THE ADDITION OF BUFFERS TO RUMINANT RATIONS: I. EFFECT ON WEIGHT GAINS, EFFICIENCY OF GAINS AND CONSUMPTION OF RATIONS WITH AND WITHOUT ROUGHAGE

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
H. M. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Ad Libitum

A total of sixty-eight beef steers were used in three feeding trials to determine the effects of adding buffers to ruminant rations. The buffers used in these trials were sodium propionate and mixtures of sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate and calcium carbonate (as ground limestone). They were fed at levels varying from 2 to 9 pounds per 100 pounds of the concentrate ration. Data on feed consumption, weight gains and efficiency of feed conversion are presented.The addition of buffers to a ration containing timothy hay fed ad libitum did not prove beneficial. Buffers at the highest level (9 pounds per 100 pounds) were detrimental in the hay-concentrate ration. When the hay was removed from the ration there were highly significant decreases in weight gains and T.D.N. consumption. These decreases were partially offset by the addition of buffers to the all-concentrate rations. The results may have a practical application in the feeding of low-roughage rations.

THE ADDITION OF BUFFERS TO RUMINANT RATIONS: II. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON WEIGHT GAINS, EFFICIENCY OF GAINS AND CONSUMPTION BY STEERS OF ALL-CONCENTRATE RATIONS

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
D. W. Friend ◽  
H. M. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Kidney Lesions

Two experiments, involving a total of 60 beef steers fed all-concentrate rations, were conducted to determine the effect of additions of sodium bicarbonate, sodium propionate and cod liver oil on rates of gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass grades of the steers. The basal ration consisted of the following ingredients in percentages: barley 40; oats 40; linseed oil meal 10; molasses 8.5; dicalcium phosphate 1.0; trace-mineralized salt 0.5; plus vitamins A and D. The addition of 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate to this all-concentrate ration, composed of either ground or rolled grains, did not improve gains, feed efficiency or carcass grades. The addition of 3.6 per cent sodium propionate to the bicarbonate-containing ration did not have any significant effect on animal gains, feed efficiency or carcass grades. When 75 milliliters of cod liver oil was fed once daily with a ration containing 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate, carcass grade, dressing percentage, feed consumption and rate of gain, but not feed efficiency, were significantly reduced. The rolled-grain rations gave more satisfactory results than the ground-grain rations. A high incidence of kidney lesions was observed among some of the ration groups.

COMPARISON OF BARLEY CULTIVARS IN DIETS FOR GROWING-FINISHING PIGS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. CASTELL ◽  
K. E. BOWREN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Seed Yields

One-hectare plots of two-row (Fairfield, Fergus and Klages) and six-row (Bonanza, Klondike and Peguis) barley cultivars were seeded on fallow. Seed yields, kg dry matter/ha, ranged from 4374 (Peguis) to 6425 (Fairfield) in 1977 and from 3028 (Klages) to 4871 (Fergus) in 1978. Protein (N × 6.25) contents were lower in 1977, 11.3 to 13.1 vs. 13.1 to 14.3% of dry matter. During the following winters, each cultivar was used as 87.5% of a standard diet fed ad libitum to eight pigs from approximately 25 to 93 kg liveweight. Within feeding trials I and II, growth rates (averaging 798 ± 19 and 786 ± 24 g/day, respectively), efficiencies of feed conversion (EFC) and carcass measurements were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by cultivar. However, the trend for diets based on two-row cultivars to be superior in EFC was supported by their higher apparent digestibilities of energy (80.8 vs. 71.8%) and of nitrogen (73.5 vs. 65.7%) in the 1978 diets. A palatability study using these diets indicated the pigs’ preference for two-row over six-row barleys.

Response of beef steers to diets based on big-bale silage supplemented with molassed sugar beet feed and two levels of fishmeal

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 198-198
Author(s):  
Y Rouzbehan ◽  
J H Topps ◽  
H Galbraith ◽  
J A Rooke
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Ad Libitum

Earlier work (Rouzbehan et al, 1991) has shown that supplementation of baled silage with molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF, 60 g/kg fresh weight) improved live weight gain (LUG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in sheep. It has been established that the protein in silage is not utilised as effectively by beef cattle as the protein in non-fermented forages (Thomas, 1982). Responses in the performance and carcass composition of finishing steers and heifers when silage-based diets have been supplemented with protein have proved to be variable. This trial was therefore carried out to examine the effects of feeding two levels of a protein supplement, fishmeal, in addition to MSBF, on the performance of beef steers fed big-bale silage ad libitum and to assess the nutritional value of such supplementation.

The nutritional value of rice pollard for sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 525 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
LJ Cook ◽  
P Davis
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Growth Experiment ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Body Weight Changes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Lamb Growth

An investigation has been made of the nutritional value for lambs of diets containing rice pollard from which varying amounts of oil were extracted. The preparations were pelleted with equal amounts of wheaten hay to provide diets containing per kg, 12, 56, 80 and 107 g oil. A fifth diet was also prepared containing 106 g oil, and an additional 2.5 g calcium carbonate/kg. The diets were offered ad libitum to 46 crossbred lambs for 83 days, body weight changes being recorded over the final 53 days. Digestion in the stomach and intestines of similar lambs with fistulae in the rumen and abomasum was also measured with three diets. In the lamb growth experiment, no consistent effects of oil content or additional calcium were observed on feed intake, which ranged from 1.02 to 1.16 kg/day, on weight gain (1 11-148 &/day) or on feed conversion (7.9 - 9.2 kg feed per kg gain). Digestion studies with diets containing hay plus pollard alone, supplemented with calcium carbonate or with the pollard-oil extracted, indicated no differences in the digestibility of organic matter or aciddetergent fibre. However, appreciable grains of nitrogen in the rumen which occurred with the first two diets ensured that the quantities of crude protein apparently digested in the intestines were equivalent to 93-98% of protein intake. The corresponding value for the oil-extracted diet was only 66% of intake. Fibre digestibility, 250-320 g/kg intake, was not significantly different between diets. With the two nonextracted diets, a net loss of oil approximating 760 g/kg consumed occurred in the digestive tract, whereas with the extracted diet slightly more oil was excreted in the faeces than the amount consumed.

scholarly journals Yaz Koşullarında Gece-Gündüz Yemlemesi ve Aydınlatmanın Etlik Piliçlerin Performansı Üzerine Etkileri

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesut Karaman ◽  
Mehmet Öcal
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Light Regimen ◽  
Night Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum

This study, aimed to determine the effects of different light regimen and day/night feeding on some performance criteria of 1104 broiler chickens during summer season. At the beginning of second week they were separated according to their sexes, and experiment had 2 × 6 replications. The 1st group, as control, received continuous lighting (daylight + lightening during night) and fed ad-libitum. The 2nd group was treated with continuous lighting too, but they had no access to feed between10:00 and 16:00 o’clock during the last three weeks. The 3rd group was also exposed to continuous lighting but had no access to feed between10:00 am and 16:00 pm. Fourth group received continuous lighting but had no access to feed between 24:00 pm and 06:00 am. Fifth group received continuous lighting, but they were not fed between 24:00 pm and 06:00 am during the last three weeks of experimental process. Sixth group had no access to feed box during 24:00 pm and 06:00 am, when they had not been exposed to light as well. There were no notable differences in live weight gain of male and female birds for all treatment groups, and similarly differences among feed consumption and feed conversion ratios were not remarkable statistically regardless of the sexes of chickens. There were significant differences in hot-cold carcass yields of the 3rd and 6th treatment groups for male birds and 6th treatment group for female birds. The differences for carcass weights of male birds were statistically significant and 3rd and 6th treatments groups were tend to be relatively higher than the other treatment groups. The differences among treatment groups for carcass weights of female birds, however, were not significant and similarly the effects of the treatments on the mortality rate was found to be in significant for same birds. Lightning (24h) and feeding ad - libitum affected the performance of the birds adversely, whilst restricted feeding and lightning process reduced the yield-loss the animals during the summer season.

Ground roughage in the diet of the early-weaned calf

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Molar Percentage ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Ground Wheat

SUMMARYAn experiment was conducted with 60 male Friesian calves between 5 and 11 weeks of age. The experiment was a 5×2×2 factorial design. The five major treatments were the inclusion of 20 or 40% ground wheat straw or 20, 40 or 60% ground lucerne in a pelleted diet. A methane inhibitor was included in the diet given to 30 of the calves. The diets were given alone or with a chaffed wheat straw supplementad libitum. All diets contained 2% sodium bicarbonate.The weight gain of the calves was greater with the diets containing ground lucerne than with those containing ground wheat straw, but in both cases weight gains were reduced with increasing roughage content of the diets. The efficiency of feed conversion showed a similar trend. The supplementation of the diets with chaffed wheat straw did not affect the performance of the calves. The inclusion of the methane inhibitor in the diets improved the weight gains and efficiency of feed conversion. The daily retention of nitrogen in the calves showed a similar trend to the growth rates.The molar percentage of acetate in the rumen increased as the roughage content of the diets increased while the proportions of propionate, butyrate and valerate decreased. The inclusion of the methane inhibitor in the diets decreased the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen and increased the molar percentage of propionate, butyrate and valerate.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REDUCED FEED CONSUMPTION OBSERVED IN GROWING PIGS FED VOMITOXIN-CONTAMINATED DIETS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. CHAVEZ ◽  
J. A. RHEAUME
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Feeding trials were conducted to determine the significance of the reduction in feed consumption observed when growing pigs were fed complete diets containing approximately 6 ppm vomitoxin. Sixty Landrace weaners, weighing on average 22 kg, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were: (1) control cereal soybean diet fed ad libitum (mycotoxin free); (2) vomitoxin diet fed ad libitum in which 100% of the clean wheat included in the control diet was replaced by moldy wheat containing 10.32 ppm vomitoxin; (3) control diet fed restricted to the average daily intake of pigs fed the vomitoxin diet; and (4) upgraded vomitoxin diet fed ad libitum and containing approximately 20% more energy, crude protein, minerals and vitamins. Individual feed consumption was recorded daily for 12 wk. The control diet promoted significantly (P < 0.05) greater total body weight gains and also the greatest feed consumption. Body weight gains were not different (P > 0.05) for the vomitoxin and restricted control dietary treatments. The vomitoxin upgraded treatment resulted in greater total body weight gains (P < 0.05) than the vomitoxin treatment. During the 12-wk period, animals in the vomitoxin and restricted-control-fed groups consumed 71% as much feed as the control group fed ad libitum while the vomitoxin upgraded group consumed 77% as much as the control. Analysis for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, plasma protein and alkaline phosphatase revealed no differences (P > 0.05) between dietary treatments. With respect to animal performance and blood biochemical profiles, the effect of vomitoxin appears to be primarily limited to feed acceptability and intake, with no apparent consequences on the metabolic function of the animal. Key words: Vomitoxin, deoxynivalenol, growing pigs, feed consumption

THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC ACID SALTS ON GROWTH AND RUMEN VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS OF SHEEP FED PELLETED OR CHOPPED HIGH-ROUGHAGE RATIONS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
H. M. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The One ◽  
Standard Ration

Four experiments were conducted with sheep to compare the addition of sodium citrate and sodium propionate to pelleted and unpelleted rations and to determine the response to sodium citrate supplementation of different quality-hays. There were no significant differences in rate of gain or feed consumption of a ⅔ roughage −⅓ concentrate ration due to supplementation with sodium citrate or sodium propionate. Pelleting either the mixed ration or all-roughage rations increased feed consumption and rate of gain in all experiments. Pelleting the mixed ration decreased digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and nitrogen in the one experiment in which this was determined. Pregnant and lactating ewes lost less body weight when fed a limited amount of long hay plus pelleted hay ad libitum than similar ewes fed a standard ration of long hay ad libitum plus 0.5 lb of concentrates per day. It was necessary to feed lambs 0.5 lb of rolled barley per day with long hay ad libitum to obtain gains equal to those of similar lambs fed pelleted hay ad libitum. The addition of sodium citrate significantly increased the rate of gain of lambs fed ad libitum a slightly moldy, weathered legume hay in the pelleted form together with 0.25 lb of long hay per head per day.The addition of sodium citrate to a mixed ration or to all-roughage rations did not usually alter the proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids. The addition of sodium propionate decreased the proportion of acetic acid while increasing that of propionic acid. In both experiments where this was determined, pelleting an all-roughage ration resulted in a decrease in the proportion of acetic acid and an increase in the longer chain volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid.

EFFECTS OF ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE ON GROWING CHICKENS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1181-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. CHRISTOPHER YOUNG ◽  
RON R. MARQUARDT
Keyword(s):  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Feed Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Ergotamine Tartrate

The nutritional and toxicological effects of feeding ergotamine tartrate over the range of 0 to ca. 800 ppm in the diet to chickens were evaluated. In 7- to 10-day feeding trials with broiler and Leghorn chicks, 30–40 ppm of ergotamine tartrate in the diet did not alter feed consumption or weight gains. Pure alkaloid (at ca. 800 ppm) had only a slight effect on the feed:gain ratio, whereas 4% wheat ergot decreased the feed utilization efficiency twofold. Gross pathological effects in brain, liver, and muscle tissues were not observed, even at the highest (ca. 800 ppm) levels, although toe necrosis occurred at about 250 ppm. Hearts were enlarged in birds at or above 250 ppm, likely due to back pressure arising from vasoconstriction. In a 51-day trial with broilers, similar performance and pathological effects similar to those noted in the short-term studies were observed. Reduced weight gains were apparent only for the first 2–3 wk; thereafter, chicks maintained nearly constant average weights relative to control. Ergotamine tartrate did not accumulate in tissues and only when the highest levels were fed could trace amounts (< 10 ppb) be detected. About 5% of the alkaloid fed was excreted unchanged with an additional 15–20% detected as a complex mixture of 16 possible metabolites. Key words: Chickens, mycotoxins, ergot, ergotamine tartrate

VOMITOXIN-CONTAMINATED WHEAT IN PIG DIETS: PREGNANT AND LACTATING GILTS AND WEANERS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. CHAVEZ
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Weanling Piglets ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of including vomitoxin-contaminated wheat (VCW) containing 6.9 mg vomitoxin per kilogram in the complete diet of gilts during gestation and lactation (3 wk) and in the initial diet of weanling pigs up to approximately 23 kg liveweight. Four groups of four littermate gilts were assigned to four dietary treatments (one littermate per treatment) as follows: (1) control with 69% clean wheat (CW) in the diet with 16% crude protein; (2) 1/3 replacement of the CW with VCW; (3) 2/3 replacement of the CW with VCW; and (4) 100% replacement of the CW with the VCW. During gestation gilts were fed 2.3 kg/day of the diet in two meals, and the same diet ad libitum during lactation. The level of vomitoxin (VT) did not have any detrimental effect on body weight change of the gilt during gestation and after farrowing. Ad libitum feed consumption of the gilts during lactation was not significantly different among treatments. Litter size and weight at birth and at weaning time was not affected by the level of VT intake during gestation. One hundred and four weanling piglets (56 males and 48 females) weighing approximately 7.0 kg each were included in an 8-wk feeding trial. Four dietary treatments, including the control diet (treatment 1), contained 73.2% CW and 22% crude protein, and treatments 2, 3 and 4 in which VCW replaced 1/3, 2/3 and 100% CW, respectively. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in body weight gain in the 8-wk period was observed only when 100% of the cereal included in the diet was VCW. This effect was due to a significant reduction in feed consumption of the piglets. Thus, feed efficiency was not affected by the level of VT content of the diet. Key words: Vomitoxin, reproduction, weaners, wheat

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