scholarly journals Yersinia enterocolitica: Mode of Transmission, Molecular Insights of Virulence, and Pathogenesis of Infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeasmin Sabina ◽  
Atiqur Rahman ◽  
Ramesh Chandra Ray ◽  
Didier Montet
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Plasmid Genes

AlthoughYersinia enterocoliticais usually transmitted through contaminated food and untreated water, occasional transmission such as human-to-human, animal-to-human and blood transfusion associated transmission have also identified in human disease. Of the sixY. enterocoliticabiotypes, the virulence of the pathogenic biotypes, namely, 1B and 2–5 is attributed to the presence of a highly conserved 70-kb virulence plasmid, termed pYV/pCD and certain chromosomal genes. Some biotype 1A strains, despite lacking virulence plasmid (pYV) and traditional chromosomal virulence genes, are isolated frequently from humans with gastrointestinal diseases similar to that produced by isolates belonging known pathogenic biotypes.Y. enterocoliticapathogenic biotypes have evolved two major properties: the ability to penetrate the intestinal wall, which is thought to be controlled by plasmid genes, and the production of heat-stable enterotoxin, which is controlled by chromosomal genes.

scholarly journals PCR Detection of Virulence Genes in Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Investigation of Virulence Gene Distribution

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 1810-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Thoerner ◽  
C. I. Bin Kingombe ◽  
K. Bögli-Stuber ◽  
B. Bissig-Choisat ◽  
T. M. Wassenaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Dependent Growth ◽  
Plasmid Genes ◽  
Phenotypic Tests

ABSTRACT PCR-based assays were developed for the detection of plasmid- and chromosome-borne virulence genes in Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, to investigate the distribution of these genes in isolates from various sources. The results of PCR genotyping, based on 5 virulence-associated genes of 140 strains of Y. enterocolitica, were compared to phenotypic tests, such as biotyping and serotyping, and to virulence plasmid-associated properties such as calcium-dependent growth at 37°C and Congo red uptake. The specificity of the PCR results was validated by hybridization. Genotyping data correlated well with biotype data, and most biotypes resulted in (nearly) homogeneous genotypes for the chromosomal virulence genes (ystA, ystB, and ail); however, plasmid-borne genes (yadA and virF) were detected with variable efficiency, due to heterogeneity within the bacterial population for the presence of the virulence plasmid. Of the virulence genes, only ystB was present in biotype 1A; however, within this biotype, pathogenic and apathogenic isolates could not be distinguished based on the detection of virulence genes. Forty Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates were tested by PCR for the presence of inv, yadA, and lcrF. All isolates were inv positive, and 88% of the isolates contained the virulence plasmid genes yadA and lcrF. In conclusion, this study shows that genotyping of Yersinia spp., based on both chromosome- and plasmid-borne virulence genes, is feasible and informative and can provide a rapid and reliable genotypic characterization of field isolates.

scholarly journals Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A are avirulent in newborn and infant mice even when expressing virulence plasmid genes of Salmonella Typhimurium

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 723-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Santander ◽  
Roy Curtiss III
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Susceptible Animal ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Plasmid Genes

Background: Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A are human host-restricted pathogens. Therefore, there is no small susceptible animal host that can be used to assess the virulence and safety of vaccine strains derived from these Salmonella serovars.  However, infant mice have been used to evaluate virulence and colonization by another human host-restricted pathogen, Vibrio cholerae.  Methodology: The possibility that infant mice host could be adapted for Salmonella led us to investigate the susceptibility of newborn and infant mice to oral infection with S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes enteric fever in adult mice and this system has been used as a model for human typhoid. The pSTV virulence plasmid, not present in S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, plays an essential role in S. Typhimurium colonization and systemic infection of mice. We also conjugated pSTV into S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A serovars and evaluated these transconjugants in newborn and infant mice.  Results: We determined that the spv virulence genes from the S. Typhimurium virulence plasmid are expressed in S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A in a RpoS dependent fashion. Also, we determined that S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A with and without pSTV transiently colonize newborn and infant mice tissues. Conclusion: Newborn and infant mice infected with S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A do not succumb to the infection and that carriage of the S. Typhimurium virulence plasmid, pSTV, did not influence these results.

scholarly journals Yersinia enterocolitica Isolates from Wild Boars Hunted in Lower Saxony, Germany

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (14) ◽  
pp. 4835-4840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra von Altrock ◽  
Diana Seinige ◽  
Corinna Kehrenberg
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Hunting Season ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACTYersiniosis is strongly associated with the consumption of pork contaminated with enteropathogenicYersinia enterocolitica, which is harbored by domestic pigs without showing clinical signs of disease. In contrast to data onY. enterocoliticaisolated from conventionally reared swine, investigations into the occurrence ofY. enterocoliticain wild boars in Germany are rare. The objectives of the study were to get knowledge about these bacteria and their occurrence in wild boars hunted in northern Germany by isolation of the bacteria from the tonsils, identification of the bioserotypes, determination of selected virulence factors, macrorestriction analysis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and testing of antimicrobial susceptibility. Altogether, tonsils from 17.1% of 111 tested wild boars were positive forY. enterocoliticaby culture methods. All but two isolates belonged to biotype (BT) 1A, with the majority of isolates bearing aystBnucleotide sequence which was revealed to have 85% identity to internal regions ofY. enterocoliticaheat-stable enterotoxin type B genes. The remainingY. enterocoliticaisolates were identified to be BT 1B and did not carry the virulence plasmid. However, two BT 1A isolates carried theailgene. Macrorestriction analysis and results from MLST showed a high degree of genetic diversity of the isolates, although the region where the samples were taken was restricted to Lower Saxony, Germany, and wild boars were shot during one hunting season. In conclusion, mostY. enterocoliticaisolates from wild boars investigated in this study belonged to biotype 1A. EnteropathogenicY. enterocoliticabioserotypes 4/O:3 and 2/O:9, usually harbored by commercially raised pigs in Europe, could not be identified.

scholarly journals Behavior ofYersinia enterocoliticain Foods

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Latiful Bari ◽  
M. Anwar Hossain ◽  
Kenji Isshiki ◽  
Dike Ukuku
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Food Hygiene ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Limited Sensitivity

Yersinia enterocoliticaare ubiquitous, being isolated frequently from soil, water, animals, and a variety of foods. They comprise a biochemically heterogeneous group that can survive and grow at refrigeration temperatures. The ability to propagate at refrigeration temperatures is of considerable significance in food hygiene. Virulent strains ofYersiniainvade mammalian cells such as HeLa cells in tissue culture. Two chromosomal genes, inv and ail, were identified for cell invasion of mammalian. The pathogen can cause diarrhoea, appendicitis and post-infection arthritis may occur in a small proportion of cases. The most common transmission route of pathogenicY. enterocoliticais thought to be fecal-oral via contaminated food. Direct person-to-person contact is rare. Occasionally, pathogenicY. enterocoliticahas been detected in vegetables and environmental water; thus, vegetables and untreated water are also potential sources of human yersiniosis. However, the isolation rates of pathogenicY. enterocoliticahave been low, which may be due to the limited sensitivity of the detection methods. To identify other possible transmission vehicles, different food items should be studied more extensively. Many factors related to the epidemiology ofY. enterocolitica, such as sources, transmission routes, and predominating genotypes remain obscure because of the low sensitivity of detection methods.

scholarly journals Homologues of Insecticidal Toxin Complex Genes in Yersinia enterocolitica Biotype 1A and Their Contribution to Virulence

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 6860-6867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon M. Tennant ◽  
Narelle A. Skinner ◽  
Angela Joe ◽  
Roy M. Robins-Browne
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Subtractive Hybridization ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Photorhabdus Luminescens ◽  
Insecticidal Toxin ◽  
Toxin Complex

ABSTRACT Yersinia enterocolitica is an enteric pathogen that consists of six biotypes: 1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Strains of the latter five biotypes can carry a virulence plasmid, known as pYV, and several well-characterized chromosomally encoded virulence determinants. Y. enterocolitica strains of biotype 1A lack the virulence-associated markers of pYV-bearing strains and were once considered to be avirulent. There is growing epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence, however, to suggest that some biotype 1A strains are virulent and can cause gastrointestinal disease. To identify potential virulence genes of pathogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A, we used genomic subtractive hybridization to determine genetic differences between two biotype 1A strains: an environmental isolate, Y. enterocolitica IP2222, and a clinical isolate, Y. enterocolitica T83. Among the Y. enterocolitica T83-specific genes we identified were three, tcbA, tcaC, and tccC, that showed homology to the insecticidal toxin complex (TC) genes first discovered in Photorhabdus luminescens. The Y. enterocolitica T83 TC gene homologues were expressed by Y. enterocolitica T83 and were significantly more prevalent among clinical biotype 1A strains than other Yersinia isolates. Inactivation of the TC genes in Y. enterocolitica T83 resulted in mutants which were attenuated in the ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of perorally infected mice. These results indicate that products of the TC gene complex contribute to the virulence of some strains of Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A, possibly by facilitating their persistence in vivo.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Reprogramming by Plasmid-Encoded Transcriptional Regulators Is Required for Host Niche Adaption of a Macrophage Pathogen

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 3137-3145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry B. Coulson ◽  
Aleksandra A. Miranda-CasoLuengo ◽  
Raúl Miranda-CasoLuengo ◽  
Xiaoguang Wang ◽  
Jenna Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Change ◽  
Transcriptional Regulators ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Intracellular Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Significant Enrichment ◽  
Plasmid Genes

Rhodococcus equiis a facultative intracellular pathogen of macrophages, relying on the presence of a conjugative virulence plasmid harboring a 21-kb pathogenicity island (PAI) for growth in host macrophages. The PAI encodes a family of 6 virulence-associated proteins (Vaps) in addition to 20 other proteins. The contribution of these to virulence has remained unclear. We show that the presence of only 3 virulence plasmid genes (of 73 in total) is required and sufficient for intracellular growth. These include a singlevapfamily member,vapA, and two PAI-located transcriptional regulators,virRandvirS. Both transcriptional regulators are essential for wild-type-level expression ofvapA, yetvapAexpression alone is not sufficient to allow intracellular growth. A whole-genome microarray analysis revealed that VirR and VirS substantially integrate themselves into the chromosomal regulatory network, significantly altering the transcription of 18% of all chromosomal genes. This pathoadaptation involved significant enrichment of select gene ontologies, in particular, enrichment of genes involved in transport processes, energy production, and cellular metabolism, suggesting a major change in cell physiology allowing the bacterium to grow in the hostile environment of the host cell. The results suggest that following the acquisition of the virulence plasmid by an avirulent ancestor ofR. equi, coevolution between the plasmid and the chromosome took place, allowing VirR and VirS to regulate the transcription of chromosomal genes in a process that ultimately promoted intracellular growth. Our findings suggest a mechanism for cooption of existing chromosomal traits during the evolution of a pathogenic bacterium from an avirulent saprophyte.

The Heat-Stable Enterotoxin(s) of Yersinia enterocolitica in Foods

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Taylor ◽  
Michael P. Doyle ◽  
Alison R. Behling
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Heat Stable

Detection of Virulence Plasmid–Encoded Genes in Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Kentucky Isolates Recovered from Commercially Processed Chicken Carcasses

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 1364-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
RIZWANA TASMIN ◽  
PAUL A. GULIG ◽  
SALINA PARVEEN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Chicken Carcass ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Virulence

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is one of the leading causes of nontyphoidal gastroenteritis of humans in the United States. Commercially processed poultry carcasses are frequently contaminated with Salmonella serovar Kentucky in the United States. The aim of the study was to detect the Salmonella virulence plasmid containing the spv genes from Salmonella isolates recovered from commercially processed chicken carcasses. A total of 144 Salmonella isolates (Salmonella Typhimurium, n = 72 and Salmonella Kentucky, n = 72) were used for isolation of plasmids and detection of corresponding virulence genes (spvA, spvB, and spvC). Only four (5.5%) Salmonella Typhimurium isolates tested positive for all three virulence genes and hence were classified as possessing the virulence plasmid. All isolates of Salmonella Kentucky were negative for the virulence plasmid and genes. These results indicate that the virulence plasmid, which is very common among clinical isolates of Typhimurium and other Salmonella serovars (e.g., Enteritidis, Dublin, Choleraesuis, Gallinarum, Pullorum, and Abortusovis), may not be present in a significant portion of commercially processed chicken carcass isolates.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica Isolates by PCR and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 3674-3681 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thisted Lambertz ◽  
M.-L. Danielsson-Tham
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Pork Meat ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Pork Samples

ABSTRACT Approximately 550 to 600 yersiniosis patients are reported annually in Sweden. Although pigs are thought to be the main reservoir of food-borne pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica, the role of pork meat as a vehicle for transmission to humans is still unclear. Pork meat collected from refrigerators and local shops frequented by yersiniosis patients (n = 48) were examined for the presence of pathogenic Yersinia spp. A combined culture and PCR method was used for detection, and a multiplex PCR was developed and evaluated as a tool for efficient identification of pathogenic food and patient isolates. The results obtained with the multiplex PCR were compared to phenotypic test results and confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In all, 118 pork products (91 raw and 27 ready-to-eat) were collected. Pathogenic Yersinia spp. were detected by PCR in 10% (9 of 91) of the raw pork samples (loin of pork, fillet of pork, pork chop, ham, and minced meat) but in none of the ready-to-eat products. Isolates of Y. enterocolitica bioserotype 4/O:3 were recovered from six of the PCR-positive raw pork samples; all harbored the virulence plasmid. All isolates were recovered from food collected in shops and, thus, none were from the patients' home. When subjected to PFGE, the six isolates displayed four different NotI profiles. The same four NotI profiles were also present among isolates recovered from the yersiniosis patients. The application of a multiplex PCR was shown to be an efficient tool for identification of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica isolates in naturally contaminated raw pork.

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