Surface burning in a mature stand of Pinus resinosa and Pinus strobus in Michigan: effects on understory vegetation

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Neumann ◽  
Donald I. Dickmann
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Phytolacca Americana ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Periodic Surface ◽  
Surface Fires ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Surface Burning

Beginning in 1991, periodic surface fires (frontal fire intensities <200 kW m–1) were introduced into a mixed red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and white pine (P. strobus L.) plantation (dbh 16–60 cm). Replicated plots of 0.4–0.5 ha were either burned three times at biennial intervals (early May of 1991, 1993, and 1995), burned once (early May 1991), or not burned. Measurements were conducted during the 1994 and 1995 growing seasons. The pine overstory was largely unaffected by the fires. The understory on unburned plots contained 16 111 large seedlings (>1 m, ≤ 1.9 cm dbh) and 3944 saplings (2.0–5.9 cm dbh) per ha, consisting of 23 woody angiosperm taxa. Plots burned once contained 60% of the large seedlings, 7% of the saplings, and 6 fewer taxa than unburned plots. No large seedlings and few saplings were found in plots burned biennially. Cover of low (<1 m) woody and herbaceous vegetation in plots burned once or three times was twice that of unburned plots, even in the growing season immediately following the May 1995 re-burn. Recovery of low vegetative cover in the re-burned plots was rapid, exceeding that in once-burned or unburned plots by late summer following the burn. Species richness of low vegetation was 20–25% higher in burned than unburned plots, except in the year immediately following reburning. Taxa dominating this site following burning were Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, Rubus spp., Phytolacca americana L., and Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. MÜll.) Watt. Restoration of low-intensity surface fires to ecosystems dominated by mature red pine or white pine is feasible, but major changes in understory structure and composition will occur.

USE OF THE RELATIVE TURGIDITY TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER STRESSES IN GYMNOSPERM LEAVES

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Clausen ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Sampling Variation

Adaptations of Weatherley's relative turgidity technique (Weatherley 1950), fitting it for use with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), white pine (P. strobus L.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) are described. Results of preliminary investigations of sampling variation between trees, whorls, and needle ages in red pine are presented.

Effets du brûlage dirigé et du scarifiage sur l'établissement des semis et sur leur interaction avec la végétation concurrente

1995 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renée Tellier ◽  
Luc C. Duchesne ◽  
Robert S. McAlpine ◽  
Jean-Claude Ruel
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Competition Index ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Clear Cut

In 1990, a jack pine forest was clear-cut on an 15 ha area and divided into 40 plots. In 1991, ten plots were burned-over under varying conditions to obtain different fire intensities and ten plots were scarified. Each plot was planted in 1992 with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and white pine (P. strobus L.) seedlings. Survival rate and health of the seedlings was evaluated for the first two years after planting and the non-crop vegetation was assessed using a competition index developed for conifer management in Ontario. Our results show seedling survival rate, health, biomass and height to be improved when planted on burned-over or scarified sites and that fire intensity influences certain of those characteristics. Key words: scarification, fire, Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus, competition

Shoot responses of young red pine to watering applied over two seasons

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Clements
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Early Fall

Young red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) trees were grown under three watering treatments from late summer until early fall and under two watering treatments again the next spring. Size of apical buds, date of bud swell and bud burst in the spring, number of needle fascicles on the new shoots, shoot length, and needle-fascicle spacing were related to the first treatments. Most of these plant responses were correlated with bud size, and the correlations were unaffected by the spring watering treatments. The effect of treatments was on magnitude only, i.e. on mean sizes or mean numbers of the plant organs.In all cases in this experiment watering treatments during elongation had no effect on the results. Therefore in a species such as red pine, with determinate height growth, environment during bud formation played an important role in determining later shoot responses by acting on the bud size.Possibly the relationships reported here are genetically characteristic, unalterable by environment or at least by water alone. In this case the effect of environment on the trees was a proportionate increase or decrease in the size or number of plant organs.

scholarly journals Managing succession in conifer plantations: converting young red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations to native forest types by thinning and underplanting

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Parker ◽  
Daniel C. Dey ◽  
Steven G. Newmaster ◽  
Ken A. Elliott ◽  
Eric Boysen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
White Ash

The effects of thinning on growth and survival of white pine (Pinus strobus L.), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and red oak (Quercus rubra L.), and understory plant diversity were examined in a young red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantation. Five years after thinning, seedling diameter, height, and stem volume were positively correlated with thinning intensity and the size of canopy openings. Percent survival did not differ among thinning treatments, but was significantly higher in white ash and white pine than red oak. Understory vegetation included 113 species, with species richness increasing with thinning intensity and proximity to neighbouring plant communities. Thinning to create relatively large canopy openings in combination with underplanting can promote the natural succession of young pine plantations to native forest species. Keywords: direct seeding, plant diversity, natural regeneration, red oak, restoration, white ash, white pine

Sex attractants and seasonal flight patterns for three Eucosma (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) species sympatric in eastern pine seed orchards and plantations

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.G. Grant ◽  
P. de Groot ◽  
D. Langevin ◽  
S.A. Katovich ◽  
K.N. Slessor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Sex Attractant ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Isolating Mechanisms

AbstractSex attractant blends were developed for monitoring three conifer-feeding species of Eucosma Hübner found in pine seed orchards and plantations in Wisconsin and Ontario. Eucosma monitorana Heinrich, which attacks developing cones of red pine, Pinus resinosa Aiton (Pinaceae), preferred lures containing 100:5:15 (μg blend) of (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12:Ac), (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9-12:Ac), and (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol (Z9-12:OH), respectively, over lures without the alcohol or with higher levels of E9-12:Ac. This blend was unattractive to sympatric Eucosma gloriola Heinrich, a species that feeds inside shoots of red pine and eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. Eucosma gloriola was attracted to a 100:30 blend of Z9-/E9-12:Ac, and adding Z9-12:OH had no significant effect. Eucosma tocullionana Heinrich, which attacks cones of eastern white pine, was attracted equally to 10:3 and 10:5 μg blends of Z9-/E9-12:Ac, and adding Z9-12:OH had no effect. A ratio as low as 1:0.3 was attractive to E. tocullionana but not to sympatric E. gloriola, which preferred a 100-fold higher dosage of the same blend. The seasonal flight periods of the three species overlapped in all study areas. The flight of E. gloriola usually peaked in late May slightly before that of E. monitorana while the flight of E. tocullionana peaked about 1–3 weeks later. The results indicate that sex pheromones, seasonal flight periods, and host preferences are isolating mechanisms for these closely related sympatric species.

Taxonomy and Biology of Pineus strobi (Hartig) and P. coloradensis (Gillette) (Homoptera: Adelgidae)

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Doane
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Western United States ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Related Form ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Unidentified Species

During 1958 a general infestation of Pineus coloradensis (Gillette) was observed on red or Norway pine, Pinus resinosa Ait. This insect is widely distributed throughout western United States where it attacks a number of pines. The Annand collection has a slide with specimens of P. coloradensis (Gillette) taken from red pine on the Universitv of California campus dated February 10, 1925. However, there are few reports of any Pineus species attacking red pine in its natural range from the region of the Great Lakes to the Atlantic coast. Shenefelt and Benjamin (1955) have reported the white pine bark aphid or a closely related form on red pines in Wisconsin. Bean and Godwin (1955) also mentioned the presence of an unidentified species of Pineus on red pine.

A NEW LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECT INJURIOUS TO VEGETATION

1877 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 161-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Grote
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
The Body ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Small Larva ◽  
White Pine

In the months of June and July the Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) and the white Pine (Pinus strobus) show by the exuding pitch that they are suffering from the attacks of an insect. The wounds occur on the main stem below, the insertion of the branch. On cutting into the bark the injury is found to be caused by a small larva, which, when full grown, measures 16 to 18 millimetres. The head is shining chestnut brown with black mandibles. The body is livid or blackish green, naked, with series of black dots, each dot giving rise to a single, rather stout, bristle.

Restoring southern Ontario forests by managing succession in conifer plantations

2008 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C Parker ◽  
Ken A Elliott ◽  
Daniel C Dey ◽  
Eric Boysen
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Fraxinus Americana ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Conifer Plantations

Thinning and underplanting of conifer plantations to promote natural succession in southern Ontario's forests for restoration purposes was examined in a young red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantation. Eleven years after application of five thinning treatments, seedling diameter, height, and stem volume of planted white ash (Fraxinus americana L), red oak, (Quercus rubra L.), and white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were positively correlated with thinning intensity and size of canopy openings. Percent survival did not differ among thinning treatments. Based on growth and survival responses, field performance of white ash and white pine was superior to red oak. Recommendations for restoring conifer plantations to native forest types are provided. Key words: acorn predation, direct seeding, Fraxinus americana, Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus, plantations, Quercus rubra, red oak, red pine, underplanting, thinning, white ash, white pine

scholarly journals Earliest documented report of Scleroderris canker in North America: damage believed until now to be caused by summer frost

2011 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Gaston Laflamme
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Topographic Depressions

In 1934, over 200,000 red pine (Pinus resinosa) seedlings were planted at Valcartier, near Quebec City. By 1939, more than 28% of these pines were dead. Fifteen years after plantation, red pine mortality reached 93% and the plantation was considered a total loss. Summer frost was thought to be the cause of red pine mortality, while white pine (Pinus strobus) trees planted at the same time were killed by white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), without any trace of frost damage. However, while summer frost was not listed in insect and disease survey reports published from 1953 to 1993, it was reported in the Valcartier area. Analysis of archival documents and publications shows that Scleroderris canker caused by Gremmeniella abietina was responsible for this mortality. This disease was not known in Canada before 1960. Our diagnosis is based on the description of signs and symptoms, on photographs of damage and on samples collected on site. Gremmeniella abietina, North American race, was isolated and identified. The age of the trees confirms the identity of the plantation; the age of the cankers on residual pines shows that the disease reached the trunks around 1945. High snow depth - not frost - in topographic depressions created conditions conducive to the development of the disease at the epidemic level. This is the earliest documented report of Scleroderris canker in North America.

Deep subsoil nutrient uptake in potassium-deficient, aggrading Pinus resinosa plantation

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1978-1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
C AZ Buxbaum ◽  
C A Nowak ◽  
E H White
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tracer Method ◽  
Nutrient Pools ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Significant Uptake

Growth of Pinus resinosa Ait. (red pine) on a potassium-deficient sandy soil at the Charles Lathrop Pack Demonstration Forest in Warrensburg, New York, is influenced by fine-textured lenses at 2–3 m below grade. A possible mechanism for an observed increase in surface soil potassium over time is nutrient uptake by red pine roots penetrating into these fine-textured, subsoil layers, and subsequent cycling of these nutrients between foliage and surface soil horizons. To test this hypothesis, we applied nutrient tracers directly to the deep subsoil and measured their uptake over several growing seasons: Strontium was applied in 1989 and 1993, while rubidium-free potassium (the Rb/K reverse tracer method) was applied only in 1993. Trees treated in 1989 had significantly greater concentrations of foliar and bud strontium than control trees, and trees treated only in 1993 also demonstrated significant uptake of potassium 2 years after treatment. These effects were present regardless of whether the trees had been surface-fertilized with potassium five decades earlier. The results demonstrate the importance of subsoil nutrient pools in forest ecosystem function.

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