DISPOSABLE CAGE AND POT FOR VIRUS TRANSMISSION STUDIES WITH LEAFHOPPERS

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 769-770
Author(s):  
H. P. Richardson ◽  
P. H. Westdal
Keyword(s):  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Rubber Band ◽  
Labour Cost ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Testing Unit ◽  
Transmission Studies ◽  
Made In ◽  
Small Holes ◽  
Air Exchange

The cage and pot described here were used successfully in extensive studies on the transmission of aster yellows virus by the six spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål) (Richardson 1966). The use of this composite unit results in a saving of labour, cost, and greenhouse space.The materials for the testing unit consist of a round peat pot, 3 in. in diameter and 3 in. deep, and a 1-lb polyethylene bag approximately 8 in. long, with an opening 3 in. in diameter. The seedling growing in the pot is covered by the inverted bag and the mouth of the bag is then pulled down over the rim of the pot and secured with a rubber band (Fig. 1). Several hundred small holes are made in the bag to permit air exchange.

Determination of the effect of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to unit labour cost: G7 countries examples

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Serdar Ozturk ◽  
Lutfi Bicimveren
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Labour Cost ◽  
G7 Countries ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Human Power ◽  
Causality Tests ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Made In

Following the realisation of the revolutions in various fields on Earth, the field of information and communication has also been incorporated into these developed fields. Where information and communication technologies (ICTs) are not enough for human power, they are confronted as a field that seizes work, or even accelerates them in practice. The main purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between investment of ICTs and unit labour costs (ULCs) in the G7 countries between 1990 and 2010. In the study panel, vector autoregressive and Granger Causality tests were applied. As a result of the analysis made, a negative and significant relationship has been determined between the investments made in the ICTs and the ULC.Keywords: ICT, labour cost, causality, relationship.Jel Classification Codes: O3, J2.∗

scholarly journals Karakterisasi Virus Penyebab Penyakit Belang pada Tanaman Lada (Piper nigrum L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Trisnani Alif ◽  
Sedyo Hartono ◽  
Sri Sulandari
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Yellow Mottle ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Transmission Studies ◽  
Pepper Plants

Mottle disease is an important disease in pepper plants caused by Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMoV). This study aims to determine the characterization of PYMoV biologically and molecularly. The pepper plant samples were obtained from pepper farmland in Kleben, Putat (Yogyakarta), and Air Buluh (Bangka). Virus particles are measured by electron microscopy. Virus transmission studies include mechanical transmission, vector, cuttings, grafting, and seeds. The molecular detection was done by using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with PYMoV-F and PYMoV-R specific primers. The result, virus particles were found to be ± 30×130 nm in shape. Virus transmission studies indicate that PYMoV can be transmitted by Ferrisia virgata vectors, cuttings, grafts and seeds but cannot be transmitted through mechanical inoculation. Molecular test results showed that samples of Kleben, Putat and Air Buluh pepper plants were positively detected to contain PYMoV and amplified at 400 bp. The result of nucleotide base sequence analysis showed the isolates of Putat and Air Buluh had the highest homology with PYMoV of India 2 about 95% while Kleben isolate had 96% homology with PYMoV of India 1. IntisariPenyakit belang merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada tanaman lada yang disebabkan oleh Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMoV). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakterisasi PYMoV secara biologi dan molekuler. Sampel tanaman lada diperoleh dari lahan petani lada di Desa Kleben, Putat (Yogyakarta), dan Air Buluh (Bangka). Partikel virus diukur dengan mikroskop elektron. Kajian penularan virus meliputi penularan mekanik, vektor, stek, penyambungan, dan biji. Deteksi secara molekuler dengan metode Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) dengan pasangan primer spesifik PYMoV-F dan PYMoV-R. Partikel virus yang ditemukan berukuran ± 30×130 nm berbentuk batang. Kajian penularan virus menunjukkan bahwa PYMoV dapat ditularkan melalui vektor Ferrisia virgata, stek, penyambungan dan biji namun tidak dapat ditularkan melalui inokulasi mekanik. Hasil uji molekuler menunjukkan bahwa sampel tanaman lada Kleben, Putat dan Air Buluh positif terdeteksi PYMoV dan teramplifikasi pada 400 bp. Hasil analisis sekuen basa nukleotida menunjukkan isolat Putat dan Air Buluh memiliki homologi tertinggi dengan PYMoV India 2 sekitar 95% sedangkan isolat Kleben memiliki homologi 96% dengan PYMoV India 1.

THE SIX-SPOTTED LEAFHOPPER, MACROSTELES FASCIFRONS (STÅL.) AND ASTER YELLOWS IN MANITOBA

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Westdal ◽  
C. F. Barrett ◽  
H. P. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Migrant Population ◽  
Yellow Virus ◽  
Aster Yellow ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Percentage Transmission ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
General Field ◽  
New Generation

The six-spotted leafhopper overwintered in the egg stage only. Adults migrated into Manitoba in substantial numbers on strong south winds in mid-May. The migrant population reached a peak of about 80 leafhoppers per 100 sweeps in mid-June on cereals. There was a high mortality of migrants in late June and early July. The non-migrant population originated partly from overwintered eggs but mostly from eggs laid by migrants. New generation adults appeared in late June. Distinct broods were not apparent in the field because generations overlapped. The peak of population, about 400 leafhoppers per 100 sweeps, was reached about mid-August. Four generations were reared in a year. In general field collections the percentage of leafhoppers transmitting the aster yellow virus did not exceed 1 per cent. The percentage transmission was highest in the migrant population but dropped in July and August with the increase in local population. The rate of virus transmission was low in June and July but reached a peak in August in conjunction with the peak in population. Some weeds are a source of aster yellows virus. In Manitoba, early maturing crops generally escape severe aster yellows infection but it is often a problem on late crops.

scholarly journals Final Consumer Options to Control and Prevent Foodborne Norovirus Infections

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Guix ◽  
Rosa Pintó ◽  
Albert Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Food Choice ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Foodborne Diseases ◽  
Bivalve Mollusks ◽  
Technological Tools ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Consumer Habits ◽  
Final Consumer ◽  
Made In

Norovirus (NoV) causes about one-fifth of all cases of foodborne diseases and is a foremost cause of domestically acquired foodborne acute gastroenteritis and outbreaks. NoV infections are often associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh and ready-to-eat produce, fresh and frozen berries, raw/undercooked bivalve mollusks and products which become contaminated during handling. Despite many industrial efforts to control and prevent NoV contamination of foods, the prevalence of NoV in high-risk foodstuffs at retail is still significant. Although certain consumer behaviors may even increase the risk of virus transmission, interventions aiming at changing/implementing consumer habits may be considered as opportunities for risk mitigation. This review aims at providing an update on the progress made in characterizing the effect that consumer habits, which are most critical to prevent NoV transmission (food choice and hygiene, disinfection and cooking during food preparation), may have on reducing the risk of NoV infection. A better understanding of the options for NoV control and prevention may be translated into innovative educational, social or even technological tools targeting consumers with the objective of mitigating the risk of NoV transmission.

scholarly journals Ferrets as Models for Influenza Virus Transmission Studies and Pandemic Risk Assessments

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Belser ◽  
Wendy Barclay ◽  
Ian Barr ◽  
Ron A.M. Fouchier ◽  
Ryota Matsuyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Transmission Studies

scholarly journals The canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti: are lions victims of a new highly virulent canine distemper virus strain, or is pathogen circulation stochasticity to blame?

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (17) ◽  
pp. 1127-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheline Guiserix ◽  
Narges Bahi-Jaber ◽  
David Fouchet ◽  
Frank Sauvage ◽  
Dominique Pontier
Keyword(s):  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Disease Emergence ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Stochastic Fluctuations ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Highly Virulent ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus Strain ◽  
Made In

In the year 1994, the Serengeti lion population was decimated by a canine distemper disease outbreak. Retrospective investigations showed that this host population had already been in contact with the pathogen in 1981 without any detected sign of disease. As an alternative to the virus mutation hypothesis to explain this difference in virulences observed in 1981 and 1994, we propose a novel mechanism of disease emergence based on variation in population immunity. We use a stochastic model to show that stochastic fluctuations in pathogen circulation, owing to a low probability of virus transmission from its reservoir to the target host and thereby resulting in variations in the global immunity level of the target host population, can explain the observations made in Serengeti. This mechanism may also be involved in other infectious disease emergences or re-emergences.

Channeling in Fractured Zones and its Potential Impact on the Transport of Radionuclides

1988 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Moreno ◽  
Ivars Neretnieks
Keyword(s):  
Crystalline Rocks ◽  
Water Inflow ◽  
Fracture Zones ◽  
Fractured Zones ◽  
Waste Repository ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Made In ◽  
Small Holes

Recent observations in several tunnels and drifts in crystalline rocks in Sweden indicate that there are quite frequent fracture zones in the rock. In a 4500 m long tunnel in Kymmen which has been mapped, more than 60 fracture zones were identified. The water inflow in these zones was assessed and the locations and character of the inflow “points” were charted. It is evident that the water emerges in isolated spots often with quite limited dimensions. The frequency of wet spots is on the order of one or a few per several tens of square meters. Often the spots are seen to be connected to small holes. Similar observations have been made in the caverns and drifts of the Swedish low and intermediate waste repository- SFR.

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