scholarly journals Behavior ofYersinia enterocoliticain Foods

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Latiful Bari ◽  
M. Anwar Hossain ◽  
Kenji Isshiki ◽  
Dike Ukuku
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Food Hygiene ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Limited Sensitivity

Yersinia enterocoliticaare ubiquitous, being isolated frequently from soil, water, animals, and a variety of foods. They comprise a biochemically heterogeneous group that can survive and grow at refrigeration temperatures. The ability to propagate at refrigeration temperatures is of considerable significance in food hygiene. Virulent strains ofYersiniainvade mammalian cells such as HeLa cells in tissue culture. Two chromosomal genes, inv and ail, were identified for cell invasion of mammalian. The pathogen can cause diarrhoea, appendicitis and post-infection arthritis may occur in a small proportion of cases. The most common transmission route of pathogenicY. enterocoliticais thought to be fecal-oral via contaminated food. Direct person-to-person contact is rare. Occasionally, pathogenicY. enterocoliticahas been detected in vegetables and environmental water; thus, vegetables and untreated water are also potential sources of human yersiniosis. However, the isolation rates of pathogenicY. enterocoliticahave been low, which may be due to the limited sensitivity of the detection methods. To identify other possible transmission vehicles, different food items should be studied more extensively. Many factors related to the epidemiology ofY. enterocolitica, such as sources, transmission routes, and predominating genotypes remain obscure because of the low sensitivity of detection methods.

scholarly journals Inorganic polyphosphate in mammals: where's Wally?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Desfougères ◽  
Adolfo Saiardi ◽  
Cristina Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Polyp Detection ◽  
Inorganic Polyphosphate ◽  
Mammalian Enzyme ◽  
Higher Eukaryotes ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Current Detection

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a ubiquitous polymer of tens to hundreds of orthophosphate residues linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. In prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, both the presence of polyP and of the biosynthetic pathway that leads to its synthesis are well-documented. However, in mammals, polyP is more elusive. Firstly, the mammalian enzyme responsible for the synthesis of this linear biopolymer is unknown. Secondly, the low sensitivity and specificity of available polyP detection methods make it difficult to confidently ascertain polyP presence in mammalian cells, since in higher eukaryotes, polyP exists in lower amounts than in yeast or bacteria. Despite this, polyP has been given a remarkably large number of functions in mammals. In this review, we discuss some of the proposed functions of polyP in mammals, the limitations of the current detection methods and the urgent need to understand how this polymer is synthesized.

scholarly journals Yersinia enterocolitica: Mode of Transmission, Molecular Insights of Virulence, and Pathogenesis of Infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeasmin Sabina ◽  
Atiqur Rahman ◽  
Ramesh Chandra Ray ◽  
Didier Montet
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Plasmid Genes

AlthoughYersinia enterocoliticais usually transmitted through contaminated food and untreated water, occasional transmission such as human-to-human, animal-to-human and blood transfusion associated transmission have also identified in human disease. Of the sixY. enterocoliticabiotypes, the virulence of the pathogenic biotypes, namely, 1B and 2–5 is attributed to the presence of a highly conserved 70-kb virulence plasmid, termed pYV/pCD and certain chromosomal genes. Some biotype 1A strains, despite lacking virulence plasmid (pYV) and traditional chromosomal virulence genes, are isolated frequently from humans with gastrointestinal diseases similar to that produced by isolates belonging known pathogenic biotypes.Y. enterocoliticapathogenic biotypes have evolved two major properties: the ability to penetrate the intestinal wall, which is thought to be controlled by plasmid genes, and the production of heat-stable enterotoxin, which is controlled by chromosomal genes.

scholarly journals Rapid and Sensitive Detection of miRNA Based on AC Electrokinetic Capacitive Sensing for Point-of-Care Applications

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 3985
Author(s):  
Nan Wan ◽  
Yu Jiang ◽  
Jiamei Huang ◽  
Rania Oueslati ◽  
Shigetoshi Eda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Capacitive Sensing ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Mirna Detection ◽  
Mirna 25 ◽  
Low Sensitivity

A sensitive and efficient method for microRNAs (miRNAs) detection is strongly desired by clinicians and, in recent years, the search for such a method has drawn much attention. There has been significant interest in using miRNA as biomarkers for multiple diseases and conditions in clinical diagnostics. Presently, most miRNA detection methods suffer from drawbacks, e.g., low sensitivity, long assay time, expensive equipment, trained personnel, or unsuitability for point-of-care. New methodologies are needed to overcome these limitations to allow rapid, sensitive, low-cost, easy-to-use, and portable methods for miRNA detection at the point of care. In this work, to overcome these shortcomings, we integrated capacitive sensing and alternating current electrokinetic effects to detect specific miRNA-16b molecules, as a model, with the limit of detection reaching 1.0 femto molar (fM) levels. The specificity of the sensor was verified by testing miRNA-25, which has the same length as miRNA-16b. The sensor we developed demonstrated significant improvements in sensitivity, response time and cost over other miRNA detection methods, and has application potential at point-of-care.

Other Yersinia infections: Yersiniosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1086-1088
Author(s):  
Michael Prentice
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Late Complications ◽  
Food Hygiene ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Focal Infection ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms

Yersiniosis is caused by the enteropathogenic Gram-negative organisms Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which are worldwide zoonotic pathogens. Disease is acquired by consumption of contaminated food or water and is commonest in childhood, and in colder climates. Presentation is with diarrhoea, fever, and abdominal pain, which may mimic appendicitis. Late complications include reactive arthritis, erythema nodosum, and erythema multiforme. Systemic infection is more likely with Y. pseudotuberculosis and a subgroup of Y. enterocolitica, and also in patients with diabetes or iron overload. Diagnosis is by culture of the organism or convalescent serology. Most cases of enteritis are self-limiting and antimicrobials are not indicated, but septicaemia or focal infection outside the gastrointestinal tract requires antibiotics (usually cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or ciprofloxacin). Prevention is by standard food hygiene precautions.

scholarly journals Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues

Nature ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 550 (7675) ◽  
pp. 244-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taru Tukiainen ◽  
◽  
Alexandra-Chloé Villani ◽  
Angela Yen ◽  
Manuel A. Rivas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
X Chromosome Inactivation ◽  
Chromosome Inactivation ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosomal Genes

Abstract X chromosome inactivation (XCI) silences transcription from one of the two X chromosomes in female mammalian cells to balance expression dosage between XX females and XY males. XCI is, however, incomplete in humans: up to one-third of X-chromosomal genes are expressed from both the active and inactive X chromosomes (Xa and Xi, respectively) in female cells, with the degree of ‘escape’ from inactivation varying between genes and individuals1,2. The extent to which XCI is shared between cells and tissues remains poorly characterized3,4, as does the degree to which incomplete XCI manifests as detectable sex differences in gene expression5 and phenotypic traits6. Here we describe a systematic survey of XCI, integrating over 5,500 transcriptomes from 449 individuals spanning 29 tissues from GTEx (v6p release) and 940 single-cell transcriptomes, combined with genomic sequence data. We show that XCI at 683 X-chromosomal genes is generally uniform across human tissues, but identify examples of heterogeneity between tissues, individuals and cells. We show that incomplete XCI affects at least 23% of X-chromosomal genes, identify seven genes that escape XCI with support from multiple lines of evidence and demonstrate that escape from XCI results in sex biases in gene expression, establishing incomplete XCI as a mechanism that is likely to introduce phenotypic diversity6,7. Overall, this updated catalogue of XCI across human tissues helps to increase our understanding of the extent and impact of the incompleteness in the maintenance of XCI.

scholarly journals Studies on Detection Methods for Legionella Species from Environmental Water

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu KASUGA ◽  
Kimiko TAKAGI ◽  
Kato TANI ◽  
Akio KINUMAKI
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Water ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Legionella Species

Progress in Pre-Treatment Techniques and Chromatography Detection Methods of Microcystins in Environmental Water

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 955-958
Author(s):  
Ji Ping Ma ◽  
Cui Jie Rui ◽  
Yu Hua Liu ◽  
Jian Hua Ge ◽  
Zhi Wen Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Cloud Point Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Pre Treatment

The microcystins (MCs) were released by alge cells rupture when cyanobacterial blooms occur in eutrophic freshwater body. MCs are toxic, which have been considered as potential tumor promoters. MCs usually exist in water by the level of ng/L - μg/L. In this paper, the pre-treatment techniques for determinating the trace MCs, including solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), immune affinity chromatography (IAC), cloud point extraction (CPE) are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are presented. Chromatography analysis methods are also reviewed.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Untreated Water in Northern Ireland

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 7107-7112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Whan ◽  
Hywel J. Ball ◽  
Irene R. Grant ◽  
Michael T. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Untreated Water

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the known cause of Johne's disease of both domestic and wild ruminants and has been implicated as a possible cause of Crohn's disease in humans. The organism is shed in the feces of infected animals and can survive for protracted periods in the environment and hence could be present in catchment areas receiving agricultural runoff. A limited survey was undertaken in Northern Ireland to test for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in untreated water entering nine water treatment works (WTWs) over a 1-year period. Three detection methods were employed, viz., immunomagnetic separation-PCR and culture on Herrold's egg yolk medium (HEYM) and BACTEC 12B medium, the latter both supplemented with mycobactins. Of the 192 untreated water samples tested, 15 (8%) tested M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis positive by one or more of the three detection methods. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was successfully isolated from eight untreated water samples, three by BACTEC culture and five by culture on HEYM. Although the highest incidence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was found in spring, overall, there was no statistically significant difference between the seasons. No significant correlation was found between numbers of coliforms or fecal coliforms and the presence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. In general, a higher incidence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was found in untreated water entering those WTWs that had a high mean water pH value over the sampling period. This work indicates the need to determine the efficacy of water treatment processes to either kill or remove M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis from untreated water and the possible risks posed by contact with recreational water sources.

Developments in detection and determination of aflatoxins

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Yao ◽  
Z. Hruska ◽  
J. Diana Di Mavungu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Simple Detection ◽  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Sample Testing ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
User Friendly

Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, much research has focused on detecting the toxins in contaminated food and feedstuffs in the interest of public safety. Most traditional detection methods involved lengthy culturing and/or separation techniques or analytical instrumentation and complex, multistep procedures that required destruction of samples for accurate toxin determination. With more regulations for acceptable levels of aflatoxins in place, modern analytical methods have become quite sophisticated, capable of achieving results with very high precision and accuracy, suitable for regulatory laboratories and for post-harvest sample testing in developed countries. Unfortunately, many countries around the world that are affected by the aflatoxin problem do not have ready access to high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry instrumentation and require alternate, readily available and simple detection methods that may be used by small holdings farmers in developing countries. This paper presents an overview of the existing detection and/or determination methods for aflatoxins. The traditional, quantitative, chemically-based analytical strategies for detecting aflatoxins in maize and their evolution to the modern instrumentation routinely used in developed countries are reviewed. Additionally, novel, more streamlined, user-friendly and in some instances, non-destructive, methods that may be useful for semi-quantitative or qualitative, quick-screening of contaminated maize samples appropriate also for use in developing countries, are discussed.

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