scholarly journals Changing education, changing fertility: a decomposition of completed fertility in Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Edith Gray ◽  
Ann Evans
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
Education Groups ◽  
The Relationship

Background The expansion of education in Australia, particularly for women, is one of the most significant social changes of the last five decades. The relationship between education and fertility has been widely studied, showing that increases in higher education for women are consistently associated with lower fertility. Given the close link between education and fertility, this paper questions what effect the changing educational profile of Australian women has had on overall fertility trends. Aims This paper investigates the effect of the increase in education on completed fertility by decomposing the change in overall completed fertility into two components: (1) change in completed fertility as a result of the proportion of women in different education categories and, (2) changes in completed fertility of women in each education category. Data and methods The study uses 2016 Census data on the number of children ever born of five cohorts of women born between 1952 and 1976. Decomposition is used to distinguish the effects of the two components. Results The educational composition of women in these cohorts is dramatically different, with an increasing number of women having completed tertiary education in later cohorts. Completed fertility has also changed across successive cohorts. We find that for the earliest cohorts most of the decline is due to declines in completed fertility within education categories, but for later cohorts the decline is attributable to increases in the proportion of women with higher levels of education. Conclusions Despite tertiary education becoming much more common, fertility within this group remains lower than other education groups. While other countries have seen a narrowing of the gap in fertility rates between education groups, this pattern is not found in Australia.

scholarly journals The association between religious homogamy and reproduction

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1834) ◽  
pp. 20160294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Fieder ◽  
Susanne Huber
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Religious Homogamy ◽  
Wisconsin Longitudinal Study ◽  
Reproductive Consequences ◽  
The Relationship

Individuals more strongly affiliated to religion have on average more children than less religious ones. Here, based on census data of 3 658 650 women aged 46–60 years from 32 countries provided by IPUMS International and data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study ( n = 2400 women, aged 53–57 years), we show that religious homogamy is also associated with higher reproduction in terms of a higher number of children and a lower chance of remaining childless. We argue that, together with the relationship between general religious intensity and number of children, religious homogamy has reproductive consequences. These may impact future demographic developments and could have also played a role in the biological evolution of humans.

scholarly journals Fertility Behaviour among the Bote Women of Chitwan District, Nepal

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Keshav Raj Dhakal
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Behavior ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Newly Married ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
Controlling Measures ◽  
Age Of Marriage

 This paper highlights on fertility behavior of Bote women by calculating the mean children ever born (CEB) focusing the case of Chitawan district. Fertility behavior helps to know about the factors that influence on child birth and indirectly to control population growth. Relevant data were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through interview and field observation. For this, a total of 48 newly married women of Bote community between the age of 15 and 49 years were purposefully selected and interviewed. The study showed that the average number of children ever born in the study area is found 2.64. In recent years, mean CEB has been increasing in this community with the increase in age of marriage and education. The CEB also varies by types of occupation. Women involved in diversified occupations have lower fertility rate as compared to women involved in non-diversified traditional occupations. Nowadays, with the increase in level of education, number of women using contraceptive has been increasing. However, still a large section of fertile aged women do not use such birth controlling measures. Awareness programs/campaigns for increasing education and use of contraceptives and income generating activities further help to improve the situation.

scholarly journals Estimation and Projection of Fertility, 2001-2031: Province 2, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (43) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Bijaya Mani Devkota
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Linear Interpolation ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Frequency Table ◽  
Data Files ◽  
Children Ever Born

Fertility is an essential tool of population growth which levels and patterns can assist to formulate and evaluate policies related to population change. Fertility decline in Nepal has been tested and tried with different studies gives different figures like demographic health survey and national census data but varies data in provincial level. This study describes number of children ever born and number of birth before 12 months who were given birth by reproductive (15-49) age group of women. The study has utilized census data from CBS that were conducted in 2001 and 2011. These national household censuses were carried out in 12.5 percent of total household. From census data files 1,063,903 and 1,304,079 number of reproductive age group of women were identified through analysis. The study was carried out adhering to the Arriaga method and changing P/F ratio method. Age sex pyramids and frequency table represent demographic scenario of provincial 2. The TFR values of province 2 exact years 2016, 2021, 2026 and 2031 were obtained by linear interpolation and extrapolation by 2031, it will to reach TFR replacement level. 

Early Childbearing, Marital Status, and Women's Health and Mortality after Age 50

2007 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Henretta
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Status Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Health And Mortality ◽  
Retirement Study

This article examines the relationship between a woman's childbearing history and her later health and mortality, with primary focus on whether the association between them is due to early and later socioeconomic status. Data are drawn from the Health and Retirement Study birth cohort of 1931–1941. Results indicate that, conditional on reaching midlife and controlling for early and later socioeconomic status, a first birth before age 20 is associated with a higher hazard of dying. In addition, having an early birth is associated with a higher prevalence of reported heart disease, lung disease, and cancer in 1994. Being unmarried at the time of the first birth is associated with earlier mortality, but this association disappears when midlife socioeconomic status is controlled. The number of children ever born does not significantly affect mortality but is associated with prevalence of diabetes.

An analysis of reproductive motivation in Shiraz, Iran

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Tolnay ◽  
A. H. Mehryar ◽  
S. Jamshidi
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Value Of Children ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryIn a sample of 260 married men in Shiraz, the relationship is studied of fertility to demographic, socioeconomic and psychosocial variables, the last measuring the perceived economic value of children. The number of children ever born is closely associated with duration of marriage, but socioeconomic variables also exert a significant influence, especially the wife's educational level. Recent fertility is more closely associated with age of wife, but also with ownership of modern goods which is also the major factor in current contraceptive use. The perceived value of children appears unimportant, negligible in recent fertility and contraceptive use, and only showing a slight positive relationship between expected reliance on children for support in old age and the number of children ever born.

scholarly journals The Effects of Marital Status, Fertility, and Bereavement on Adult Mortality in Polygamous and Monogamous Households: Evidence From the Utah Population Database

Demography ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 2169-2198
Author(s):  
Kieron J. Barclay ◽  
Robyn Donrovich Thorén ◽  
Heidi A. Hanson ◽  
Ken R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Population Database ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Child Deaths ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
Dose Response Effect

AbstractAlthough the associations among marital status, fertility, bereavement, and adult mortality have been widely studied, much less is known about these associations in polygamous households, which remain prevalent across much of the world. We use data from the Utah Population Database on 110,890 women and 106,979 men born up to 1900, with mortality follow-up into the twentieth century. We examine how the number of wife deaths affects male mortality in polygamous marriages, how sister wife deaths affect female mortality in polygamous marriages relative to the death of a husband, and how marriage order affects the mortality of women in polygamous marriages. We also examine how the number of children ever born and child deaths affect the mortality of men and women as well as variation across monogamous and polygamous unions. Our analyses of women show that the death of a husband and the death of a sister wife have similar effects on mortality. Marriage order does not play a role in the mortality of women in polygamous marriages. For men, the death of one wife in a polygamous marriage increases mortality to a lesser extent than it does for men in monogamous marriages. For polygamous men, losing additional wives has a dose-response effect. Both child deaths and lower fertility are associated with higher mortality. We consistently find that the presence of other kin in the household—whether a second wife, a sister wife, or children—mitigates the negative effects of bereavement.

scholarly journals Impact of Education on Poverty and Health : Evidence from Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Ade Marsinta Arsani ◽  
Bugi Ario ◽  
Al Fitra Ramadhan
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Classical Problem ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
The Government ◽  
Monetary Models ◽  
The Relationship

As a classical problem, governments in developing countries should pay more attention to poverty, its determiners, and its impact. Based on several previous studies, there is a strong relationship between poverty, education, and health status. This study aims to scrutinize the relationship between education, health, and poverty and the way they affect each other to make the priority scale in efforts to reduce poverty. Therefore, to measure the relationship between them, monetary and non-monetary models are used. By using 2SLS regression for monetary models and logistic regression for non-monetary models, it is found that education significantly affects the wealth status of household and health. In disaggregated form, the return from tertiary education have significantly higher than the return from primary and secondary levels. Other control variables such as age, gender, number of children, and residential, also have significant impacts on poverty and household health status. Based on those results, the government should enhance and intensify several programs such Program Indonesia Pintar (PIP), Bidikmisi, inclusive work environment, wage equality, PKK, and GERMAS to eradicate poverty and elevate the public’s health status through education and other supporting factors.

The relationship of income and consumption of modern goods to fertility: a study of working class families in Iran

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akbar Aghajanian
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Contraceptive Practice

SummaryThis paper examines the effects of income and consumption of modern goods on fertility level and contraceptive practice among working class families in three Iranian cities. A j-shaped relationship is found between fertility and income after controlling for other variables. Expectation about future changes in income does not have any significant effect on the number of children ever born, but those who expect an increase in their income in the near future are more likely to be currently using contraception. Consumption of modern goods is positively related to fertility level and does not have any significant effect on contraceptive practice.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kinerja Penyuluh Pertanian di Kabupaten Ciamis Jawa Barat

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Nur Puti Kurniawati ◽  
Dwi Sadono ◽  
Endang Sri Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Agricultural Extension ◽  
Field Extension ◽  
Need For Achievement ◽  
Extension Agent ◽  
Spearman Correlation Test ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Agricultural extension agent was the main spearhead in carrying out counseling. A good agricultural extension agent can be reflected in their performance. The purpose of this study were: (1) describe the characteristics of agricultural extension agent, (2) describe the level of competence, level of work motivation, and describe level of performance of agricultural extension agent, (3) analyze the relationship between characteristics of agricultural extention agent and the level of performance of agricultural extension agent, (4) analyze the relationship between the level of competency of agricultural extension agent and the level of performance of agricultural extension agent, (5) analyze the relationship between the level of motivation of agricultural extension agent and the level of performance of agricultural extension agent. Responden in this study were 48 field extension agent who are civil servant in Ciamis Regency West Java and selected by census. Data were analyzed using Rank Spearman correlation test. The results showed that agricultural extension agent in Ciamis Regency were dominated by extension agent who were old, undergraduate educated, had little training, and had a long working period. Agricultural extension agent in Ciamis Regency generally have sufficient competency which tends to be high and generally dominated by the need for achievement motivation. The results also show that there is a relationship between managerial competence and performance, social competence with performance, technical competence with performance, level of competency with performance, and the need for achievement with performance.Keywords: Agricultural Extension Agent,Competence, Motivation, Performance.

RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL EMPRESARIAL CORPORATIVA BUSINESS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Henry Mamfredo Zambrana Flores
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Corporate Sustainability ◽  
Business Management ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Los Grupos

La responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE) es un concepto con el cual las empresas deciden voluntariamente incluirse en el logro de una sociedad mejor y un medio ambiente más saludable. Requiere de una continua adaptación a los cambios que se producen en su entorno, con su mirada puesta en la sostenibilidad empresarial que beneficie a la empresa y a las partes interesadas. El presente trabajo aborda, en primer lugar, los inicios y evolución del concepto de RSE, mostrando la estrecha relación con los cambios económicos y sociales. La responsabilidad social empresarial se inició con acciones filantrópicas, seguidas de acciones de inversión social. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, se plantea la realización de prácticas responsables integradas a la gestión empresarial, lo que propone nuevos modelos de gestión empresarial. Para comprender la noción de RSE en los negocios, se ha considerado necesario la realización de un diagnóstico en profundidad. Para ello, se muestran las diversas teorías y modelos de RSE corporativa; los grupos de interés y la RSE para la gestión; su interrelación con las normas legales actuales; y las herramientas de aplicación. Si se quiere ser competitivo, es necesario entender la empresa como un ciudadano corporativo con deberes y derechos, así como desafíos y aspectos críticos en su gestión. Finalmente, se hace mención a una serie de casos de RSE en los ámbitos internacional, nacional y regional para comprender el accionar y la respuesta de diversas empresas frente a los desafíos de su entorno y las necesidades de sus grupos de interés. ABSTRACTCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept whereby companies decide voluntarily to include themselves the achievement of a better society and a healthier environment. It requires constantly adapting to the changing environment, with their sights set on corporate sustainability that benefits the company and stakeholders. Firstly, this paper addresses the beginnings and evolution about CSR concept, showing the close relationship between the economic and social changes. CSR began with philanthropy actions, followed by social investment actions. However, today, a realization of responsible practices integrated to business management is set out, which proposes new models of business management. To understand CSR in business is necessary to consider performing an in-depth diagnostic; for that, it shows the various theories and models of Corporate CSR, the stakeholders and CSR management; the relationship with the current laws and implementation tools. If competitiveness is required, it is necessary to understand the company as a corporate citizen with rights and duties, as well as challenges and critical issues in management. Finally, many of regional, national and internationals CSR cases are mentions to understand the actions and responses of various companies facing the challenges of their environment and the needs of its stakeholders. .

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