Relationship between performance strategies, resilience qualities, riding experience and competitive performance of show jumping riders

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
H.M. Iungano ◽  
B.E. Lancaster ◽  
I. Wolframm
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Emotional Control ◽  
Use Of Self ◽  
Negative Thinking ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Show Jumping ◽  
Performance Strategies

Equestrian sports are considered high in risk, and successful athletes must achieve resilience to recover from adversities inherent to their riding career. The objective of this study is to identify which factors present in show jumping riders are related to resilient abilities, and how they may be improved. 101 British competitive show jumping riders were asked to complete a questionnaire about their riding experience and to respond to two tests: (1) test of performance strategies (TOPS 3), which analyses the use of self-talk, emotional control, automaticity, goal setting, imagery, activation, relaxation, negative thinking and attention control; and (2) Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC-10), which evaluates resilient abilities. Where available, competition results were also analysed. Resilience scores had positive correlations with ‘emotional control’ (r=0.518; P<0.001), and ‘emotional control’ had a positive predictive effect on resilience (χ2=8.508; P<0.005). There were indications of positive correlations between resilience and ‘activation’ (r=0.497; P<0.001), ‘automaticity’ (r=0.437; P<0.001), and of a negative correlation between resilience and ‘negative thinking’ (r=-0.416; P<0.001). Overall CD-RISC-10 mean value was 29.96. ‘Activation’ and ‘automaticity’ were more applicable for riders of higher perceived levels of skill. Responses suggest that ‘activation’ was employed more frequently by male than female riders (Z=-2.118; P<0.05), and that ‘negative thinking’ was more frequent in female than male riders (Z=-1.969; P<0.05). More significant correlations between performance strategies were found in professional (19) than in novice riders (5). Results indicate that the use of performance strategies may be beneficial in the development of resilience. In higher level riders, the development of one set of strategies tends to lead to the development of other strategies. The findings support that the ability to recover successfully from adversities may not be merely inherent, but also under individual control.

scholarly journals Mental toughness and performance strategies of martial artists in practice and competition

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Atefeh Beheshti ◽  
◽  
Hassan Gharayagh Zandi ◽  
Zahra Fathirezaie ◽  
Fatemeh Heidari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Mental Toughness ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Emotional Control ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Strategies

Abstract This study’s objective was to analyze the relationship between mental toughness and martial artists’ performance strategies. Two hundred athletes (male: 105, female: 95) with an age range of 18-36 years (mean:25.12, s=4.96) who competed at university to the national standard of martial arts participated in this study. Participants answered mental toughness questionnaires and performance strategies inventory. The Pearson correlation results showed a positive and significant relationship between mental toughness and automaticity, goal-setting, imagery, self-talk, and emotional control, and a negative and significant relationship between mental toughness and attentional control in practice. Furthermore, there is a positive and significant relationship between mental toughness and activation, relaxation, self-talk, imagery, goal-setting, and emotional control in the competition. The multiple linear regression analysis results showed that goal-setting and imagery in practice and competition, self-talk in practice, and relaxation in the competition could predict mental toughness. In analyzing the subscales of mental toughness, it was concluded that tough emotions could be loaded on eight subscales of performance strategies. In the Independent-Sample T-Test, the significant differences related to gender were that men reported higher levels of self-talk (t=3.24, p<0.001), automaticity (t=2.76, p<0.006), goal-setting (t=2.63, p<0.009), imagery (t=2.18, p<0.03) and relaxation (t=2.17, p<0.03) than women.

scholarly journals Psychometric Properties of The Greek Version of the Test of Performance Strategies-Competition Scale (TOPS-CS)

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Christos Katsikas ◽  
Olyvia Donti ◽  
Maria Psychountaki
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Greek Version ◽  
Negative Thinking ◽  
Control Goal ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Performance Strategies

Psychometric Properties of The Greek Version of the Test of Performance Strategies-Competition Scale (TOPS-CS)The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Test of Performance Strategies-Competition scale (TOPS-CS; Thomas et al., 1999) in Greek athletic population. The TOPS-CS was designed to assess eight psychological strategies used by athletes in competition (activation, automaticity, emotional control, goal-setting, imagery, negative thinking, relaxation and self-talk). In order to evaluate the psychometric properties of the inventory, two different research studies were conducted in two different age groups (n1=382 athletes, aged 16 to 20 years and n2=343 athletes, aged 12 to 15 years). Furthermore, 263 athletes, (aged 16 to 20 years) completed the TOPS-CS, purposing to perform confirmatory factor analysis. The results of the first study supported the initial factorial structure of the TOPS-CS for athletes aged 16-20 years. Reliability analysis also provided adequate evidence for the internal consistency and stability of the scale for Greek athletes of this age. However, for athletes aged 12 to 15 years, the validity and reliability of the inventory were questionable and further research is required.

Self-Talk and Competitive Balance Beam Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika D. Van Dyke ◽  
Judy L. Van Raalte ◽  
Elizabeth M. Mullin ◽  
Britton W. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Emotional Control ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Balance Beam ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
Collegiate Gymnasts ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Little research has explored the relationship between highly skilled athletes’ self-talk and their competitive performance over the course of a season. For the current study, positive, negative, motivational, instructional, and functional dimensions of collegiate gymnasts’ (N = 141) self-talk were assessed. The gymnasts’ competitive balance beam performances in intercollegiate meets were also recorded. Multiple regression analysis revealed that positive self-talk significantly predicted balance beam performance and performance consistency. Significant positive correlations were found among key self-talk variables, except negative self-talk. Significant negative correlations were found between negative self-talk and self-talk functions (i.e., attention, cognitive and emotional control, and confidence). The results highlight the interrelationships among various types and functions of self-talk in competitive settings, and provide evidence for the ways in which self-talk is related to the performance of highly skilled athletes. Suggestions for how these findings might be applied by athletes, coaches, and sport psychology practitioners are provided.

Developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity in annual herbaceous species under different biotic and abiotic conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Wang ◽  
Dao-Wei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Developmental Stability ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract The relationships among developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity have not been well understood. Inconsistent conclusions from different studies suggested the complexity of their associations, probably depending on specific traits, environmental contexts and plant growth stages. To address this issue, we conducted three experiments (EXP I ~ III) with several annual herbaceous species, to investigate the relationships among leaf (or cotyledon) developmental stability, canalization and plasticity and their variations with different biotic and abiotic environmental conditions and plant growth stages, with comparisons among different species at their early growth stage. We analyzed variations in mean trait value, lamina fluctuating asymmetry (FA), coefficient of variation (CV) and plasticity (RDPIs) and their correlations for lamina size (LS) of individual plants, for LS, petiole length (PL) and petiole angle (PA) of different plant layers in Abutilon theophrasti at three densities in infertile and fertile (or only fertile) soil conditions at three (or two) stages, and for cotyledon size (CS) of five species in contrasting light conditions and seeding depths. High vs. low density decreased LS (with negative RDPIs), FA indexes and CVs, either for individual plants or different layers, especially in fertile soil. Shading was more likely to increase CS (except for A. therophrasti) and FA and decrease CV; deep seeding increased CS of some species in full light, but decreased CS and FA of other species in shading (except for A. therophrasti). FA indexes more likely had positive correlations with mean value, CV and RDPIs of traits; correlations between CV and RDPIs can be positive, negative or insignificant. Correlations among the three variables were more likely positive or insignificant for traits of LS, CS and PL, but more likely negative or insignificant for PA. High density and infertile soil may favor more positive over negative correlations among variables. Results suggested higher levels of lamina FA more likely indicate higher growth rates of plants or modules. Developmental stability was more likely to have positive correlations with canalization, and negative correlations with plasticity, indicating certain common mechanisms associated with them. Environmental stresses can lead to greater phenotypic variations at different levels, facilitating cooperation between the three processes in dealing with environmental challenges.

A retrospective investigation of the impact of ‘eventing phase (dressage, show-jumping and cross-country)’ on pre-competition anxiety and self-confidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-281
Author(s):  
S. McGinn ◽  
D. Alcock ◽  
L.J. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Psychological Skills ◽  
Competitive Anxiety ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Equestrian Sport ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Show Jumping ◽  
The Impact

Working in the discipline of eventing (the triathlon of equestrian sport), the present study aims to extend current literature on the use of psychological skills within equestrian sports, by understanding and identifying differences in levels of self-confidence and competitive anxiety. Each eventing phase (dressage, show-jumping and cross-country) was considered and its impact on anxiety and self-confidence analysed. Level of competition was considered a covariate and its effect on specific eventing phases and any associated influence on anxiety and self-confidence within eventing phase was analysed. An experimental, 3×3 factorial, within-subjects design was used. 57 participants (52 female and 5 male; 18 professional, 36 amateur and 3 undefined) completed the Revised Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory 2 (CSAI-2R), a 17-item questionnaire measuring anxiety and self-confidence. Descriptive statistics identified the show-jumping phase had the largest impact on rider somatic anxiety (SA) and cognitive anxiety (CA). The cross-country phase had the highest self-confidence mean score. Spearman’s rank correlations showed both SA and CA were debilitative for all competition levels. Both SA and CA were found to be more debilitating in the show-jumping phase when self-confidence was low. MANCOVA analysis showed that eventing phase had significant effect on anxiety and self-confidence when controlling for level of competition. Dependent on the eventing phase riders are competing in, they experience different levels of arousal and self-confidence. When SA and CA are a debilitative source of anxiety, this could result in rider muscle tension which is not conducive to effective horse-rider communication. Coaches or sports psychologists should consider how to help riders manage their anxiety levels in relation to the competition phase, with the intention of enhancing self-confidence and enabling facilitative SA and CA in preparation for eventing performance.

Relations between Attachment, Resilience, and Earned Security in Japanese University Students

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Shibue ◽  
Makiko Kasai
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Insecure Attachment ◽  
Internal Working Model ◽  
Japanese University ◽  
Internal Working ◽  
Avoidant Attachment ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
Earned Security ◽  
Positive Correlations

This study investigated the relations between attachment, resilience, and earned security in Japanese university students. It was hypothesized that resilience would have a positive relationship with attachment and that people who had an insecure attachment style but high resilience would also have high earned security. An earned security scale was developed, based on the Naikan thought scale and attachment theory. The earned-security scales, a resilience scale, and an internal working model scale were administered to 343 university students. Three trends were apparent: (1) positive correlations between secure attachment scores and resilience scores; (2) negative correlations between insecure ambivalent attachment scores and resilience scores, but people classified in the ambivalent attachment cluster and high resilience group had higher earned security; and (3) avoidant attachment scores had negligible correlations with resilience and earned security.

scholarly journals Effects of body protection vests and experience levels in prevention of equestrian injuries

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A Andres ◽  
Adrienne M Bushau-Sprinkle ◽  
Michael E Brier ◽  
Yvette R Seger
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Safety Equipment ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Experience Levels ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
Show Jumping

ObjectivesTo investigate the risk reduction and benefit of wearing body protection/safety vests in equestrian sports.MethodsA comparison of equestrians wearing body protective vests and those not wearing vests was performed using incident report data of 718 participants in the United States Pony Clubs during 2011–2017. Data obtained included age, gender, certification level of member, type of activity, description of incident, description of injuries, what protective equipment was worn and other possible contributing factors.ResultsWhile wearing body protective vests when riding on the flat or for show jumping was not correlated with a decrease in injuries, wearing vests for cross country was correlated with decrease in reported injuries (p=0.036) and showed a trend towards a lower incident severity level (p=0.062). Wearing body protection during cross country reduced the relative risk of injury by 56%. While the volume of incidents varied with a rider’s experience level, the number of serious injuries did not appear to correlate with lesser equestrian experience.ConclusionsWhile equestrian sports are considered to have a certain degree of risk associated with them, there are ways to make them safer. Wearing safety equipment, such as helmets and body protection, and obtaining education and experience can lessen the chance of incurring serious injuries.

scholarly journals Evaluation of psychological performance strategies of volleyball players

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 812-821
Author(s):  
Aylin Özgen Feralan ◽  
Serkan İbiş ◽  
Bülent Okan Micoogullari
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Full Text ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Psychological Performance ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Study Performance ◽  
Performance Strategies

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the performance strategies of volleyball players and also comparison of usage levels of strategies in training and competitions. Method: Total 134 voluntary amateur volleyball players between the ages of 15-24 participated in the study. Performance strategies of volleyball players were determined with Test of Performance Strategies that designed by Thomas et al., (1999). To examine the performance strategies of volleyball players and also comparison of usage levels of strategies in training and competitions Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) programme was employed. To define possible differences between variables Independent samples t test was used.     Findings: Practice scale’s highly used strategy was self-talk and the lowest usage percentage was attention control. Meanwhile, competition scale results indicated that the highest used strategy was activation and lowest used strategy was relaxation. While comparison of differences between practice and competition scales strategies, it was found that except of goal setting and imagery all other strategies showed significant differences. Conclusions: Psychological performance strategies’ averages of volleyball players were ensured and it is exhibited that to which strategies should be thought and focused. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.​​ Özet Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, voleybolcuların kullandıkları psikolojik performans stratejilerinin incelenmesi ve antrenmanlarda ve müsabakalarda kullanılan stratejilerin kullanım düzeylerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Metod: Çalışmaya 15-24 yaş arasında 134 gönüllü voleybolcu katılmıştır. Sporcuların kullandıkları psikolojik performans stratejilerini ve bu stratejilerin düzeylerini belirlemek üzere Thomas ve ark. (1999) tasarladığı Psikolojik Performans Stratejileri testi kullanılmıştır. İstatistiki analizlerin yapılması amacıyla Sosyal Bilimler için İstatistik programı kullanılmıştır. Olası farklılıkların tespiti için Bağımsız Örneklem t testi kullanılmıştır.     Bulgular: Antrenman alt ölçeğinde kullanılan stratejiler arasında en yüksek ortalama kendinle konuşma becerisi; en az kullanılan ise dikkat kontrolü saptanmıştır.  Müsabaka alt ölçeğinde ise en fazla kullanılan strateji olarak da aktivasyon becerisi; en düşük düzeyde kullanılan beceri stratejisi de rahatlama olarak bulunmuştur. Kullanılan becerilerin karşılaştırılması sonucunda hedef belirleme ve imgeleme becerileri dışındaki tüm becerilerde anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Voleybolcuların psikolojik becerileri kullanım düzeyleri ve ne tür becerilerin daha fazla oranda çalıştırılması gerektiği ortaya koyulmuştur.

scholarly journals Analysis of horse breeding and equestrian sports in the Republic of Croatia

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-429
Author(s):  
M. Baban ◽  
M. Sakac ◽  
N. Korabi ◽  
B. Antunovic ◽  
P. Mijic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transitional Period ◽  
Therapeutic Riding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Equestrian Sports ◽  
Central Register ◽  
Total Proportion ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Show Jumping

Horse breeding in the Republic of Croatia, before its entrance into European Union, is in the transitional period. In the breeding sense, Croatian horse breeding is set according to the model of European countries and is trying to counteract with ?modern horse breeding countries?. Croatian Center for Horse Breeding - Djakovo and Lipik State Stud Farms (CCHB), with the Central register of equidae is, as the head national institution, responsible for running and maintaining national central equidae database (49 registers of horses and 27 registers of breeding types). Croatia has registered total of 21.796 equidae, from which 19.306 animals are horses. Registered horses according to groups make the total proportion of 37% warmblood horses, 59% coldblood horses and 4% ponies. Horse breeders are organized in breeders associations, which form federations of associations referring to separate horse breeds. Currently in Croatia there are four federations of breeders associations (with 43 associations and 11 private stud farms). Those verified breeding organizations are conducting independently breeding programs and fully maintain breeding and selection obligations for horse breeds for which they have approval of the Croatian Ministry. Native breeds in Croatia are Croatian Coldblood, Croatian Posavac and Medjimurje horse (Murinsulaner), while Lipizzan horse is considered as protected breed. Development of horse breeding is considerably supported with national subsidies. Internationally verified breeds which are bred in Croatia are Lipizzan horse, Pure Arabian horses, Thoroughbred, Haflinger and Gidran horses. The horse breeding in Croatia is developing in four different directions. Ecological breeding implies native horse breeds and is spread on the areas of protected nature resorts in Croatia. Croatians are through their history connected to horse breeding, which is even today irreplaceable in traditional cultural manifestations (Djakovacki vezovi, Vinkovacke jeseni, Sinjska alka, etc.), various horse shows and fairs and also in more ?modern? ways through recreation and entertainment. The third direction of development of horse breeding in Croatia is therapeutic riding, which includes 26 associations, over one hundred horses and over one thousand users organized under the Therapeutic Riding Association of Croatia. Sports horse breeding represents fourth direction in Croatian horse breeding. It is formed by four federations: Croatian Trotting Federation (trotting), Croatian Gallop Federation (gallop sport) and Croatian Equestrian Federation (endurance, dressage, military, show jumping, driving). Croatian Equestrian Federation includes 49 equestrian clubs. In the last four years between 455 and 582 competitors and between 495 and 581 horses (for show jumping 45%, dressage 31%, endurance 19%, driving 5% and military) were licensed annually. Croatia achieved noticeable results on the international scene in driving sports and in Paralympics. In all mentioned directions of Croatian horse breeding, the tendency should be directed to achieving higher breeding standards (nutrition, stabling, transport, training) and more rational using of horses. Such breeding and using of horses will lead to top bred horses and successful sport horses. This implies synchronized work through long period of time, respecting institutional and breeding rules.

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