scholarly journals Yersinia enterocolitica Isolates from Wild Boars Hunted in Lower Saxony, Germany

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (14) ◽  
pp. 4835-4840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra von Altrock ◽  
Diana Seinige ◽  
Corinna Kehrenberg
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Hunting Season ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACTYersiniosis is strongly associated with the consumption of pork contaminated with enteropathogenicYersinia enterocolitica, which is harbored by domestic pigs without showing clinical signs of disease. In contrast to data onY. enterocoliticaisolated from conventionally reared swine, investigations into the occurrence ofY. enterocoliticain wild boars in Germany are rare. The objectives of the study were to get knowledge about these bacteria and their occurrence in wild boars hunted in northern Germany by isolation of the bacteria from the tonsils, identification of the bioserotypes, determination of selected virulence factors, macrorestriction analysis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and testing of antimicrobial susceptibility. Altogether, tonsils from 17.1% of 111 tested wild boars were positive forY. enterocoliticaby culture methods. All but two isolates belonged to biotype (BT) 1A, with the majority of isolates bearing aystBnucleotide sequence which was revealed to have 85% identity to internal regions ofY. enterocoliticaheat-stable enterotoxin type B genes. The remainingY. enterocoliticaisolates were identified to be BT 1B and did not carry the virulence plasmid. However, two BT 1A isolates carried theailgene. Macrorestriction analysis and results from MLST showed a high degree of genetic diversity of the isolates, although the region where the samples were taken was restricted to Lower Saxony, Germany, and wild boars were shot during one hunting season. In conclusion, mostY. enterocoliticaisolates from wild boars investigated in this study belonged to biotype 1A. EnteropathogenicY. enterocoliticabioserotypes 4/O:3 and 2/O:9, usually harbored by commercially raised pigs in Europe, could not be identified.

scholarly journals Murine Neonates Infected with Yersinia enterocolitica Develop Rapid and Robust Proinflammatory Responses in Intestinal Lymphoid Tissues

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 762-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Siefker ◽  
Andrea Echeverry ◽  
Roberta Brambilla ◽  
Masayuki Fukata ◽  
Kurt Schesser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Proinflammatory Responses ◽  
Proinflammatory Gene ◽  
Proinflammatory Gene Expression

ABSTRACTNeonatal animals are generally very susceptible to infection with bacterial pathogens. However, we recently reported that neonatal mice are highly resistant to orogastric infection withYersinia enterocolitica. Here, we show that proinflammatory responses greatly exceeding those in adults arise very rapidly in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of neonates. High-level induction of proinflammatory gene expression occurred in the neonatal MLN as early as 18 h postinfection. Marked innate phagocyte recruitment was subsequently detected at 24 h postinfection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISPOT) analyses indicated that enhanced inflammation in neonatal MLN is contributed to, in part, by an increased frequency of proinflammatory cytokine-secreting cells. Moreover, both CD11b+and CD11b−cell populations appeared to play a role in proinflammatory gene expression. The level of inflammation in neonatal MLN was also dependent on key bacterial components.Y. enterocoliticalacking the virulence plasmid failed to induce innate phagocyte recruitment. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) protein expression and neutrophil recruitment were strikingly higher in neonatal MLN after infection with ayopP-deficient strain than with wild-typeY. enterocolitica, whereas only modest increases occurred in adults. This hyperinflammatory response was associated with greater colonization of the spleen and higher mortality in neonates, while there was no difference in mortality among adults. This model highlights the dynamic levels of inflammation in the intestinal lymphoid tissues and reveals the protective (wild-type strain) versus harmful (yopP-deficient strain) consequences of inflammation in neonates. Moreover, these results reveal that the neonatal intestinal lymphoid tissues have great potential to rapidly mobilize innate components in response to infection with bacterial enteropathogens.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Occurrence of Escherichia albertii in Chicken Carcass Rinses by PCR, Vitek Analysis, and Sequencing of therpoBGene

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 1727-1734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Lindsey ◽  
Paula J. Fedorka-Cray ◽  
Melanie Abley ◽  
Jennifer B. Turpin ◽  
Richard J. Meinersmann
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Hafnia Alvei ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Shiga Toxins ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Chicken Carcass

ABSTRACTEscherichia albertiiis a recently described species that has been associated with gastroenteritis in humans and with healthy and ill birds. Most recently, it has been identified as the causative agent in a food-borne outbreak in Japan. The distribution and clinical importance ofE. albertiiare not well studied because its importance is unclear. Culture methods for clinical isolation frequently missE. albertiior incorrectly identify it asShigellaspp.,Escherichia coli, orHafnia alvei. This study was designed to determine ifE. albertiicould be recovered from chicken carcass rinses collected at slaughter during a 1-year period from November 2009 until October 2010. Colonies were isolated from chicken carcass rinses and tested by PCR for the presence or absence ofclpX, lysP, mdh, intimin (eae), Shiga toxins 1 and 2 (stx1,stx2, andstx2f), heat-stable enterotoxin A (staA), and cytolethal distending toxins 1 and 2 (cdtB) genes. Sixty-five isolates were analyzed by sequencing a section of therpoBgene. Analysis of therpoBgene sequences revealed 14 fixed differences betweenE. albertiiand other, closely related organisms. The fixed differences found in therpoBgene could aid in future discrimination ofE. albertiifrom closely related bacteria.

scholarly journals Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Interleukin-1α Intracrine Signaling Is Modulated by YopP during Yersinia enterocolitica Infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumu Bose ◽  
Josephine Thinwa ◽  
Paola Chaparro ◽  
Youmin Zhong ◽  
Santanu Bose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Map Kinase ◽  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
P38 Map Kinase ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Interleukin 1Α

ABSTRACTYersinia enterocoliticais a food-borne pathogen that preferentially infects the Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, causing an acute inflammatory reaction. Even thoughY. enterocoliticainduces a robust inflammatory response during infection, the bacterium has evolved a number of virulence factors to limit the extent of this response. We previously demonstrated that interleukin-1α (IL-1α) was critical for the induction of gut inflammation characteristic ofY. enterocoliticainfection. More recently, the known actions of IL-1α are becoming more complex because IL-1α can function both as a proinflammatory cytokine and as a nuclear factor. In this study, we tested the ability ofY. enterocoliticato modulate intracellular IL-1α-dependent IL-8 production in epithelial cells. Nuclear translocation of pre-IL-1α protein and IL-1α-dependent secretion of IL-8 into the culture supernatant were increased during infection with a strain lacking the 70-kDa virulence plasmid compared to the case during infection with the wild type, suggesting thatYersiniaouter proteins (Yops) might be involved in modulating intracellular IL-1α signaling. Infection of HeLa cells with a strain lacking theyopPgene resulted in increased nuclear translocation of pre-IL-1α and IL-1α-dependent secretion of IL-8 similar to what is observed with bacteria lacking the virulence plasmid. YopP is a protein acetylase that inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase)- and NF-κB-dependent signal transduction pathways. Nuclear translocation of pre-IL-1α and IL-1α-dependent secretion of IL-8 in response toYersinia enterocoliticainfection were dependent on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAP kinase signaling but independent of NF-κB. These data suggest thatY. enterocoliticainhibits intracellular pre-IL-1α signaling and subsequent proinflammatory responses through inhibition of MAP kinase pathways.

scholarly journals Yersinia pseudotuberculosisPrevalence and Diversity in Wild Boars in Northeast Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Reinhardt ◽  
Jens Andre Hammerl ◽  
Katharina Kunz ◽  
Andrea Barac ◽  
Karsten Nöckler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Diagnostic Pcr ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Human Infections

ABSTRACTIn this study, the prevalence ofYersinia pseudotuberculosisin wild boars in northeast Germany was determined. For that purpose, the tonsils of 503 wild boars were sampled. The presence ofY. pseudotuberculosiswas studied by diagnostic PCR. Positive samples were analyzed by cultural detection using a modified cold enrichment protocol. TenY. pseudotuberculosisisolates were obtained, which were characterized by biotyping, molecular serotyping, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). In addition, whole-genome sequences and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were analyzed.Yersinia pseudotuberculosiswas isolated from male and female animals, most of which were younger than 1 year. A prevalence of 2% (10/503) was determined by cultural detection, while 6.4% (32/503) of the animals were positive by PCR. The isolates belonged to the biotypes 1 and 2 and serotypes O:1a (n= 7), O:1b (n= 2), and O:4a (n= 1). MLST analysis revealed three sequence types, ST9, ST23, and ST42. Except one isolate, all isolates revealed a strong resistance to colistin. The relationship of the isolates was studied by whole-genome sequencing demonstrating that they belonged to four clades, exhibiting five different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) restriction patterns and a diverse composition of virulence genes. Six isolates harbored the virulence plasmid pYV. Besides two isolates, all isolates containedailandinvgenes and a complete or incomplete high-pathogenicity island (HPI). None of them possessed a gene for the superantigen YPM. The study shows that variousY. pseudotuberculosisstrains exist in wild boars in northeast Germany, which may pose a risk to humans.IMPORTANCEYersinia pseudotuberculosisis a foodborne pathogen whose occurrence is poorly understood. One reason for this situation is the difficulty in isolating the species. The methods developed for the isolation ofYersinia enterocoliticaare not well suited forY. pseudotuberculosis. We therefore designed a protocol which enabled the isolation ofY. pseudotuberculosisfrom a relatively high proportion of PCR-positive wild boar tonsils. The study indicates that wild boars in northeast Germany may carry a variety ofY. pseudotuberculosisstrains, which differ in terms of their pathogenic potential and other properties. Since wild boars are widely distributed in German forests and even populate cities such as Berlin, they may transmit yersiniae to other animals and crop plants and may thus cause human infections through the consumption of contaminated food. Therefore, the prevalence ofY. pseudotuberculosisshould be determined also in other animals and regions to learn more about the natural reservoir of this species.

scholarly journals Polymorphisms in thelcrVGene of Yersinia enterocolitica and Their Effect on Plague Protective Immunity

2012 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1572-1582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan C. Miller ◽  
Lauriane E. Quenee ◽  
Derek Elli ◽  
Nancy A. Ciletti ◽  
Olaf Schneewind
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Block Type ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Type Iii

ABSTRACTCurrent efforts to develop plague vaccines focus on LcrV, a polypeptide that resides at the tip of type III secretion needles. LcrV-specific antibodies blockYersinia pestistype III injection of Yop effectors into host immune cells, thereby enabling phagocytes to kill the invading pathogen. Earlier work reported that antibodies againstY. pestisLcrV cannot block type III injection byYersinia enterocoliticastrains and suggested thatlcrVpolymorphisms may provide for escape from LcrV-mediated plague immunity. We show here that polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies raised againstY. pestisKIM D27 LcrV (LcrVD27) bind LcrV fromY. enterocoliticaO:9 strain W22703 (LcrVW22703) or O:8 strain WA-314 (LcrVWA-314) but are otherwise unable to block type III injection byY. enterocoliticastrains. Replacing thelcrVgene on the pCD1 virulence plasmid ofY. pestisKIM D27 with eitherlcrVW22703orlcrVWA-314does not affect the ability of plague bacteria to secrete proteins via the type III pathway, to inject Yops into macrophages, or to cause lethal plague infections in mice. LcrVD27-specific antibodies blocked type III injection byY. pestisexpressinglcrVW22703orlcrVWA-314and protected mice against intravenous lethal plague challenge with these strains. Thus, although antibodies raised against LcrVD27are unable to block the type III injection ofY. enterocoliticastrains, expression oflcrVW22703orlcrVWA-314inY. pestisdid not allow these strains to escape LcrV-mediated plague protective immunity in the intravenous challenge model.

Prevalence of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica Strains on Liver Surfaces of Pigs and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1680-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. von ALTROCK ◽  
U. ROESLER ◽  
R. MERLE ◽  
K.-H. WALDMANN
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Enterocolitica Infection ◽  
Pathogenic Yersinia

A study to determine the occurrence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica on surfaces of slaughtered pig livers and the antimicrobial resistant pattern of the isolates was carried out in a slaughterhouse in Lower Saxony, Germany. During the slaughtering process, 1,500 surfaces of pig livers from 50 fattening herds were swabbed in order to isolate and characterize Y. enterocolitica isolates by serotyping, detecting the virulence plasmid coding the yopT gene, and resistance testing. Of the livers tested, 4.7% were positive for Y. enterocolitica O:3, which was the only identified serotype. The virulence gene yopT was found in 90.0% of these isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the broth dilution method, and the MICs were determined for 13 antimicrobials. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, ceftiofur, tetracycline, kanamycin, cefotaxime, and chlorphenicol. Up to now, resistance to florfenicol has always been described in combination with resistance to chloramphenicol. In the present study, 15.3% of the isolates were resistant to florfenicol, while no chloramphenicol-resistant strains could be identified. Multiresistance to three or more antimicrobials was detected in 22 strains (27.3%). Nevertheless, third-generation cephalosporines or fluoroquinolones, which were recommended for extraintestinal Y. enterocolitica infection in humans, were not affected.

scholarly journals Yersinia enterocolitica: Mode of Transmission, Molecular Insights of Virulence, and Pathogenesis of Infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeasmin Sabina ◽  
Atiqur Rahman ◽  
Ramesh Chandra Ray ◽  
Didier Montet
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Plasmid Genes

AlthoughYersinia enterocoliticais usually transmitted through contaminated food and untreated water, occasional transmission such as human-to-human, animal-to-human and blood transfusion associated transmission have also identified in human disease. Of the sixY. enterocoliticabiotypes, the virulence of the pathogenic biotypes, namely, 1B and 2–5 is attributed to the presence of a highly conserved 70-kb virulence plasmid, termed pYV/pCD and certain chromosomal genes. Some biotype 1A strains, despite lacking virulence plasmid (pYV) and traditional chromosomal virulence genes, are isolated frequently from humans with gastrointestinal diseases similar to that produced by isolates belonging known pathogenic biotypes.Y. enterocoliticapathogenic biotypes have evolved two major properties: the ability to penetrate the intestinal wall, which is thought to be controlled by plasmid genes, and the production of heat-stable enterotoxin, which is controlled by chromosomal genes.

The Heat-Stable Enterotoxin(s) of Yersinia enterocolitica in Foods

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Taylor ◽  
Michael P. Doyle ◽  
Alison R. Behling
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Heat Stable

scholarly journals Greater fit and a greater gap

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-594
Author(s):  
Steven A. Brieger ◽  
Dirk De Clercq ◽  
Jolanda Hessels ◽  
Christian Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Worker Rights ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Person Environment Fit ◽  
High Power Distance ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Uncertainty

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand how national institutional environments contribute to differences in life satisfaction between entrepreneurs and employees. Design/methodology/approach Leveraging person–environment fit and institutional theories and using a sample of more than 70,000 entrepreneurs and employees from 43 countries, the study investigates how the impact of entrepreneurial activity on life satisfaction differs in various environmental contexts. An entrepreneur’s life satisfaction arguably should increase when a high degree of compatibility or fit exists between his or her choice to be an entrepreneur and the informal and formal institutional environment. Findings The study finds that differences in life satisfaction between entrepreneurs and employees are larger in countries with high power distance, low uncertainty avoidance, extant entrepreneurship policies, low commercial profit taxes and low worker rights. Originality/value This study sheds new light on how entrepreneurial activity affects life satisfaction, contingent on the informal and formal institutions in a country that support entrepreneurship by its residents.

Experimental delayed radiation necrosis of the brain

1979 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert N. Martins ◽  
Ralph E. Severance ◽  
James M. Henry ◽  
Thomas F. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Radiation Necrosis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brain Irradiation ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Male Rhesus

✓ The authors have designed an experiment to detect a hitherto unrecognized interaction between high doses of the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, and brain irradiation. Eighteen juvenile male rhesus monkeys received 1800 rads to the whole brain in 8.5 minutes. For 1½ days before and 10½ days after the irradiation, nine animals received approximately 2.9 mg/kg/day of dexamethasone intramuscularly in addition to irradiation, while the remaining nine animals served as the control group and received saline. All animals eventually developed a progressive neurological syndrome, and died of delayed radiation necrosis of the brain. The two groups were compared with regard to latency to onset of clinical signs, survival time, and number, distribution, and location of lesions of radionecrosis. Large doses of dexamethasone did not alter the susceptibility of the primate brain to delayed radiation necrosis. Detailed morphological study of the radionecrotic lesions supports the hypothesis that most, if not all, of the lesions develop as the consequence of injury to blood vessels.

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