LOW WINTER TEMPERATURES AND THE POTENTIAL FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EGG PARASITE ANASTATUS DISPARIS (HYMENOPTERA: EUPELMIDAE) IN ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF THE GYPSY MOTH

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Sullivan ◽  
K. J. Griffiths ◽  
D. R. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Mature Larva ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Prolonged Diapause

AbstractThe overwintering mature larva of the parasite Anastatus disparis Ruschka within the intact gypsy moth, Lymantria (= Porthetria) dispar L., egg chorion is susceptible to freezing and has a mean supercooling point of −28.8±0.14°C. This level of cold hardiness is not increased by exposure to sublethal low temperatures. Over 85% of larvae survived 10 months at 0°C and 4 days at −12° or −18°C, both followed by an additional 2–3 months at 0°C, but over half of the survivors went into prolonged diapause which was not fulfilled by subsequent rearing at room temperature. The parasite is apparently capable of surviving winter conditions over the same geographic area in Canada as the gypsy moth, and the introduction of A. disparts into locations in Canada where gypsy moth is now present is recommended.

Cold-Hardiness, Habitat and Winter Survival of Some Orchard Arthropods in Nova Scotia

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Kings County ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Cold Hardy

AbstractIn Kings County, Nova Scotia, low temperatures in the coldest nights of winter can differ by as much as 10°F. from one area to another. This has an important bearing on winter survival of some arthropods. Overwintering sites of orchard arthropods range from exposed situations which remain at air temperature to well protected ones on the ground where temperatures rarely go below 20°F. The cold-hardiness of each of 24 species of arthropods was measured: seven were sufficiently cold-hardy to survive any winter conditions in Nova Scotia, five were less cold-hardy but overwinter in well protected sites and twelve had marginal cold-hardiness, their mortality varying with the winter and the locality.

Differential inhibition of egg hatching in Aedes aegypti populations from localities with different winter conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Raúl E. Campos ◽  
Gabriela Zanotti ◽  
Cristian M. Di Battista ◽  
Javier O. Gimenez ◽  
Sylvia Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Winter Temperatures

Abstract In Argentina, the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is distributed from subtropical to temperate climates. Here, we hypothesized that the expansion of Ae. aegypti into colder regions is favoured by high-phenotypic plasticity and an adaptive inhibition of egg hatching at low temperatures. Thus, we investigated the hatching response of eggs of three populations: one from a subtropical region (Resistencia) and two from temperate regions (Buenos Aires City and San Bernardo) of Argentina. Eggs collected in the field were raised in three experimental colonies. F1 eggs were acclimated for 7 days prior to immersion at 7.6 or 22°C (control eggs). Five immersion temperatures were tested: 7.6, 10.3, 11.8, 14.1 and 16°C (range of mean winter temperatures of the three localities). A second immersion at 22°C was performed 2 weeks later to assess the inhibition to hatch under favourable conditions. After the first immersion, we compared the proportions of hatched eggs and dead larvae among treatment levels, whereas after the second immersion we compared the hatching response among the three populations. The factors that most influenced the egg hatching response were the geographical origin of the populations and the immersion temperature, but not the acclimation temperature. The proportions of hatching and larval mortality at low temperatures were higher for Resistencia than for Buenos Aires and San Bernardo, whereas the hatching response at ambient temperature was lower for San Bernardo than for Buenos Aires and Resistencia. The results support the hypothesis that populations from colder regions show an adaptive inhibition of egg hatching.

Winter conditions in eastern hemlock and mixed-hardwood deer wintering areas of Vermont

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 697-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane C. Lishawa ◽  
Dale R. Bergdahl ◽  
Scott D. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Additional Stress ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Wintering Areas

In regions experiencing harsh winter, eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) is thought to moderate winter conditions and provide cover for white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman, 1780). In Vermont, USA, eastern hemlock is the dominant tree in many white-tailed deer wintering areas. Hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae Annand; HWA), an insect introduced from Asia, is causing widespread mortality of eastern hemlock. HWA cold-hardiness research and cold-hardiness zone climate models predict that HWA is capable of winter survival in portions of southern Vermont. This study quantifies the effects of eastern hemlock cover on winter temperatures and snow depths and assesses the effect of hemlock dominance on the winter severity values for white-tailed deer and on cold hardiness zone designations. Within site-paired eastern hemlock and hardwood stands, temperatures were recorded at 30 min intervals and snow depths were recorded every 2 weeks in the winters of 2003–2004 and 2004–2005. Extreme temperatures and snow depths were significantly moderated within hemlock stands. In southern Vermont, eastern hemlock mortality caused by HWA will alter these pockets of moderated microclimate, adding additional stress to white-tailed deer. Furthermore, the magnitude of temperature buffering in hemlock stands suggests that HWA may be capable of winter survival farther north than previously estimated.

Extreme resistance to desiccation and microclimate-related differences in cold-hardiness of gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) overwintering on roses in southern Canada

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (14) ◽  
pp. 2115-2124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason B. Williams ◽  
Joseph D. Shorthouse ◽  
Richard E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Glycerol Concentration ◽  
Extreme Resistance ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Cuticular Permeability ◽  
Gall Wasps ◽  
Rosa Species

SUMMARY Four species of cynipid wasp of the genus Diplolepis that induce galls on roses (Rosa species) in southern Canada and two species of inquiline cynipid associated with these galls were studied for their cold-hardiness and resistance to water loss and for possible links between these adaptations. Mid-winter-acclimated supranivean D. spinosa and Periclistus pirata had lower supercooling points (-38 to -40°C)and higher hemolymph osmolalities (1760-1849 mosmol kg-1) than subnivean D. polita, D. gracilis, D. radicum and Periclistussp. (-31 to -32°C and 977-1464 mosmol kg-1, respectively). During a simulated transition from summer/fall to mid-winter conditions, the glycerol concentration of D. spinosa more than tripled, reaching a final value of 0.98 moll-1, while its supercooling point decreased by 13°C from the initial value of -27.4°C; however, glycerol concentration and supercooling point did not change for the subnivean species. The permeability of the cuticle of all species was extremely low (0.33-1.00μg h-1 cm-2 mmHg-1 at 5°C and 0 %relative humidity; 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), even compared with that of desert species; however, there was no difference in cuticular permeability between supranivean and subnivean prepupae. Transition temperatures ranged between 32.3 and 34.6°C; below 30°C, temperature had little effect on rates of water loss for all species (Q10=1.13-1.87).

scholarly journals The Asian gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) populations: resistance of eggs to extreme winter temperatures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.G. Ananko ◽  
A.V. Kolosov
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Lymantria Dispar ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Physiological Tolerance ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Lower Lethal Temperature

ABSTRACTGypsy moth Lymantria dispar (GM) is a polyphagous insect and one of the most significant pests in the forests of Eurasia and North America. Accurate information on GM cold hardiness is needed to improve methods for the prediction of population outbreaks, as well as for forecasting possible GM range displacements due to climate change.As a result of laboratory and field studies, we found that the lower lethal temperature (at which all L. dispar asiatica eggs die) range from –29.0 °C to –29.9 °C for three studied populations, and no egg survived cooling to –29.9 °C. These limits agree to within one degree with the previously established cold hardiness limits of the European subspecies L. dispar dispar, which is also found in North America. This coincidence indicates that the lower lethal temperature of L. dispar is conservative.Thus, we found that the Siberian populations of GM inhabit an area where winter temperatures go beyond the limits of egg physiological tolerance, because temperature often fall below –30 °C. Apparently, it is due to the flexibility of ovipositional behavior that L. dispar asiatica survives in Siberia: the lack of physiological tolerance of eggs is compensated by choosing warm biotopes for oviposition. One of the most important factors contributing to the survival of GM eggs in Siberia is the stability of snow cover.SummaryWithin the geographical range of Siberian gypsy moth populations, extreme temperatures go beyond the limits of the physiological tolerance of wintering eggs (–29.9 °C), and their survival depends on the choice of warm biotopes for oviposition.

DIAPAUSE AND COLD HARDINESS IN MICROPLITIS PLUTELLAE, A PARASITE OF THE LARVAE OF THE DIAMONDBACK MOTH

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 915-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. PUTNAM
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Freezing Temperatures

Microplitis plutellae, one of the principal parasites of the larvae of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, has a diapause in a portion of each of its several annual generations, occurring in the cocooned pupae or prepupae. In experiments, development resumed and adults emerged from most insect material in diapause after exposure to 0 °C for a period equal to the duration of a Saskatchewan winter, about 160 days. Of diapausing insects that did not respond to such a period of cold treatment, some did so after subjection to a further period of low temperatures of a similar duration. Diapausing M. plutellae were shown to tolerate sub-freezing temperatures in the laboratory and to survive Saskatchewan winter temperatures under snow cover in the field. There is no evidence that the other major parasite of diamondback larvae, Diadegma insularis, enters diapause or winters in Saskatchewan.

THE POTENTIAL FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EGG PARASITE OOENCYRTUS KUWANAI IN ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF THE GYPSY MOTH

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.J. Griffiths ◽  
C.R. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Current Range ◽  
Egg Parasite

AbstractThe overwintering adult of Ooencyrtus kuwanai (How.) is susceptible to freezing. Male adults from New Jersey have a mean supercooling point of −9.6 ± 0.37°C, significantly higher than those from Maine (−12.3 ± 1.08°). Neither group had its cold hardiness increased by exposure to sublethal temperatures. Female adults from New Jersey had a mean supercooling point of −10.8 ± 0.69° when tested after rearing at 22°C, again significantly higher than that of similarly treated female adults from Maine (−15.4 ± 0.90°). Exposure of New Jersey females to sublethal temperatures decreased their supercooling point significantly, to −14.5 ± 1.59°. Maine female adults were not tested after that treatment. No adults survived continuous exposure to 0°C for 30 days. Hence this parasite is apparently incapable of surviving in the current range of the gypsy moth in Canada.

scholarly journals Hardiness and Ornamental Characteristics of Lacebark Elm Selections

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 448D-448
Author(s):  
John C. Pair ◽  
Channa Rajashekar ◽  
Michael Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Ulmus Parvifolia ◽  
Commercial Cultivars

Numerous cultivars of lacebark elm (Ulmus parvifolia) have been introduced recently without adequate testing of their hardiness. A block of commercial cultivars plus numerous experimental numbers were established to observe differences in growth form, ornamental characteristics, and cold hardiness. Laboratory freezing tests were conducted from November to March over a 3-year period to determine acclimation and deacclimation to low temperatures. Stem sections approximately 5 cm long were sealed in test tubes and placed in a low-temperature programmable freezer maintained at 0°C. Samples were cooled by approximately 6°C per hour from 0 to –48°C and held for 1 h at each temperature. Samples were then removed, allowed to thaw at room temperature, and held for 7 to 10 days. Stem samples were sectioned longitudinally to observe browning in xylem and bark tissues. During the winter of 1995–96, no visible injury could be noted on trees in the field in spite of very dry, desiccating weather with temperatures reaching –23°C. Laboratory freezing tests indicated acclimation to –30°C by 18 Dec. 1995 on several cultivars. During warm periods in February, deacclimation occurred on many selections to –18°C, whereas others maintained a killing point of –30°C. Growth form, bark exfoliation, and fall color varied among cultivars.

The effect of diapause and cold acclimation on the cold-hardiness of the warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Y. Abdelghany ◽  
Duangsamorn Suthisut ◽  
Paul G. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Stored Product Pest ◽  
Trogoderma Variabile ◽  
Lethal Time ◽  
Cold Hardy

AbstractThe warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile Ballion (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is a stored-product pest with scant information on its cold tolerance. Ninety-two per cent of larvae reared in isolation at 30 °C went into diapause in the seventh instar, the remaining 8% emerged as adults in 50 days. Diapausing larvae died after 142 days in the 10th instar. The cold tolerance at 0 °C from highest to lowest was; old larvae>pupae>adult=young larvae>eggs. The LT50 (lethal time for 50% of the population) for grouped (non-diapause) non-acclimated old larvae at 0 °C, −5 °C, −10 °C, −16 °C, and −19 °C were; 20, 11, 5, 1, and 1 day, the LT95 were; 38, 15, 10, 5, and 1 days, respectively. The LT50 for isolated (diapausing), cold-acclimated old larvae at the same temperatures were; 275, 125, 74, 26, and 18 days, and the LT95 were; 500, 160, 100, 45, 20 days, respectively. The supercooling point (SCP) of different stages of non-acclimated insects ranged from −25.3 °C (eggs) to −16.1 °C (young larvae). The most cold hardy stage, isolated and acclimated old larvae, had a SCP of −24.9 °C. The potential of using low temperatures to control T. variabile is discussed.

scholarly journals Review of Multi-Physics Modeling on the Active Magnetic Regenerative Refrigeration

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Julien Eustache ◽  
Antony Plait ◽  
Frédéric Dubas ◽  
Raynal Glises
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Vapor Compression ◽  
Crucial Step ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Vapor Compression Refrigeration ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Physics Modeling

Compared to conventional vapor-compression refrigeration systems, magnetic refrigeration is a promising and potential alternative technology. The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is used to produce heat and cold sources through a magnetocaloric material (MCM). The material is submitted to a magnetic field with active magnetic regenerative refrigeration (AMRR) cycles. Initially, this effect was widely used for cryogenic applications to achieve very low temperatures. However, this technology must be improved to replace vapor-compression devices operating around room temperature. Therefore, over the last 30 years, a lot of studies have been done to obtain more efficient devices. Thus, the modeling is a crucial step to perform a preliminary study and optimization. In this paper, after a large introduction on MCE research, a state-of-the-art of multi-physics modeling on the AMRR cycle modeling is made. To end this paper, a suggestion of innovative and advanced modeling solutions to study magnetocaloric regenerator is described.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document