Females ◽  
Average Body

Total body weight of 9749 reindeer calves and 4798 adult reindeer were measured from 1984 to 1999 on the Seward Peninsula, western Alaska, USA. Growth rates of male and female calves, and annual growth patterns of adults were determined. Male calves grew faster than female calves. Reproductive females were lighter than non-reproductive females during summer but there was no effect of reproduction on average body weights the following winter. Adult males age 3-5 were heavier during summer than winter. Castrated males weighed the same as uncastrated males in summer, but were significantly heavier in winter, and did not display the large annual fluctuations in weight typical of reproductive males and females. Growth rates were higher and body weights greater in this herd than many other cir-cumpolar reindeer populations. We suggest these kinds of physiological indices should be used to monitor the possible effects of spatial and temporal variation in population density and to evaluate changes in herding practices.

A COMPARISON OF WEANING DAIRY CALVES BY BODY WEIGHT VERSUS AGE FROM WHOLE MILK OR MILK-REPLACER

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Milk Replacers

Ayrshire bull calves were weaned from whole milk or milk-replacer at 7 weeks of age, and at two different body weights, namely 55 and 46 kg. A maximum of 1.82 kg starter was fed daily to 15 weeks of age and 1.82 kg grower concentrate to 180 days of age.Calf performance did not differ significantly by weaning at 7 weeks or 55 kg. Weight gains to weaning and to 15 weeks were significantly lower for calves weaned at 46 kg. The average 180-day body weights for calves weaned at 7 weeks, 55, and 46 kg were 150, 146, and 140 kg, respectively.Whole milk or milk-replacer feeding produced identical calf growth to 180 days of age. Milk-replacer tended to increase preweaning and decrease post-weaning growth of calves weaned at 46 kg compared with whole milk. The augmented preweaning starter intake by calves fed replacer is discussed in relation to the digestible energy content of milk-replacers. It is suggested that energy supplied by plant carbohydrates should not be included in replacers for early-weaned calves, due to the low digestibility of starch by calves until 3 or 4 weeks of age.

scholarly journals Assessing the lockdown effect from excess mortalities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexej Weber
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractBackground and AimsThe reported case numbers of COVID-19 are often used to estimate the reproduction number or the growth rate. We use the excess mortality instead, showing the difference between most restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions (mrNPIs) and less restrictive NPIs (lrNPIs) with respect to the growth rate and death counts.MethodsWe estimate the COVID-19 growth rate for Sweden, South Korea, Italy and Germany from the excess mortality. We use the average growth rate obtained for Sweden and South Korea, two countries with lrNPIs, to estimate additional death numbers in Germany and Italy (two countries with mrNPIs) in a hypothetic lrNPIs scenario.ResultsThe growth rate estimated from excess mortality decreased faster for Germany and Italy than for Sweden and South Korea, suggesting that the mrNPIs have a non-negligible effect. This is not visible when the growth rate is calculated using the reported case numbers of COVID-19. This results in approximately 4 500 and 12 000 more death numbers for Germany and Italy, respectively.ConclusionThe reproduction numbers or growth rates obtained from reported COVID-19 cases are most likely biased. Expanding testing capacity led to an overestimation of the growth rate across all countries analyzed, masking the true decrease already visible in the excess mortality. Using our method, a more realistic estimate of the growth rate is obtained. Conclusions made for the reproduction number derived from the reported case numbers like the insignificance of most restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions (lockdowns) might be wrong and have to be reevaluated using the growth rates obtained with our method.

Attained Size and Growth Rate of Female Volleyball Players between 9 and 13 Years of Age

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Malina
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Status ◽  
School Year ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Tall Girls ◽  
Accelerated Growth ◽  
Average Body

The growth status and rate of a mixed-longitudinal sample (N = 19) of female volleyball players 9–13 years of age were compared to reference data for the general population. The athletes were measured at the beginning and end of the school year. Growth rates in stature and weight adjusted to 6-month intervals were calculated. The results indicate mean statures that are above U.S. reference medians and mean weights that are near the medians (i.e., tall girls with average body weights). Estimated half-year growth rates in stature and weight from 10.0–13.0 years closely match the respective medians of the Fels longitudinal study. The data thus suggest that the larger body size of young volleyball players is not a function of accelerated growth rate during these early adolescent ages and, thus, not due to earlier maturation; body size is likely genotypic and probably reflects selection at relatively young ages for the size demands of the sport.

scholarly journals Inherent random fluctuations in COVID-19 outbreaks may explain rapid growth of new mutated virus variants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Bodin ◽  
Joacim Rocklov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Virus Variant ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Random Fluctuations

A new virus variant of SARS-COV-2 has had a profound impact on society while governments have taken action to limit its impacts by enforcing lockdowns and limiting spread from the UK to other countries. Variants with mutations in the virus genome are likely to occur, but do not always associate to significant changes in the biology of the virus, or the disease. For the variant VOC 202012/01 (also referred to as B.1.1.7), however, preliminary reports indicate it may be more transmissible. Here we use a simulation model calibrated to the inherent random fluctuating transmission pattern of COVID-19 to investigate what the probability may be for detecting more transmissible virus variants post facto. We find that post facto identification of successful virus variants of SARS-COV-2 are likely to exhibit growth rates that are substantially larger than the average growth rate. This finding has implications for interpreting growth rate and transmissibility of new virus variants.

scholarly journals Maximising lamb growth rate - just what is possible in a high performance system

2003 ◽  
pp. 61-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.D. Muir ◽  
N.B. Smith ◽  
J.C. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Performance System ◽  
Lamb Growth

Abstract This study set out to demonstrate what could be achieved in terms of lamb growth rates under controlled experimental conditions. Ewes with high breeding values for progeny growth rate were selected from within a flock of 900 ewes and mated using AI to a ram with a high breeding value for progeny growth rate. Of the 70 ewes mated, 44 reared 75 lambs (170%) to 12 weeks of age. Lamb birth weights averaged 4.8 kg. Ewes and lambs were fed on pasture covers between 1800 and 2600 kg DM/ha throughout lactation. At 12 weeks of age, the average weight of all lambs in the mob averaged 39 kg. Average growth rate of all lambs from birth to 12 weeks was 409 g/d, with single, twin and triplet lambs averaging 437, 407 and 380 g/d respectively. The best individual lamb grew at 549 g/d and weighed 51.6 kg at 12 weeks. This demonstration sets a new benchmark for both mob and individual lamb growth rates and indicates what can be achieved with a combination of genetics for growth, ewes with good milking ability and good pasture feeding conditions. Keywords: breeding value, lamb growth rate, milking ability, pasture quality

Correlates of Growth and Feeding in Laboratory-Maintained Eledone Cirrhosa (Cephalopoda: Octopoda)

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. Houlihan ◽  
K. Kelly ◽  
P.R. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Octopuses (Eledone cirrhosa (Octopoda: Cephalopoda)) held in an aquarium were subjected to varying conditions of feeding and starvation to evaluate putative indices of feeding and growth. Specific growth rate (%d−1) was linearly related to feeding rate (% of the body mass d−1) in animals with a mean body mass of 250 g at 15°C. Maximum growth rates varied between > 2% d−1 (body weights < 300 g) to < 1% d−1 (body weights ≤ 900 g) but specific growth rates were not related to body weight. Growth rates became negative (weight loss) after one week without food.The digestive gland index (DGI) was significantly correlated with short and long-term feeding and specific growth rates, and with body weight. Muscle RNA concentration was linearly correlated with growth rate during the previous 1–3 weeks but not with feeding rate. RNA:protein ratios were not different between mid-arm and mantle sample sites but arm tip values were significantly higher. RNA:protein ratio was related to body weight only in feeding animals. It is concluded that DGI is an index of feeding rate and that RNA:protein ratio can be used as an index of recent (~ 4 weeks) growth rate.

Selected growth parameters of farm-raised mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.) ducklings

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Murawska ◽  
Vladimir Hanzal ◽  
Pawel Janiszewski ◽  
Barry D. Lambert ◽  
Michal Gesek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Breast Weight ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

The aim of this study was to determine changes in selected growth parameters of farm-raised mallard ducklings from hatch to 42 d of age. The largest increases in body and carcass weights of ducklings and weights of the analyzed tissue components were noted during the first 28 d of the rearing period, except for breast and wing muscles. In comparison with other muscle groups, the growth rate of breast and wing muscles was lower from hatch to 14 d of age, greatest between 14 and 28 d, and remained high up to 42 d of age. The average body weight of mallard ducklings increased more than 16-fold (from 39.7 to 644.8 g, P ≤ 0.01), and the average carcass weight increased more than 26-fold (from 14.4 to 384.5 g, P ≤ 0.01). The growth rates of carcass and tissue components varied considerably. Wing weight increased 84.5-fold (from 0.80 to 67.6 g, P ≤ 0.01), followed by breast weight, which increased 48-fold (from 1.7 to 82.9 g, P ≤ 0.01). Slower growth rates were noted in the remaining carcass parts: back, 23-fold; neck, 19.2-fold; and legs, 17.1-fold (from 5.4 to 92.2 g, P ≤ 0.01).

Influence of Initial Seedling Size and Rate of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Growth of Containerized Pecan Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 451d-451
Author(s):  
Nolan Farace ◽  
C.E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Seedling Size ◽  
Ph Range

Pecan seedlings were randomly selected and divided into two lots according to size. Seven rates and three sources of nitrogen based fertilizers were applied four times starting on 6 May, 20 June, 4 July, and 15 Aug. Leachates were taken 3 weeks after each application. The pH range after the first application ranged from 6.0 to 7.0. After the fourth the pH had dropped to a range of 5.0 to 6.0. The TDS ranged from 0 to 6.0 mS after the first application to a 2.1 to 0.5 mS after the last application. Growth rates varied slightly among treatments. The average growth rate among seedlings was only slightly affected by nitrogen fertilize rates. Within 12 weeks the average growth was 1.3 mm. There were only slight differences in growth between the low and high rates of NH4·NO3 fertilizer. The growth rate decreased somewhat in response to increased rates of application of Ca·NO3.

Factors affecting body weight and growth rate of Awassi lambs

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Bhat ◽  
G. L. Koul ◽  
S. K. Koul ◽  
R. Kumar ◽  
R. C. Garg
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Awassi Lambs

SummaryAn experiment was carried out to study the effect of early weaning on body weight and growth rate of Awassi lambs raised at Abu-Ghurib Experiment Station, Baghdad, Iraq. Sex, type of birth and weaning age significantly influenced the body weight and growth rate of lambs at all the ages studied. Dam's age and weight at lambing, however, did not affect the growth rate of the lambs. The average body weights of lambs at 4 and 6 months of age were 23·8±0·28 and 32·3 ± 0·36 kg. The average daily gain in weight up to 120 and 180 days of age was 162·3 ±2·57 and 153·7 ±1·94 g/day respectively. Males were heavier than females and singles were heavier than twins at all the ages. Lambs weaned at 60 days of age were heavier and had a faster growth rate than those weaned at 90 or 120 days of age. Males born to 2-year-old dams grew fastest while the females born to them had the lowest body weights and growth rate.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document