Extreme resistance to desiccation and microclimate-related differences in cold-hardiness of gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) overwintering on roses in southern Canada

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (14) ◽  
pp. 2115-2124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason B. Williams ◽  
Joseph D. Shorthouse ◽  
Richard E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Glycerol Concentration ◽  
Extreme Resistance ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Cuticular Permeability ◽  
Gall Wasps ◽  
Rosa Species

SUMMARY Four species of cynipid wasp of the genus Diplolepis that induce galls on roses (Rosa species) in southern Canada and two species of inquiline cynipid associated with these galls were studied for their cold-hardiness and resistance to water loss and for possible links between these adaptations. Mid-winter-acclimated supranivean D. spinosa and Periclistus pirata had lower supercooling points (-38 to -40°C)and higher hemolymph osmolalities (1760-1849 mosmol kg-1) than subnivean D. polita, D. gracilis, D. radicum and Periclistussp. (-31 to -32°C and 977-1464 mosmol kg-1, respectively). During a simulated transition from summer/fall to mid-winter conditions, the glycerol concentration of D. spinosa more than tripled, reaching a final value of 0.98 moll-1, while its supercooling point decreased by 13°C from the initial value of -27.4°C; however, glycerol concentration and supercooling point did not change for the subnivean species. The permeability of the cuticle of all species was extremely low (0.33-1.00μg h-1 cm-2 mmHg-1 at 5°C and 0 %relative humidity; 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), even compared with that of desert species; however, there was no difference in cuticular permeability between supranivean and subnivean prepupae. Transition temperatures ranged between 32.3 and 34.6°C; below 30°C, temperature had little effect on rates of water loss for all species (Q10=1.13-1.87).

LOW WINTER TEMPERATURES AND THE POTENTIAL FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EGG PARASITE ANASTATUS DISPARIS (HYMENOPTERA: EUPELMIDAE) IN ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF THE GYPSY MOTH

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Sullivan ◽  
K. J. Griffiths ◽  
D. R. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Mature Larva ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Prolonged Diapause

AbstractThe overwintering mature larva of the parasite Anastatus disparis Ruschka within the intact gypsy moth, Lymantria (= Porthetria) dispar L., egg chorion is susceptible to freezing and has a mean supercooling point of −28.8±0.14°C. This level of cold hardiness is not increased by exposure to sublethal low temperatures. Over 85% of larvae survived 10 months at 0°C and 4 days at −12° or −18°C, both followed by an additional 2–3 months at 0°C, but over half of the survivors went into prolonged diapause which was not fulfilled by subsequent rearing at room temperature. The parasite is apparently capable of surviving winter conditions over the same geographic area in Canada as the gypsy moth, and the introduction of A. disparts into locations in Canada where gypsy moth is now present is recommended.

Study on the physiology of diapause, cold hardiness and supercooling point of overwintering pupae of the pistachio fruit hull borer, Arimania comaroffi

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 897-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjan Bemani ◽  
Hamzeh Izadi ◽  
Kamran Mahdian ◽  
Abbas Khani ◽  
Mohammad Amin samih
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Supercooling Point

Simultaneous Measurements of Spiracular and Cuticular Water Losses in Periplaneta Americana: Implications for Whole-Animal Mass Loss Studies

1991 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 439-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MACHIN ◽  
P. KESTLER ◽  
G. J. LAMPERT
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Variable Activity ◽  
Cuticular Permeability ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Animal Mass ◽  
Principal Contributor ◽  
Water Contents

Spiracular and cutaneous water loss through the cuticle and spiracles of Periplaneta americana was measured in animals of differing initial water contents under controlled temperature, humidity and airflow conditions, by continuous weighing (resolution ±10μg). Stable water loss rates (2.09×10−8 to 3.47×10−8gh−1cm−2Pa−1) were as much as an order of magnitude less than those reported in earlier studies employing intermittent weighing techniques. We suggest that increased water loss caused by substantial increases in ventilatory water loss during the episodic disturbances required by intermittent weighing is the principal contributor to this discrepancy. Water losses, as well as the interval between spiracular ventilations, decreased with water content. However, greater variation was primarily due to interruptions of the regular cyclic pattern of ventilation by highly variable, activity-related bouts of increased ventilatory loss. Variations in water loss appear to be too large and too rapid to be convincingly explained in terms of cuticular conductance. Our results suggest that previous experiments using 5% CO2 anaesthesia, linking changes in total water loss to the conducting properties of the cuticle, were not valid. There seems to be no adaptive value for the proposed voluntary increases in cuticular permeability in an animal where ventilatory water losses can be so high.

Cold-Hardiness, Habitat and Winter Survival of Some Orchard Arthropods in Nova Scotia

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Kings County ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Cold Hardy

AbstractIn Kings County, Nova Scotia, low temperatures in the coldest nights of winter can differ by as much as 10°F. from one area to another. This has an important bearing on winter survival of some arthropods. Overwintering sites of orchard arthropods range from exposed situations which remain at air temperature to well protected ones on the ground where temperatures rarely go below 20°F. The cold-hardiness of each of 24 species of arthropods was measured: seven were sufficiently cold-hardy to survive any winter conditions in Nova Scotia, five were less cold-hardy but overwinter in well protected sites and twelve had marginal cold-hardiness, their mortality varying with the winter and the locality.

scholarly journals Comparative Cutaneous Water Loss and Desiccation Tolerance of Four Solenopsis spp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Southeastern United States

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
Olufemi S. Ajayi ◽  
Arthur G. Appel ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Henry Y. Fadamiro
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Southeastern Usa ◽  
Cuticular Permeability ◽  
Lethal Time ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Terrestrial Insects

The high surface area to volume ratio of terrestrial insects makes them highly susceptible to desiccation mainly through the cuticle. Cuticular permeability (CP) is usually the most important factor limiting water loss in terrestrial insects. Water loss rate, percentage of total body water (%TBW) content, CP, and desiccation tolerance were investigated in workers of four Solenopsis species in the southeastern USA. We hypothesized that tropical/subtropical ants (S. invicta and S. geminata) will have lower CP values and tolerate higher levels of desiccation than temperate ants (S. richteri and S. invicta × S. richteri). The %TBW content was similar among species. Solenopsis invicta had a 1.3-fold and 1.1-fold lower CP value than S. invicta × S. richteri and S. richteri, respectively. Solenopsis geminata had a 1.3-fold lower CP value than S. invicta × S. richteri, and a 1.2-fold lower CP value than S. richteri. The LT50 values (lethal time to kill 50% of the population) ranged from 1.5 h (small S. geminata) to 8.5 h (large S. invicta). Desiccation tolerance ranged between 36 and 50 %TBW lost at death and was not related to a species’ location of origin. This study is the first report of water relations of S. invicta × S. richteri. It demonstrates that desiccation stress differentially can affect the survival of different Solenopsis species and implies that environmental stress can affect the distribution of these species in the southeastern USA.

Water Loss and Desiccation Tolerance of the Two Yearly Generations of Adult and Nymphal Kudzu Bugs, Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-659
Author(s):  
Gokhan Benk ◽  
Patrick J Thompson ◽  
Xing P Hu ◽  
Arthur G Appel
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Generation Adult ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Soybean Pest ◽  
Cuticular Permeability ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Water loss rate, percentage total body water content (%TBW), cuticular permeability (CP), and desiccation tolerance were investigated in adult and immature stages of the invasive kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (Fab.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), a serious soybean pest and an urban nuisance. Adults and all five nymphal instars were weighed prior to and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h after desiccated at 30 ± 1°C and 0–2% RH. Both % initial mass and %TBW loss increased linearly with time of desiccation. Rates of loss ranged from approximately 1–7%/h. Mortality occurred at 10 h after desiccation. Desiccation tolerance (%TBW lost at death) ranged between 25.6% for first-generation adult females and 75% for first-generation fifth-instar nymphs. First-generation first-instar nymphs had significantly greater %TBW (88.9%) than the other generations and instars, whereas second-generation fifth instars had the lowest %TBW (62.4%). The CP value of first-generation adult females (12.3 ± 1.6 µg cm−1 h−1 mmHg−1) was the greatest across generations. First-generation first instars had the greatest mass loss (111.11 mg/g) among all instars and generations, whereas overwintered second-generation adult females had the lowest mass loss (18.39) across generations. This study demonstrated that desiccation stress differentially affected the survival of adult and nymphal kudzu bugs and may imply that environmental stress can affect the relative abundance of this species in the fields and around homes.

Studies on insect dormancy. II. Relationship of cold-hardiness to diapause and quiescence in the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (Fab.), (Lasiocampidae: Lepidoptera)

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajai Mansingh
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Malacosoma Americanum ◽  
Glycerol Content ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
Glycerol Level ◽  
Carbohydrate Level ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

Studies were conducted on the relationship between levels of glycerol and carbohydrates, supercooling points, and the relative abilities of diapausing and developing eggs and of larval instars of Malacosoma americanum to withstand various periods of chilling at 5° and −15 °C.Diapause in the mature embryos was associated with very high glycerol content (112 mg/g), low carbohydrate level (13 mg/g), and the ability to supercool to −35 °C. During diapause termination, the glycerol level was reduced lo 11 mg/g with a slight rise only in carbohydrate level while the supercooling point was raised to −14 °C. When quiescence was induced in the larvae by chilling them at 5 °C for 1 to 7 weeks, their wet weights and carbohydrate and glycerol contents decreased gradually. However, the supercooling point remained constant around −14 °C.Diapausing embryos could survive several weeks of chilling at −15° and 5 °C. However, only a few weeks of exposure to 5 °C was fatal to quiescent larvae.It is concluded that there is a direct relationship between glycerol content, supercooling points, and the relative abilities of developing and diapausing stages of the tent caterpillar to withstand low temperatures. The developing stages were naturally "cold-tolerant" with the ability to supercool to −14 °C and survive a few weeks of quiescence at 5 °C, which is well below their range of physiological adaptation. Induction of diapause enhanced the supercooling ability and increased cold-hardiness in the mature embryos.

Effect of parasitism by Anaphes sp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) on the cold hardiness of Listronotus oregonensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) eggs

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Hance ◽  
Guy Boivin
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Egg Parasitoids ◽  
Local Extinction ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Listronotus Oregonensis ◽  
Overwintering Site

The cold hardiness of egg parasitoids is critical to their survival in winter because these organisms have little control in the choice of their overwintering site. The supercooling points of Listronotus oregonensis eggs increased from −24.9 to −22.1 °C as eggs matured. When these eggs were parasitized by Anaphes sp., their supercooling point remained stable at −22.9 °C throughout the development of the parasitoid. Anaphes sp. maintained its cold hardiness by increasing its levels of glycerol and fructose. When the parental generation was exposed to a combination of low temperature and short photoperiod, the supercooling point of the daughter generation (F1) was significantly decreased. A further decrease in the supercooling point was observed when F1 individuals were stored at 3 °C for 14 or 20 days. These data show that local extinction of populations overwintering in nonsheltered habitats is probably common in southwestern Quebec.

scholarly journals Winter is coming: cold hardiness attributes of a field population of the potato tuberworm Phthorimaea operculella

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanos S Andreadis ◽  
Yianna Poulia ◽  
Sofia Noukari ◽  
Barbara Aslanidou ◽  
Matilda Savopoulou-Soultani
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Phthorimaea Operculella ◽  
Field Population ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Potato Tuberworm

The potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a worldwide pest of solanaceous crops especially devastating to potatoes. In the present study we investigated the cold hardiness profile of short-term acclimated and non-acclimated immature and adult stages of a field population of P. operculella. Late instars displayed the lowest mean supercooling point, for both short-term acclimated and non-acclimated individuals, however, no significant differences were observed among developmental stages. Unlike supercooling capacity, acclimation at 5 oC for 5 days enhanced the ability to survive at subzero temperatures after a 2 h exposure. Mean lethal temperature (LTemp50) of all developmental stages (egg, late instar, pupa and adult) decreased after short-term acclimation, however only adults displayed a significant difference among acclimated and non-acclimated individuals concerning their LTemp50 (-11.1 and -8.3 oC, respectively). Generally, pupae were the most cold tolerant developmental stage followed in decreasing order by the eggs and adults, while interestingly late instars were the least ones. Non-freezing injury above the supercooling point was well documented for all developmental stages indicating a pre-freeze mortality and suggesting that P. operculella is considered to be chill tolerant rather than freeze intolerant. Nevertheless, given its high degree of cold hardiness, winter mortality of P. operculella due to low temperatures is not likely to occur and potential pest outbreak can take place following a mild winter.

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