Development, Feeding Habits, and Predator-Prey Relations of Insect Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae), Recently Introduced into Canada

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Introduced Predators ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Forest Biology ◽  
Biology Laboratory

Smith and Coppel (in preparation) listed the releases and reviewed the bionomics in Europe of insect predators of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), recently introduced into Canada. The most promising species released since 1951 are Aphidecta obliterata (L.) and Pullus impexus (Muls.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) ,Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz.(Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), and Laricobius erichsonii Rosenh. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae). All these species, with the possible exception of A. obliterata, are established near Fredericton, New Brunswick. Investigations in co-operation with the Forest Biology Laboratory, Fredericton, were begun in 1951 on the behaviour and initial establishment of the introduced predators (Clark, Brown, and Smith, 1954). The present paper contains field and laboratory observations on the development, feeding habits, and predator-prey relations of the four promising species.

Responses to Light and Influence of Light and Temperature on Locomotion of the Crawler of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae), and of Insect Predators of this Species

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Made In

This is a report on observations made in the field and in the laboratory in 1954 and 1955 at Fredericton, New Brunswick, on the responses to light and influences of light and temperature on the locomotory activities of introduced insect predators and the motile first-instar larva, or crawler, of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). Adults and larvae of the predators were observed in the field and tests were conducted with adults in the laboratory. The species studied were Aphidecta obliterata (L.) and Pullus impexus (Muls.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. and Neoleucopis obscura (Hal.) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) , and Laricobius erichsonii Rosenh. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae). The work is part of an investigation on factors influencing the searching abilities of the predators.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): XI. Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), An Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 1171-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Introduced Predator ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Commonwealth Institute ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Research Institute

Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. is one of the complex of predators that attacks A. piceae (Ratz.) in Europe. After studies on its morphology, biology, and distribution were made by Delucchi and Pschorn-Walcher (1954), C. nigrocellulata was reared in Europe by the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control and introduced into New Brunswick via the Entomology Research Institute for Biological Control, Belleville, Ontario.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): IV. Neoleucopis obscura (Hal.) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), an Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 533-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Introduced Predator ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Adelges Piceae

Early in the present century the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), was introduced accidentally into North America. The history of its development and spread in the United States and Canada has been described by Balch (1952). At the present time, the adelgid occurs in eastern Canada over approximately the southern half of New Brunswick with an extension of the range in the extreme northeastern part of the Province, throughout Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, and in some areas of the southwestern and southeastern parts of Newfoundland.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) X. Field Identification of Laricobius erichsonii Rosen. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae)

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Promise ◽  
Field Identification ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Field Workers

Over the past ten years a number of exotic predators have been introduced into New Brunswick and other parts of North America as part of a biological control program against the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). Several of these have become established and others show considerable promise. As introductions continue it becomes exceedingly important that field workers be able to distinguish rapidly all stages of introduced and native predators. Field identification characters for some species (Chamaemyiidae and Syrphidae) have been published in previous papers in this series (Brown and Clark, 1956, 1960; Clark and Brown, 1957) and have been found to be very useful.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) VIII. Syrphidae (Diptera),

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 801-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Introduced Predators ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
And Control

Several species of native syrphids have been found to prey upon the introduced balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), in New Brunswick and three of these, Syrphus torvus O. S., Metasyrphus lapponicus (Zett.), and Neocnemodon coxalis (Curr.), are sometimes very common. As part of a long-term study of the biological control of the balsam woolly aphid by native and introduced predators, the life histories, natural control, population fluctuations and control value of these native syrphids have been investigated.

Releases in North America and Reviews of Bionomics in Europe of Insect Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae)

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 410-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Smith ◽  
H. C. Coppel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
Adelges Piceae

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), causes serious damage to balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., in Eastern Canada. It was introduced from Europe before 1900 (Balch, 1952) and has also become established in the northeastern United States. In continental Europe A. piceae is common on Abies alba Mill. but is not so serious a pest as in Canada. It has an extensive complex of insect predators in both Canada (Balch, 1934) and Europe (Delucchi, 1954). Balch (1934, 1952) found those in Canada inadequate as control agents. Some of the predators of Pineus pini Koch and Pineus strobi (Htg.) studied by Wilson (1938) in England, and recommended for introduction to new areas, were imported to Canada and released against A. piceae. Predators were first introdnced from Ensland in 1933 and later from continental Europe beginning in 1951.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid,Adelges piceae(Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): III. Field Identification and some Notes on the Biology ofNeoleucopis pinicolaMall. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae)

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 404-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Field Identification ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

Neoleucopis pinicolaMall. is a common predator on the pine bark aphid,Pineus strobi(Htg.) in New Brunswick. The host adelgid occurs throughout most of the United States and southern Canada on white pine,Pinus strobus, L., Scots pine,Pinus sylvestrisL., and Austrian pine,Pinus nigraArnold (Craighead, 1950). It is also an occasional predator on the balsam woolly aphid,Adelges piceae(Ratz.) (Brown and Clark, 1956b). No reference toN. pinicolawas found in the literature other than Malloch's (1921) description.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): I. Field Identification of Neoleucopis obscura (Hal.), Leucopina americana (Mall.) and Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. (Diptera, Chamaemyiidae)

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 272-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Field Identification ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Commonwealth Institute ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Forest Biology ◽  
Science Service

The introduction of predators of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), from Europe to the Atlantic Provinces of Canada was commenced in 1933 as a joint project of the Forest Biology and Entomology Divisions of Science Service and the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control. Several species were released between 1933 and 1941 but only one, Neoleucopis obscura (Hal.), became established and its control value was insufficient (Balch, 1952). The project was continued in 1951 and several additional species have been established. Studies of these predators and their place in the control complex in Canada were undertaken and this paper is the first in a series on the subiect. It results from the necessity of rapid field identification of the various stages of all predators found. It deals with three closely related dipterous predators, two of which were introduced, N. obscura and Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz., the other, Leucopina americana (Mall.), being native to Canada. Similar descriptions of the other species with a key will be published later.

Estimation of Parasitism of Larch Sawfly Cocoons by Bessa harveyi Tnsd. in Survey Collections

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 496-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. H. Ives ◽  
R. M. Prentice
Keyword(s):  
Forest Insect ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
Insect Survey ◽  
Forest Biology ◽  
Biology Laboratory ◽  
Total Parasitism

The Forest Insect Survey at the Forest Biology Laboratory, Winnipeg, has been compiling records for a number of years on the percentage of cocoons of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), parasitized by the tachinid Bessa harveyi Tnsd. Sawfly cocoons were collected each fall from the soil in infested stands, and those containing living larvae were dissected to determine the percentage of parasitism by B. harveyi. These estimates have been used to provide an index of parasitism (Lejeune and Hildahl, 1954), but are of limited value for a number of reasons: (1) estimates can be expressed only as percentage of sound cocoons parasitized; (2) total parasitism cannot be estimated because a portion of the parasites emerge from the cocoons before collection; and (3) estimates of parasitism may not be representative of the stand because there is a tendency to collect cocoons where they are easiest to find; hence all the cocoons in a collection may be from one or two small areas. If the proportion of cocoons containing B. harveyi varies within a stand such collections may give unreliable estimates of parasitism.

A Laboratory Method for Rearing Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae),

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (9) ◽  
pp. 696-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Field Cage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Syrphid Larvae

In a previous paper (Clark and Brown, 1959) a field cage was described for rearing syrphid larvae and other predators of the balsam woolly aphid. The cages proved satisfactory in the field but some method was necessary to supplement the results with data for individual predators reared in the laboratory under controlled conditions.In the past, attempts to rear predator larvae in the laboratory on small pieces of infested bark proved unsatisfactory because of the difficulties of keeping the bark moist and suitable for prey development and preventing the growth of moulds on the prey, the bark, and the containers. In most cases when small petri dishes or other containers were used the prey or predators died before rearing was complete or the individuals which survived were unhealthy and not representative of normal prey or predator development.

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