A Laboratory Method for Rearing Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae),

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (9) ◽  
pp. 696-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Field Cage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Syrphid Larvae

In a previous paper (Clark and Brown, 1959) a field cage was described for rearing syrphid larvae and other predators of the balsam woolly aphid. The cages proved satisfactory in the field but some method was necessary to supplement the results with data for individual predators reared in the laboratory under controlled conditions.In the past, attempts to rear predator larvae in the laboratory on small pieces of infested bark proved unsatisfactory because of the difficulties of keeping the bark moist and suitable for prey development and preventing the growth of moulds on the prey, the bark, and the containers. In most cases when small petri dishes or other containers were used the prey or predators died before rearing was complete or the individuals which survived were unhealthy and not representative of normal prey or predator development.

A Field Cage for Rearing Syrphid Larvae and Other Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae),

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 723-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Field Cage ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Syrphid Larvae

Several species of syrphids are common predators on the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges aiceae (Ratz.). in eastern Canada. Larvae are found on infested trees throughout the summer in a certain sequence of species. Occasionally adult syrphids are collected while ovipositing.Attempts have been made to rear the larvae in the laboratory on small pieces of infested bark but the difficulty of keeping the bark moist and preventing the growth of mould and of transferring the larvae to fresh bark made this method unsatisfactory. The prey died before rearing was complete. Rearing the larvae in the field appeared to be the solution to this problem and a suitable cage was designed which was simple to make, install, and examine (Fig. 1).

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) X. Field Identification of Laricobius erichsonii Rosen. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae)

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Promise ◽  
Field Identification ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Field Workers

Over the past ten years a number of exotic predators have been introduced into New Brunswick and other parts of North America as part of a biological control program against the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). Several of these have become established and others show considerable promise. As introductions continue it becomes exceedingly important that field workers be able to distinguish rapidly all stages of introduced and native predators. Field identification characters for some species (Chamaemyiidae and Syrphidae) have been published in previous papers in this series (Brown and Clark, 1956, 1960; Clark and Brown, 1957) and have been found to be very useful.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae), VII. Laricobius rubidus Lec. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), a Predator of Pineus strobi (Htg.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The Past ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

Although Laricobius rubidus LeConte (1861, 1866) is not a common predator of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), this paper is included in the series because of the close taxonomic similarities of L. rubidus in all stages to the recently introduced L. erichsonii Rosenh. In the past there has been confusion in the literature because the majority of records of rubidus have been erroneously attributed to erichsonii. These records have been discussed in detail in a paper on L. erichsonii, a species which has been introduced into North America as part of a biological control program against A. piceae (Clark and Brown, 1958).

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): XI. Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), An Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 1171-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Introduced Predator ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Commonwealth Institute ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Research Institute

Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. is one of the complex of predators that attacks A. piceae (Ratz.) in Europe. After studies on its morphology, biology, and distribution were made by Delucchi and Pschorn-Walcher (1954), C. nigrocellulata was reared in Europe by the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control and introduced into New Brunswick via the Entomology Research Institute for Biological Control, Belleville, Ontario.

The Good, the Bad or the Ugly: Considerations on Fieldwork and Bronislaw Malinowski

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
K. J. Pataki-Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Will To Power ◽  
Is Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Methodological Rigor ◽  
Time Frames

The activity of fieldwork, that is research conducted with individuals and groups in a real-life and by implication, real-time setting or living environment rather than research under controlled conditions and specific time-frames, continues to draw strong attention and criticisms. Given the plethora of these schools of thought and their critiques over the past decades including relativism in its intense expressions, emphases on quantification as a sine-qua-non, hermeneutics, praxis, semiotics, deconstructionism and essentially “post-modernist” approaches to enduring questions of objectivity, recording behaviour, methodological rigor, meaning and their epistemological references, it is significant that (1) fieldwork still continues and does so in a variety of disciplines, and (2) most criticisms have been directed essentially at issues of validity, viability and reliability in relation to “data”, rather than some grand meta-disciplinary demise.There are those who would dearly like to throw baby, bathwater and the entire endeavour out, and such critiques are important: in their confabulations, they evoke enduring and profound issues with trenchancy. Nor have political assaults been slow to enter the battle: fieldwork, especially as perceived via an increasingly hapless anthropology, is seen as an enduring colonial tool, an exploiter of the ethnic domain, a servant of capitalism and product of the western will to power.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): IV. Neoleucopis obscura (Hal.) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), an Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 533-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Introduced Predator ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Adelges Piceae

Early in the present century the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), was introduced accidentally into North America. The history of its development and spread in the United States and Canada has been described by Balch (1952). At the present time, the adelgid occurs in eastern Canada over approximately the southern half of New Brunswick with an extension of the range in the extreme northeastern part of the Province, throughout Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, and in some areas of the southwestern and southeastern parts of Newfoundland.

STUDIES IN RACIAL TRENDS AND CONSTANCY IN CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM COOKE

1950 ◽  
Vol 28c (5) ◽  
pp. 535-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Mixed Cultures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Physiological Races ◽  
The Past ◽  
Perfect Stage ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽  
Controlled Conditions

Intensive surveys of the physiological races of Cladosporium fulvum Cke. have been carried out during the past decade in southwestern Ontario, as a result of which seven such races have been identified. These are separated by differential reactions of the following hosts: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. varieties Potentate, Stirling Castle, Vetomold, V-121, and V-473; L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill., Vineland, No. 160 and No. 11-22-15 strains; L. hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl. and L. hirsutum var. glabratum Muller. Evidence is presented that only two of these races existed when the surveys began and that the other five have arisen, probably through mutation, during the period under study. There is further a strong suggestion that the stimulus responsible for these mutations is somehow related to the colonization of an incompatible host by a race which remains stable pathogenically while in association with a susceptible host. Comparable mutants have not been encountered under experimentally controlled conditions. A perfect stage has not been found or induced to form in C. fulvum. A limited number of types of cultural mutants are produced consistently and these have been studied with respect to variability and the factors initiating them. Such mutants frequently do not form spores and in most instances have a reduced sporing potential; they are unchanged in pathogenicity or are slightly less aggressive than the parent to all the resistant hosts. In mixed cultures of races 1 and 5 and 1 and 7, the components survived several transfer generations both in culture and on a susceptible host.

An Improved Container for Shipping Live Insects

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-240
Author(s):  
C. F. Nicholls ◽  
G. E. Maybee
Keyword(s):  
Reliable Method ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Lightweight Container ◽  
Heavy Mortality

Live insects have been shipped from the Belleville laboratory for many years by rail in wooden chests insulated with cork, lined with metal and cooled with natural ice. These chests were cumbersome and had to be re-iced en route or heavy mortality resulted. In 1959, a more reliable method was developed for shipping adult Aphidoletes thompsoni Moehn (Diptera: Cecidomyjidae), a predator of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) by air express. It incorporates the use of a lightweight container and a patented coolant in cans. Although it was developed specifically for A. thompsoni it was also used successfully for shipping other species.

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