THE ADDITION OF BUFFERS TO RUMINANT RATIONS: II. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON WEIGHT GAINS, EFFICIENCY OF GAINS AND CONSUMPTION BY STEERS OF ALL-CONCENTRATE RATIONS

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
D. W. Friend ◽  
H. M. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Kidney Lesions

Two experiments, involving a total of 60 beef steers fed all-concentrate rations, were conducted to determine the effect of additions of sodium bicarbonate, sodium propionate and cod liver oil on rates of gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass grades of the steers. The basal ration consisted of the following ingredients in percentages: barley 40; oats 40; linseed oil meal 10; molasses 8.5; dicalcium phosphate 1.0; trace-mineralized salt 0.5; plus vitamins A and D. The addition of 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate to this all-concentrate ration, composed of either ground or rolled grains, did not improve gains, feed efficiency or carcass grades. The addition of 3.6 per cent sodium propionate to the bicarbonate-containing ration did not have any significant effect on animal gains, feed efficiency or carcass grades. When 75 milliliters of cod liver oil was fed once daily with a ration containing 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate, carcass grade, dressing percentage, feed consumption and rate of gain, but not feed efficiency, were significantly reduced. The rolled-grain rations gave more satisfactory results than the ground-grain rations. A high incidence of kidney lesions was observed among some of the ration groups.

THE ADDITION OF BUFFERS TO RUMINANT RATIONS: IV. THE EFFECT OF ADDITIONS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, SODIUM PROPIONATE, LIMESTONE AND COD LIVER OIL ON INTRA-RUMEN ENVIRONMENT

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
H. M. Cunningham ◽  
D. W. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Basal Ration

Two experiments with fistulated steers were designed to study the effects of adding 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate, 5.7 per cent ground limestone, and 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate plus either 3.6 per cent sodium propionate or 60 milliliters per day of cod liver oil to an all-concentrate basal ration composed of barley, oats, linseed oil meal, molasses, minerals and vitamins A and D2. The effects of using rolled or ground grains were also studied. All of the buffered rations, except that containing limestone, resulted in a higher rumen pH and buffering capacity than did the basal ration. The buffers had little effect on the total concentration but did result in changes in the molar proportions of the VFA in rumen fluid. In both experiments, the buffered rations, except that containing limestone, gave a lower molar per cent of acetic acid than did the basal ration. The addition of either cod liver oil or sodium propionate to the sodium bicarbonate ration resulted in a higher molar per cent of the propionic acid than with the basal ration. The butyric acid concentration was lower for the ration containing cod liver oil than for either the basal or sodium bicarbonate rations. Rolled grains in the basal ration gave less extreme results than did ground grains; however, the differences were not significant.Samples taken at 3, 5, 8 and 16 hours after feeding showed marked diurnal variations in all criteria studied, except the proportion of acetic acid. Values obtained at 3 and 5 hours after feeding showed little change but thereafter there was a decrease in concentration of total VFA and the proportion of propionic acid and an increase in pH, buffering capacity and the proportions of butyric and the higher acids. Interactions between the rations and times of sampling show that the buffers are most effective in modifying the intra-rumen environment shortly after feeding but this effect had partly disappeared by 5 hours after feeding.

THE ADDITION OF BUFFERS TO RUMINANT RATIONS: III. THE EFFECT OF ADDITIONS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, SODIUM PROPIONATE, LIMESTONE AND COD LIVER OIL ON APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION OF AN ALL-CONCENTRATE RATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
D. W. Friend ◽  
H. M. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Design Experiments

Rumen-fistulated yearling steers were used in two 4 × 4 latin square design experiments to determine the digestibility and nitrogen retention of all-concentrate rations with various supplements. The inclusion of 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate in either a ground- or dry-rolled-grain ration resulted in an increase in urine excretion. Digestibility of organic matter and nitrogen or nitrogen retention were not affected. The addition of 60 milliliters of cod liver oil (1200 I.U. vitamin A, 150 I.U. vitamin D per gram) per day to the bicarbonate supplemented, ground-grain ration tended to decrease organic matter digestibility while the addition of 3.6 per cent sodium propionate tended to increase organic matter digestibility. Differences between these rations and the bicarbonate ration were not statistically significant; however, the percentage of nitrogen retained on the cod liver oil supplemented ration was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than on the propionate supplemented ration.The inclusion of 5.7 per cent ground limestone significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the digestibility of dry matter, and nitrogen, but the digestibility of organic matter was not significantly lower at this probability level.

THE ADDITION OF BUFFERS TO RUMINANT RATIONS: I. EFFECT ON WEIGHT GAINS, EFFICIENCY OF GAINS AND CONSUMPTION OF RATIONS WITH AND WITHOUT ROUGHAGE

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
H. M. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Ad Libitum

A total of sixty-eight beef steers were used in three feeding trials to determine the effects of adding buffers to ruminant rations. The buffers used in these trials were sodium propionate and mixtures of sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate and calcium carbonate (as ground limestone). They were fed at levels varying from 2 to 9 pounds per 100 pounds of the concentrate ration. Data on feed consumption, weight gains and efficiency of feed conversion are presented.The addition of buffers to a ration containing timothy hay fed ad libitum did not prove beneficial. Buffers at the highest level (9 pounds per 100 pounds) were detrimental in the hay-concentrate ration. When the hay was removed from the ration there were highly significant decreases in weight gains and T.D.N. consumption. These decreases were partially offset by the addition of buffers to the all-concentrate rations. The results may have a practical application in the feeding of low-roughage rations.

THE EFFECT OF HORMONES, BUFFER SALTS, AND PROTEIN QUALITY ON THE FEEDING OF SPRING LAMBS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Woolfitt ◽  
W. E. Howell ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Better Than

Lambs treated with ear implants of estradiol–progesterone and diethylstilbestrol (DES) were similar to the control lambs in rate of gain, feed efficiency, and carcass grade. Lambs receiving diethylstilbestrol orally appeared to respond less favorably than the control lambs. The gains of lambs receiving sodium bicarbonate were somewhat better than controls, approaching significance at the 5% level. Feed efficiency was improved in the sodium bicarbonate group with no significant change in carcass quality. Lambs fed rations that contained 2% sodium citrate or 2% sodium bicarbonate plus 2% sodium citrate gained more slowly than the control lambs. In addition, feed efficiency was adversely affected. There was no advantage in feeding fish meal in lieu of linseed oil meal.

scholarly journals 401 Effect of zinc source and ractopamine hydrochloride on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of steers fed in confinement to harvest

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 160-160
Author(s):  
John Wagner ◽  
William T Nelson ◽  
Terry Engle ◽  
Jerry Spears ◽  
Jeff Heldt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Zinc Source ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Ractopamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Four hundred and thirty-two beef steers (346.3 ± 63.7 kg BW) were used to determine the effects of Zn source on feedlot cattle fed ractopamine hydrochloride. Cattle were blocked in groups of 54 by BW and housed in 48 pens containing 9 steers per pen. Pens within a weight block were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, with factors being: 1) 0 or 30.1 mg of ractopamine HCl/kg DM fed during the final 29 days on feed; and 2) Zn source: 90 mg of supplemental Zn/kg DM from ZnSO4; Zn sulfate (67%) + Zn methionine (33%); and Zn from Zn hydroxychloride, fed through the entire feeding period. Cattle were fed a high concentrate finishing diet for 154 d and slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Average daily gain, DMI, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics were determined after slaughter. Zinc source had no impact on live animal performance. Cattle fed ractopamine HCl had greater (P &lt; 0.01) final BW, greater (P &lt; 0.001) ADG, improved (P &lt; 0.001) G:F, heavier (P &lt; 0.01) HCW, and larger (P &lt; 0.05) longissimus muscle compared to non-ractopamine supplemented steers. There was a Zn source by ractopamine interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for dressing percentage. Cattle receiving ractopamine HCl with Zn hydroxychloride had a greater dressing percentage (P &lt; 0.05) when compared to ractopamine HCl cattle fed other Zn sources. Cattle receiving ractopamine HCl with Zn sulfate had a lesser dressing percentage (P &lt; 0.05) when compared to ractopamine HCl cattle fed other Zn sources. Additional Zn source by ractopamine HCl interactions were not significant. These data indicate that Zn source has minimal impacts on feedlot steer performance and carcass characteristics when supplemented to cattle receiving 0.0 or 30.1 mg of ractopamine HCl/kg DM.

Genetic variation in net feed efficiency in Hereford cattle and its association with other production traits

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 47-47
Author(s):  
R.M. Herd ◽  
S.C. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Performance Measurements ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Rate Selection

Net feed efficiency refers to variation in feed consumption between animals net of requirements for maintenance and production, and may be measured as residual feed intake (RFI). Because RFI is independent of liveweight (LW) and growth rate, selection for improved net feed efficiency is likely to reduce feed intake with little change in growth. The purpose of this study was to establish whether there exists genetic variation in RFI in young British Hereford bulls, and to determine the phenotypic and genetic correlations of RFI with key production traits.The data consisted of performance measurements on 540 bull progeny of 154 British Hereford sires, collected over ten 200-day postweaning performance tests conducted between 1979 and 1988. The traits analysed were food intake (FI), 200 to 400-day daily gain (ADG), 400-day weight (W400), predicted carcass lean content (LEAN), lean growth rate (LGR), food conversion ratio (FI/ADG) and lean FCR (LFCR; FI/(ADG x LEAN), described by Bishop (1992).

scholarly journals Results of selection for breast muscle percentage and feed conversion ratio in Pekin ducks

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Pingel
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Breast Muscle ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Selection For

Increasing breast muscle percentage by selection for breast layer thickness (muscle and skin) of living ducks by needle probe improves carcass quality as could be demonstrated by experiments and by applied breeding programs. In addition direct selection for individual feed conversion ratio can increase the efficiency of duck meat production. Divergent selection for feed conversion ratio from the age of 4 - 7 weeks over 11 generations has differentiated the feed efficiency by about 25 %. Causes for the reduction in feed conversion ratio are lower fat content of carcass, lower locomotor activity, higher enzymatic activity (alkaline phosphatase and creatinkinase in blood plasma) and better feed protein utilization. Because of lower feed consumption in the line selected for lower feed conversion ratio the emission of nitrogen and phosphorus via manure was reduced by about 39 and 26 %, respectively. That means, selection for better feed efficiency is not only an important economical but also an important ecological factor.

scholarly journals SOAPS AS FERMENT-INHIBITING AGENTS

1914 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Jobling ◽  
William Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Croton Oil

1. Sodium soaps prepared from olive oil, croton oil, cod-liver oil, linseed oil, etc., have the property of inhibiting the action of trypsin and leucoprotease. 2. The activity of these soaps is dependent upon the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids and is in proportion to their iodin value. 3. Saturation of the acids with a halogen (iodin) causes a loss of this property. 4. Soaps of the saturated fatty acids tested do not have this influence on ferments.

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