Physiological specialization of Heterobasidion annosum on conifer hosts

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 2396-2400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Hsiang ◽  
R. L. Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Woody Tissue ◽  
Great Range ◽  
Conifer Trees

Eight conifer hosts belonging to five conifer species were inoculated in vitro with conidial suspensions of eight isolates of Heterobasidion annosum from Washington and California. The conifer trees were represented in inoculation tests by 1 cm diameter branch disks of 0.7 cm thickness. The ability of H. annosum to colonize dying woody tissue was assessed in terms of the number of conidiophores produced on the disks, measured 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation. Analysis of variance showed that there was a great range in conidiophore production with most of this variation attributable to host differences rather than to differences between the pathogen isolates. A second analysis involving four Tsuga heterophylla trees and five isolates showed similar results. In both the interspecific analysis with eight trees and the intraspecific analysis with four T. heterophylla trees, there were significant differential interactions between the isolates and the trees. This indicated that physiological specialization exists in this natural disease system at both the host-interspecific and host-intraspecific levels.

scholarly journals Effect of Splinting in Accuracy of Two Implant Impression Techniques

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Dorigatti de Avila ◽  
Fernanda de Matos Moraes ◽  
Sabrina Maria Castanharo ◽  
Marcelo Antonialli Del'Acqua ◽  
Francisco de Assis Mollo
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Impression Material ◽  
Titanium Screw ◽  
Standard Preparation ◽  
Implant Abutment ◽  
Interface Gaps ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Because there is no consensus in the literature about the need for a splint between copings, the aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the accuracy of 2 impression techniques for implant-supported prostheses. A master cast was fabricated with four parallel implant abutment analogs and a passive framework. Two groups with 5 casts each were formed: Group 1 (squared impression copings with no splint: S) and Group 2 (splinted squared impression copings, using metal drill burs and Pattern resin: SS). The impression material used was polyvinyl siloxane with open trays for standard preparation of the casts. For each cast, the framework was positioned, and a titanium screw was tightened with 10 N·cm torque in analog A, after which measurements of the abutment-framework interface gaps were performed at analogs C and D. This process was repeated for analog D. These measurements were analyzed using software. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a confidence interval of 95% was used to analyze the data. Significant differences were detected between S and SS in relation to the master cast (P ≤ 0.05). The median values of the abutment-framework interface gaps were as follows: master cast: 39.64 μm; squared impression copings with no splint: 205.86 μm; splinted squared impression copings: 99.19 μm. Under the limitations of this study, the technique presented for Group 2 produces better results compared with the technique used for Group 1.

Distribution of leaf orientations in six conifer species

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Abies Grandis

Leaf angle distributions are important in assessing both the flexibility of a plant's response to differing daily and seasonal sun angles and also the variability in the proportion of total leaf area visible in remotely sensed images. Leaf angle distributions are presented for six conifer species, Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Thuja plicata Donn. ex D. Don, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia. The leaf angles were calculated by measuring four foliar quantities, and then the distributions of leaf angles are cast in three forms: distributions of (i) the angle of the long axis of the leaf from the vertical for the range 0–180°; (ii) the angle of the long axis of the leaf for the range 0–90°; and (iii) the angle of the plane of the leaf for the range 0–90°. Each of these are fit to the ellipsoidal distribution to test the hypothesis that leaf angles in conifers are sufficiently random to fit the ellipsoidal distribution. The fit was generally better for planar angles and for longitudinal angles between 0° and 90° than for longitudinal angles between 0° and 180°. The fit was also better for Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea sitchensis, and Pinus contorta than for Abies grandis and Thuja plicata. This is probably because Abies and Thuja are more shade tolerant than the other species, and so the leaves in Abies and Thuja are preferentially oriented near the horizontal and are much less random than for the other species. Comparisons of distributions on individual twigs, whole branches, entire trees, and groups of trees were done to test the hypothesis that angle distributions will depend on scale, and these comparisons indicated that the apparent randomness and goodness-of-fit increased on passing to each larger unit (twigs up to groups of trees).Key words: conifer, leaf angles, ellipsoidal distribution.

scholarly journals Phenology and Synchrony of Scymnus coniferarum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) with Multiple Adelgid Species in the Puget Sound, WA, USA

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 558
Author(s):  
Molly Darr ◽  
Rachel Brooks ◽  
Nathan Havill ◽  
E. Hoebeke ◽  
Scott Salom
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Conifer Species

The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae, is an invasive pest of Tsuga spp. in eastern North America. Scymnus coniferarum is a predaceous beetle that was collected from HWA in the western United States. Limited knowledge of this insect in its native habitat led to studies to evaluate its potential for biological control of HWA. Seasonal abundance was sampled at six sites in Tacoma, WA, twice monthly, for one year on different host trees of potential adelgid prey. Tree species included Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus contorta, Pinus monticola, and Tsuga heterophylla. Scymnus coniferarum adults were found on all conifer species, except P. menziesii. Each conifer species supported a different adelgid species, suggesting S. coniferarum feeds on multiple adelgid species. More S. coniferarum were found on pine than hemlock. DNA barcoding of S. coniferarum found two distinct clusters that differed by 6% divergence. Beetles in each cluster were co-habiting the same conifer species, and they could not be distinguished morphologically. Further taxonomic studies are needed to understand the significance of DNA barcode sequence divergence. Because S. coniferarum was more frequently associated with pine adelgids than HWA, and because of remaining taxonomic uncertainty, S. coniferarum may not be suitable for HWA biological control.

scholarly journals Unveiling Monoterpene Biosynthesis in Taiwania cryptomerioides via Functional Characterization

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2404
Author(s):  
Li-Ting Ma ◽  
Pi-Ling Liu ◽  
Yang-Tui Cheng ◽  
Tz-Fan Shiu ◽  
Fang-Hua Chu
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
In Vitro Assay ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Catalytic Residues ◽  
Monoterpene Synthase ◽  
Monoterpene Biosynthesis ◽  
Taiwania Cryptomerioides

Taiwania cryptomerioides is a monotypic species, and its terpenoid-rich property has been reported in recent years. To uncover monoterpene biosynthesis in T. cryptomerioides, this study used transcriptome mining to identify candidates with tentative monoterpene synthase activity. Along with the phylogenetic analysis and in vitro assay, two geraniol synthases (TcTPS13 and TcTPS14), a linalool synthase (TcTPS15), and a β-pinene synthase (TcTPS16), were functionally characterized. Via the comparison of catalytic residues, the Cys/Ser at region 1 might be crucial in determining the formation of α-pinene or β-pinene. In addition, the Cupressaceae monoterpene synthases were phylogenetically clustered together; they are unique and different from those of published conifer species. In summary, this study aimed to uncover the ambiguous monoterpenoid network in T. cryptomerioide, which would expand the landscape of monoterpene biosynthesis in Cupressaceae species.

scholarly journals KECERNAAN IN VITRO SILASE SAMPAH SAYUR DAN DAUN GAMAL MENGGUNAKAN MIKROORGANISME RUMEN KAMBING

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Indrayani Indrayani ◽  
Harapin Hafid ◽  
Dian Agustina
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Vegetable Waste ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter level waste silage mixed vegetables and Gliricidia leaves were tested in vitro. This study used a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 3 replications. Each of these treatments is R0 (Gliricidia leaves 100%), R1 (Gliricidia leaves 70% + 30% silage vegetable waste), and R2 (Gliricidia leaves 40% + 60% silage vegetable waste). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and further testing using the test Honestly Significant Difference (HSD). The results of ANOVA showed that the mixture of vegetable waste silage was highly significant (p <0.05) on dry matter digestibility and significantly (p <0.05) on the digestibility of organic matter. It can be concluded that the mixed of vegetable waste silage and Gliricidia leaves can improved digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, treatment of 40% and 60% Gliricidia leaves plus waste vegetable produce silage dry matter digestibility and percentage of organic matter is best (72,24% and 68,19%).Keyword: Silage vegetable waste, gliricidia leaves, dry and organic matter digestibilityABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kecenaan bahan kering dan bahan organik tingkat campuran silase sampah sayur dan daun gamal yang diuji secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 3 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Masing-masing perlakuan tersebut ialah R0 (daun gamal 100%), R1 (daun gamal 70% + silase sampah sayur 30%), dan R2 (daun gamal 40% + silase sampah sayur 60%). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA) dan uji lanjut menggunakan uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ). Hasil analisis sidik ragam menunjukkan bahwa campuran silase sampah sayur berpengaruh sangat nyata (p<0,05) terhadap kecernaan bahan kering dan berpengaruh nyata (p<0,05) terhadap kecernaan bahan organik. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlakuan campuran silase sampah sayur dan daun gamal dapat meningkatkan kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik, perlakuan 40% daun gamal dan 60% silase sampah sayur menghasilkan persentase kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik yang terbaik yaitu (72,24% dan 68,19%).Kata kunci : Silase sampah sayur, daun gamal, kecernaan bahan kering, dan bahan organik.

scholarly journals Effects of temperature on in vitro response of Trichoderma strains against strawberry pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kühn.

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. 620-622
Author(s):  
M. Porras ◽  
C. Barrau ◽  
B. Santos ◽  
F.T. Arroyo ◽  
C. Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
In Vitro Response ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Effect of temperature on growth and antagonistic ability of Trichoderma spp. isolated from local strawberry culture and commercial product, against Rhizoctonia solani, strawberry pathogen, was studied in vitro. Trials were carried out twice, at 10, 25 and 30°C. Inhibitor effect was evaluated by radial growth measures of established duals on PDA’s dishes, using Royse and Ries formula, to evaluate the percentage inhibition of radial growth. Design of dishes was a randomized complete block, considering 10 replicates. Data were analyzed statistically by two-way analysis of variance. The objective has been to determine the most competitive Trichoderma strain and the best temperature that produce the inhibiting effect on the pathogen growth. Local strain has the best behavior at 10 and 25°C.

scholarly journals Superelasticity and force plateau of nickel-titanium springs: an in vitro study

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Ivini Viana Vieira ◽  
Sergei Godeiro Fernandes Rabelo Caldas ◽  
Lídia Parsekian Martins ◽  
Renato Parsekian Martins
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Nickel Titanium ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Activation Force ◽  
Post Hoc

abstract Objective: This paper analyzed whether nickel-titanium closed coil springs (NTCCS) have a different superelastic (SE) behavior according to activation and whether their force plateau corresponds to that informed by the manufacturer. Methods: A total of 160 springs were divided into 16 subgroups according to their features and activated proportionally to the length of the extensible part (NiTi) of the spring (Y). The force values measured were analyzed to determine SE rates and force plateaus, which were mathematically calculated. These plateaus were compared to those informed by the manufacturer. Analysis of variance was accomplished followed by Tukey post-hoc test to detect and analyze differences between groups. Results: All subgroups were SE at the activation of 400% of Y length, except for: subgroups 4B and 3A, which were SE at 300%; subgroups 4E and 4G, which were SE at 500%; and subgroup 3C, which was SE at 600%. Subgroup 3B did not show a SE behavior. Force plateaus depended on activation and, in some subgroups and some activations, were similar to the force informed. Conclusions: Most of the springs showed SE behavior at 400% of activation. Force plateaus are difficult to compare due to lack of information provided by manufacturers.

scholarly journals Evaluation of marginal fit of two allceramic copings with two finish lines

2012 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulce Subasi ◽  
Nilgun Ozturk ◽  
Inan Ozgur ◽  
Nalan Bozogullari
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Finish Line ◽  
Marginal Fit ◽  
Luting Agent ◽  
All Ceramic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Line Design

ABSTRACTObjectives: This in-vitro study investigated the marginal fit of two all-ceramic copings with 2 finish line designsMethods: Forty machined stainless steel molar die models with two different margin designs (chamfer and rounded shoulder) were prepared. A total of 40 standardized copings were fabricated and divided into 4 groups (n=10 for each finish line-coping material). Coping materials tested were IPS e.max Press and Zirkonzahn; luting agent was Variolink II. Marginal fit was evaluated after cementation with a stereomicroscope (Leica MZ16). Two-way analysis of variance and Tukey-HSD test were performed to assess the influence of each finish line design and ceramic type on the marginal fit of 2 all-ceramic copings (α =.05) Results: Two-way analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences for marginal fit relative to finish lines (P=.362) and ceramic types (P=.065)Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, both types of all-ceramic copings demonstrated that the mean marginal fit was considered acceptable for clinical application (≤120 μm). (Eur J Dent 2012;6:163-168)

Effects of leaching on fungal growth and decay of western redcedar

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell J. Chedgy ◽  
Young Woon Lim ◽  
Colette Breuil
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Western Redcedar ◽  
Coniophora Puteana ◽  
Soil Block ◽  
Block Test ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

We tested the effect of leaching on the concentration of western redcedar (WRC; Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) heartwood extractives that are known to exhibit antimicrobial activity and correlated this with fungal growth and decay. We assessed the extractive tolerance of the following fungal species: Acanthophysium lividocaeruleum , Coniophora puteana , Heterobasidion annosum , Pachnocybe ferruginea , Phellinus sulphurascens , and Phellinus weirii by measuring their growth rate (mm/day) on media with or without WRC leachate. These data were correlated with the ability of the fungal species to grow on and decay leached versus nonleached WRC. We used an ergosterol assay to estimate growth and a standard soil-block test to assess decay. We estimated that leaching reduced the concentration of 5 major extractives: (–)-plicatic acid, β-thujaplicin, γ-thujaplicin, β-thujaplicinol, and thujic acid by ~80%. Phellinus sulphurascens exhibited the lowest extractive-tolerance in vitro, grew poorly on and caused minimal decay in nonleached WRC, but it grew well on and decayed pine and leached WRC. Coniophora puteana, H. annosum, and P. weirii displayed moderate to high tolerance to leachate, grew on and caused decay in nonleached as well as leached WRC, but their growth and decay were always greatest on leached WRC and pine, suggesting that leaching enhances decay by these fungi. Acanthophysium lividocaeruleum and Pachnocybe ferruginea exhibited high extractive-tolerance. Whereas A. lividocaeruleum clearly caused decay on all types of wood, no decay was observed with Pachnocybe ferruginea, which grew very slowly in the different wood species, and it may or may not be able to decay wood.

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