Control of conifer defoliators with neem-based systemic bioinsecticides using a novel injection device

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair V. Helson ◽  
D. Barry Lyons ◽  
Kevin W. Wanner ◽  
Taylor A. Scarr
Keyword(s):  
Red Pine ◽  
Systemic Insecticide ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Automobile Tire ◽  
Pine Sawfly ◽  
Eastern White Cedar ◽  
Maple Sap ◽  
Pine False Webworm ◽  
Conifer Trees

AbstractA systemic tree injection tube was designed to introduce the required volumes of neem-based bioinsecticides into conifer trees. The device consists of plastic tubing attached with hose clamps to a maple sap spile at one end and a tubeless automobile tire valve at the other end. A hole is drilled in the tree, the spile is hammered into the hole, the device is filled with the systemic insecticide, and the system is pressurized by attaching a bicycle pump to the tire valve. The parts are readily available, the device is simple to construct and easy and quick to install on a tree, application volumes are adjustable, and the device is reusable. This device has been used successfully to inject 188 trees representing four conifer species in either spring or fall, primarily with neem formulations but also with dimethoate, imidacloprid, and acephate. In most cases, all of the material was injected into the trees without leakage, although neem formulations were characteristically slow to enter the trees and certain neem formulations were not injected completely at volumes above 15 mL per injection tube. Dosages of 0.2 g azadirachtin/cm of diameter at breast height (dbh) or less provided control of pine false webworm, spruce budworm, cedar leafminers, gypsy moth, and introduced pine sawfly on red pine, white spruce, eastern white cedar, white pine, and white pine, respectively. Dosages as low as 0.005 g active ingredient/cm of dbh applied with injection tubes in either one or two holes per tree resulted in a 95% reduction in defoliation of mature (mean dbh ± SD = 23.4 ± 3.3 cm) red pine caused by pine false webworm.

Critical period of interspecific competition for four northern conifers: 10-year growth response and associated vegetation dynamics

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2474-2485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G Wagner ◽  
Andrew P Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Vegetation Control

The influence of the timing and duration of interspecific competition on planted jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) was assessed using 10-year growth responses in a northern Ontario experiment. Stand volume was 117%, 208%, 224%, and 343% higher for jack pine, red pine, white pine, and black spruce, respectively, with 5 years of vegetation control than with no vegetation control. Stand volume increased linearly with number of years of vegetation control, and the slope of the relationship varied among conifer species. Change-point regression analysis was used to derive segmented weed-free and weed-infested curves, and to simultaneously estimate key critical-period parameters. Weed-free and weed-infested curves in the 10th year were similar to those derived in year 5, indicating that the patterns established during the first few years after planting were relatively robust for the first decade. The critical-period was 2 and 3 years after planting for jack pine and red pine, respectively, and occupied most of the 5-year period for white pine and black spruce. Principal components analysis of the vegetation community indicated that repeated herbicide applications caused differential shifts in the relative abundance of shrub, fern, and moss species through the 10th year. Species richness, however, was not substantially different between the untreated control and the most intensive treatments. Difference modeling was used to quantify how annual volume increment during the first decade varied with time, conifer species, cover of woody and herbaceous vegetation, and stage of development.

INVENTORY OF APHIDS ON SEVEN CONIFER SPECIES IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE INTRODUCED RED WOOD ANT, FORMICA LUGUBRIS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 1199-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy N. McNeil ◽  
Johanne Delisle ◽  
R. J. Finnegan
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
And Control ◽  
Formica Lugubris ◽  
Red Wood Ant

AbstractAn inventory was taken of aphid species occurring on balsam fir, white spruce, larch, red pine, white pine, jack pine, and black spruce at two sites where the introduced red wood ant, Formica lugubris Zett., had been released. Twenty-one aphid species were found, all in the genus Cinara Curtis. Nine of these species, and possibly a tenth, were new records for Quebec. Observations on colony size and distribution on host trees, in ant infested and control blocks, were recorded.

Root-rotting fungi associated with mortality of conifer saplings in northern Ontario

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy D. Whitney ◽  
Donald T. Myren
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Northern Ontario

The roots of 435 dead or dying saplings, averaging 10 years of age, of seven conifer species from the Boreal Forest of northern Ontario were examined for root rot. Only trees with no obvious cause of death or decline, other than root rot, were selected. Eighty-three percent of the trees had root rot. Cultures revealed that Armillariamellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Kummer was associated with root rot in 68% of all trees examined, including more than 45% of the trees in each species. Ten other root-rotting fungi were isolated from 1% or fewer of the trees, 7 of them from balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea [L.] Mill.) and 3 from black spruce (Piceamariana [Mill.] B.S.P.). Scytinostromagalactinum (Fr.) Donk was isolated from sapwood of roots and lower stems of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.), balsam fir, white pine (P. strobes L.), and black spruce and appeared to be parasitic on these species. Coniophoraputeana (Schum. ex Fr.) Karst. was apparently associated with the death of one balsam fir.

Current understanding of white and red pine physiology

1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Wetzel ◽  
Darwin Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Growth Measurement ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Physiological Processes

For significant and predictable improvements in productivity of red and white pine forests, an increased understanding of the physiological processes in these species is essential. Relatively little physiological research has focused on these two species over the last two decades. However, with renewed interest in these species now for their high social, environmental and economic value this situation is changing. This paper describes past efforts at understanding red and white pine physiology, as well as discussing recent achievements. In addition, new results obtained by the authors through the use of Biotronic growth units are described in more detail to emphasize the high adaptability of white pine seedlings in response to nutrient stress through changes in carbon distribution, nutrient uptake and utilization.The ultimate practical output of much forestry research is often models predicting tree and forest growth. However, models which are based solely on empirical growth measurement data will not provide the understanding that is necessary for sustainable management; thus, increased research on physiological processes will continue to be required in future. Long-term detailed field studies that consider environmental and silvicultural influences at the organ and whole tree level are required to ensure that future models have high explanatory value. Key words: white pine, red pine, tree physiology, photosynthesis, seedling nutrition, silviculture

Rare forest types in northeastern Ontario: a classification and analysis of representation in protected areas

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Drever ◽  
James Snider ◽  
Mark C. Drever
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Habitat Specificity ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Eastern White Cedar

Our objective was to assess the relative rarity and representation within protected areas of Standard Forest Units (SFUs) in northeastern Ontario by applying the concepts of geographic range, habitat specificity, and local population size. SFUs are stand type classifications, routinely employed by forest managers, based on tree composition, disturbance history, and prescribed silvicultural system. We identified several SFUs as rare because of a narrow distribution, association with only one landform type, or lack of at least one stand larger than an ecoregion-specific threshold. In the Boreal forest, rare SFUs comprised stands dominated by eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière), red oak ( Quercus rubra L.), yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), or eastern white-cedar ( Thuja occidentalis L.). Rare SFUs also included eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus L.) and (or) red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) leading stands managed by shelterwood or seed tree silviculture as well as low-lying deciduous stands and selection-managed stands of shade-tolerant species. In the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest, rare SFUs were yellow birch stands, stands dominated by conifer species abundant in the Boreal, and shelterwood-managed hardwood stands. Several rare SFUs had <12% of their total area in protection, i.e., stands dominated by eastern white pine, yellow birch, eastern white pine – red oak, or eastern white-cedar. These rare stand types require increased protection in reserves and tailored silvicultural practices to maintain their probability of persistence.

USE OF THE RELATIVE TURGIDITY TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER STRESSES IN GYMNOSPERM LEAVES

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Clausen ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Sampling Variation

Adaptations of Weatherley's relative turgidity technique (Weatherley 1950), fitting it for use with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), white pine (P. strobus L.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) are described. Results of preliminary investigations of sampling variation between trees, whorls, and needle ages in red pine are presented.

scholarly journals Some Relationships Between Silvicultural Treatments and Symmetry of Stem Growth in a Red Pine Stand

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce C. Larson ◽  
W. Keith Moser ◽  
Vijay K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Mixed Stand ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Asymmetric Growth

Abstract Variations in spacing and the distribution of removed trees have been assumed to affect the pattern of growth on tree boles. Changing crown shapes were believed to affect the symmetry of the stems. This study examined the change of growing space resulting from differential species' growth in a mixed stand. A red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantation in southern New Hampshire was planted at 2 × 2 m spacing in 1917. At one end of the stand every second row was planted with white pine (Pinus strobus L.), whereas the other end of the stand was pure red pine. In the mixed portion of the stand, the red pine outgrew the white pine, overtopping and often killing it. The mixed stand was thinned in the 1970s and the pure stand in the 1980s for a variety of products which opened more crown room for some of the trees. We compared growth increments along perpendicular axes to determine if asymmetry was consistent at different bole heights. The study did not show asymmetric boles at age 50 and did not have asymmetric growth patterns attributable to the earlier history up to stand age 70. When current crown shape was compared to current growth there was no relationship between asymmetric crowns and asymmetric growth. Provided the asymmetry is not maintained throughout the entire rotation, silvicultural treatments which greatly affect the stand spatial pattern may not have a lasting effect on the symmetry of the boles. North. J. Appl. For. 15(2):90-93.

Physiological specialization of Heterobasidion annosum on conifer hosts

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 2396-2400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Hsiang ◽  
R. L. Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Woody Tissue ◽  
Great Range ◽  
Conifer Trees

Eight conifer hosts belonging to five conifer species were inoculated in vitro with conidial suspensions of eight isolates of Heterobasidion annosum from Washington and California. The conifer trees were represented in inoculation tests by 1 cm diameter branch disks of 0.7 cm thickness. The ability of H. annosum to colonize dying woody tissue was assessed in terms of the number of conidiophores produced on the disks, measured 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation. Analysis of variance showed that there was a great range in conidiophore production with most of this variation attributable to host differences rather than to differences between the pathogen isolates. A second analysis involving four Tsuga heterophylla trees and five isolates showed similar results. In both the interspecific analysis with eight trees and the intraspecific analysis with four T. heterophylla trees, there were significant differential interactions between the isolates and the trees. This indicated that physiological specialization exists in this natural disease system at both the host-interspecific and host-intraspecific levels.

Surface burning in a mature stand of Pinus resinosa and Pinus strobus in Michigan: effects on understory vegetation

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Neumann ◽  
Donald I. Dickmann
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Phytolacca Americana ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Periodic Surface ◽  
Surface Fires ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Surface Burning

Beginning in 1991, periodic surface fires (frontal fire intensities <200 kW m–1) were introduced into a mixed red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and white pine (P. strobus L.) plantation (dbh 16–60 cm). Replicated plots of 0.4–0.5 ha were either burned three times at biennial intervals (early May of 1991, 1993, and 1995), burned once (early May 1991), or not burned. Measurements were conducted during the 1994 and 1995 growing seasons. The pine overstory was largely unaffected by the fires. The understory on unburned plots contained 16 111 large seedlings (>1 m, ≤ 1.9 cm dbh) and 3944 saplings (2.0–5.9 cm dbh) per ha, consisting of 23 woody angiosperm taxa. Plots burned once contained 60% of the large seedlings, 7% of the saplings, and 6 fewer taxa than unburned plots. No large seedlings and few saplings were found in plots burned biennially. Cover of low (<1 m) woody and herbaceous vegetation in plots burned once or three times was twice that of unburned plots, even in the growing season immediately following the May 1995 re-burn. Recovery of low vegetative cover in the re-burned plots was rapid, exceeding that in once-burned or unburned plots by late summer following the burn. Species richness of low vegetation was 20–25% higher in burned than unburned plots, except in the year immediately following reburning. Taxa dominating this site following burning were Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, Rubus spp., Phytolacca americana L., and Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. MÜll.) Watt. Restoration of low-intensity surface fires to ecosystems dominated by mature red pine or white pine is feasible, but major changes in understory structure and composition will occur.

scholarly journals Site and Stand Conditions Associated with Pine False Webworm Populations and Damage in Mature Eastern White Pine Plantations

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert E. Mayfield ◽  
Douglas C. Allen ◽  
Russell D. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
New York State ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Soil Carbon Content ◽  
Pine False Webworm ◽  
Stand Conditions

Abstract The influence of site and stand conditions on pine false webworm (Acantholyda erythrocephala [L.], Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) population densities and host damage was evaluated in 22 eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) stands in northern New York State. Mean pine false webworm density was positively related to stand size (ha) and inversely related to soil silt content (A-horizon) after holding stand size constant. Percent radial growth loss (during the first five years after defoliation began) was inversely related to soil carbon content (B-horizon) and inversely related to fine sand content (A-horizon) after holding B-horizon carbon constant. Severe radial growth suppression (missing or discontinuous growth rings) and white pine mortality were inversely related to live crown ratio. The frequency of trees with missing growth rings was inversely related to soil nitrogen (A-horizon) after holding live crown ratio constant. Stands located on sandy glacial lake shoreline/delta deposits had more coarsely textured soils with lower levels of organic matter and nitrogen and had slower height growth rates, lower tree diversity, greater relative dominance of white pine, and higher levels of pine false webworm defoliation than stands on adjacent landforms. These results may be useful to foresters managing eastern white pine stands in areas where similar site and stand conditions predominate and pine false webworm occurs.

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