scholarly journals Fertility Behaviour among the Bote Women of Chitwan District, Nepal

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Keshav Raj Dhakal
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Behavior ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Newly Married ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
Controlling Measures ◽  
Age Of Marriage

 This paper highlights on fertility behavior of Bote women by calculating the mean children ever born (CEB) focusing the case of Chitawan district. Fertility behavior helps to know about the factors that influence on child birth and indirectly to control population growth. Relevant data were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through interview and field observation. For this, a total of 48 newly married women of Bote community between the age of 15 and 49 years were purposefully selected and interviewed. The study showed that the average number of children ever born in the study area is found 2.64. In recent years, mean CEB has been increasing in this community with the increase in age of marriage and education. The CEB also varies by types of occupation. Women involved in diversified occupations have lower fertility rate as compared to women involved in non-diversified traditional occupations. Nowadays, with the increase in level of education, number of women using contraceptive has been increasing. However, still a large section of fertile aged women do not use such birth controlling measures. Awareness programs/campaigns for increasing education and use of contraceptives and income generating activities further help to improve the situation.

scholarly journals Changing education, changing fertility: a decomposition of completed fertility in Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Edith Gray ◽  
Ann Evans
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
Education Groups ◽  
The Relationship

Background The expansion of education in Australia, particularly for women, is one of the most significant social changes of the last five decades. The relationship between education and fertility has been widely studied, showing that increases in higher education for women are consistently associated with lower fertility. Given the close link between education and fertility, this paper questions what effect the changing educational profile of Australian women has had on overall fertility trends. Aims This paper investigates the effect of the increase in education on completed fertility by decomposing the change in overall completed fertility into two components: (1) change in completed fertility as a result of the proportion of women in different education categories and, (2) changes in completed fertility of women in each education category. Data and methods The study uses 2016 Census data on the number of children ever born of five cohorts of women born between 1952 and 1976. Decomposition is used to distinguish the effects of the two components. Results The educational composition of women in these cohorts is dramatically different, with an increasing number of women having completed tertiary education in later cohorts. Completed fertility has also changed across successive cohorts. We find that for the earliest cohorts most of the decline is due to declines in completed fertility within education categories, but for later cohorts the decline is attributable to increases in the proportion of women with higher levels of education. Conclusions Despite tertiary education becoming much more common, fertility within this group remains lower than other education groups. While other countries have seen a narrowing of the gap in fertility rates between education groups, this pattern is not found in Australia.

scholarly journals Determinants of Change in Fertility among Women in Rural Areas of Uganda

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulino Ariho ◽  
Abel Nzabona
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Fertility Behavior ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
First Sex ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Children Ever Born

Fertility among rural women in Uganda continues to decline. Studies on fertility in Uganda have focused on the overall fertility in the country. In this study, we focus on determinants of change in fertility among rural women in Uganda using a multivariate Poisson decomposition technique to quantify the contribution of changes in the socioeconomic and demographic composition of women which we also refer to as the characteristic effects and changes in their fertility behavior (the coefficients’ effects or risk of childbearing) to the overall reduction in fertility among women in rural areas during the 2006–2016 period. The “characteristics effects” are used to mean the effect of changing composition of women by the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics between 2006 and 2016. On the other hand, fertility behavior also presented as coefficients’ effects mean changes in the risk or likelihood of giving birth to children by the rural women between the two survey years. Our findings indicate that the mean number of children ever born (MCEB) reduced from 4.5 to 3.9 in 2006 and this reduction was associated with both the changes in composition of women and fertility behavior. The composition of women contributed to 42% while the fertility behavior contributed to 58% of the observed reduction. The education level attained and the age at first sex showed significant contributions on both components of the decomposition. The observed decline in fertility is largely associated with the variation in the risk of childbearing among the rural women. The variation in the risk of childbearing by education and age at first sex of the rural women showed to be the biggest contribution to the observed change in fertility. Continued improvements in access, attendance, and completion of secondary schools by women in rural areas will be the key drivers to Uganda’s overall transition to low fertility. Furthermore, with improved access to mass media in the rural areas, there can be changes in attitudes and large family size preferences which can create a conducive environment for the utilization of family planning services in the rural communities. Efforts should therefore focus on applying appropriate methods to deliver packaged family planning messages to these communities.

scholarly journals Social interactions, ethnicity, religion, and fertility in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-365
Author(s):  
Sriya Iyer ◽  
Melvyn Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Fertility Behavior ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Children Ever Born

AbstractReproductive externalities are important for fertility behavior in Kenya. We identify from anthropology structural forms of social interaction operating across individuals belonging to different ethnic and religious groups on the number of children ever born. We use the 1998 Demographic and Health Survey, combined with primary meteorological data on Kenya, and GMM methods, to show that social interaction effects by ethnicity are important over and above an individual's characteristics such as their religion to explain variations in fertility. Our findings have implications for policy debates in Kenya and in other developing countries about ethnic, religious, and other differences in fertility behavior.

scholarly journals The Effects of Marital Status, Fertility, and Bereavement on Adult Mortality in Polygamous and Monogamous Households: Evidence From the Utah Population Database

Demography ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 2169-2198
Author(s):  
Kieron J. Barclay ◽  
Robyn Donrovich Thorén ◽  
Heidi A. Hanson ◽  
Ken R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Population Database ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Child Deaths ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
Dose Response Effect

AbstractAlthough the associations among marital status, fertility, bereavement, and adult mortality have been widely studied, much less is known about these associations in polygamous households, which remain prevalent across much of the world. We use data from the Utah Population Database on 110,890 women and 106,979 men born up to 1900, with mortality follow-up into the twentieth century. We examine how the number of wife deaths affects male mortality in polygamous marriages, how sister wife deaths affect female mortality in polygamous marriages relative to the death of a husband, and how marriage order affects the mortality of women in polygamous marriages. We also examine how the number of children ever born and child deaths affect the mortality of men and women as well as variation across monogamous and polygamous unions. Our analyses of women show that the death of a husband and the death of a sister wife have similar effects on mortality. Marriage order does not play a role in the mortality of women in polygamous marriages. For men, the death of one wife in a polygamous marriage increases mortality to a lesser extent than it does for men in monogamous marriages. For polygamous men, losing additional wives has a dose-response effect. Both child deaths and lower fertility are associated with higher mortality. We consistently find that the presence of other kin in the household—whether a second wife, a sister wife, or children—mitigates the negative effects of bereavement.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Practice of Fertility Behavior among the Musahar Women in Nepal

Patan Pragya ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-90
Author(s):  
Ganga KC
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Fertility Behavior ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Older Mothers ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Newly Married

Musahars are the Terai Dalit community living in low land; basically Southern part of Nepal and the most deprived and marginalized groups. The aim of this study is to identify the nexus between knowledge, practices and its relation to fertility behavior and adoption of family planning methods. Fertility is a way through which human beings biologically substitute themselves in order to continue their existence on earth. This study reveals that married women and those who have children had relatively better knowledge about fertility behavior and methods of family planning than newly married and unmarried females. Similarly, adolescent mothers consistently had low level of use in each of the contraceptive methods mentioned by the respondents during the study. In addition, the study shows that many of older mothers enjoyed more support from their husbands compared to adolescent mothers when it comes to decision on whether fertility related issues and use method of family planning. This information suggests that interpersonal communication between husbands and wives on the use of contraceptive was relatively higher among older mothers compared with adolescent mothers. There is a huge impact of explanatory variables of the research topic like age, ethnicity, education, marital status, employment status, knowledge of family planning, number of children and attitude on the use of modern contraceptives etc. to the use of contraceptives. 

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF SKHOTHANE ON YOUTH’S (UNDER)DEVELOPMENT AT EKURHULENI’S TO WNSHIP(S) OF SOUTH AFRICA

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Ndwakhulu Tshishonga
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Youth Culture ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Culture Of Poverty ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Cultural Implications ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
Ultimate Purpose

This article examines the socio-economic implications that the controversial sub-culture of skhothane has on the development or underdevelopment of youth at Ekurhuleni and surrounding townships. It interrogates skhothane within the post-modern expressive youth culture. In the township(s) of Ekurhuleni, skhothane is regarded not only as a controversial sub-culture but also as a lifestyle whereby young people compete in acquiring material goods with the ultimate purpose of destroying them. This practice co-exists alongside youth unemployment and underdevelopment which is exacerbated by poverty, rising unemployment and gross inequalities. The author argues that the practice of skhothane sub-culture does not only undermine the policies and programmes aimed at the socio-economic upliftment of young people, but turns the youth into materialistic consumers. In this article, young people are viewed as victims of post-modern lifestyles who are socialised under an intergenerational culture of poverty and underdevelopment. It uses primary data from selected interviews with skhothane members and general members of local communities and secondary sources from books, accredited journals and newspapers.

An Empirical Study of the Financial Mismanagement of Internally Generated Revenue in Ife South Local Government of Osun State, Nigeria

Think India ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Adeola Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Revenue Generation ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Local Government Level ◽  
Government Level ◽  
Descriptive Statistical Analysis

This study focused on financial mismanagement of Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) in Ife South Local Government. It also identified viable sources of revenue in the local government and examined problems militating against effective collection of revenue. This study was necessitated by the need to ensure increased revenue generation in Ife South local government of Osun State, Nigeria. Primary and secondary sources of data were utilized for the study. The primary data were collected through structured questionnaires. Respondents were selected from career officers in GL. 03-16 in departments and units of finance and supplies, administration, primary healthcare, agriculture, town planning and estate valuation of the local government, thus 180 respondents were sampled representing 29.31% of 614 staff strength of these departments and units of the local government. The questionnaires were administered using descriptive statistical analysis such as frequency and percentage value. The study revealed that there are many viable and non-viable sources of revenue in Ife South local government, the myriad of problems militating against effective collection of the revenue and the poor financial management of internally generated revenue which aptly explains why the local government could not be developed. The study concluded that the share of local government from the statutory allocation be increased, routine auditing and post-auditing from the supervising ministry should be encouraged at the local government level and that the local government should also intensify her effort on increase revenue generation in order to withstand the challenges posed by the current global economic crisis.

Internal and External Security Challenges of Nepal

Unity Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 251-262
Author(s):  
Sumitra Karki
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
India And China

Nepal has been a home to diversified settlement in terms of ethnicity, religion, dialect and culture since its outset in civilization. It also lies between two great military and economic giants of Asia – India and China – that are hostile to each other. While these bring abundant opportunities for Nepal, it possesses several internal and external security threats. Nepal suffers from cyber-attack, environmental degradation, pandemic, ethnic, racial or religious conflicts, inequality and poverty, extremism, human trafficking, corruption, migration and trans-boundary crime. In addition, Nepal also faces several security threats, traditional and non–traditional, including terrorism and insurgency. These threats possess serious implications on peace and security of Nepal and the South Asian region. There is a need of serious study about the major internal and external security challenges that Nepal faces in recent decades. This study aims at examining some of the major security challenges, explore the factors behind it, and attempt to suggest few policy recommendations to the government of Nepal to deal with them. The study is conducted by reviewing the primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data includes documents of the government agencies, press release, joint statement and organizational reports. It also includes the interviews with security experts, bureaucrats, policy makers and academicians. Similarly, secondary data includes books, news reports, academic journals, seminars report and reports of research institutes and think tanks. The study highlights that Nepal should prepare itself to meet with the emerging internal and external security challenges what have emerged in recent times. With the rise of India and China, two adversarial powers in the region, Nepal possess extreme challenges in days to come. Similarly, hardly any countries of the world had prepared itself to deal with recent pandemic like COVID-19 that has shattered even the most powerful countries of the world. Taking lessons from these, it is time for Nepal to learn and prepare to mitigate the challenges.

scholarly journals Intelligent machines, care work and the nature of practical reasoning

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1906-1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Robson
Keyword(s):  
Moral Agency ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Assistive Technologies ◽  
Alasdair Macintyre ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Institutional Power ◽  
Care Robots

Background: The debate over the ethical implications of care robots has raised a range of concerns, including the possibility that such technologies could disrupt caregiving as a core human moral activity. At the same time, academics in information ethics have argued that we should extend our ideas of moral agency and rights to include intelligent machines. Research objectives: This article explores issues of the moral status and limitations of machines in the context of care. Design: A conceptual argument is developed, through a four-part scheme derived from the work of Alasdair MacIntyre. No empirical data are used. Ethical consideration: No primary data were gathered for this study. Secondary sources and authorship have been acknowledged throughout. Findings / discussion: Certain kinds of social experience, including the narrative unity of a life, and the giving and receiving of care, are essential for moral development. Machines, no matter how advanced, cannot participate in such experiences in key respects, and thus cannot develop as practical reasoners. Conclusion: It follows that they cannot be moral agents and that they cannot care. There are, it seems, no such things as care robots. In view of the institutional power of tech companies and commissioning bodies, care practitioners need to take more of a lead in developing new assistive technologies which are appropriate to their practice.

scholarly journals Students' Perceptions of Learning Using Powtoon Based on Gender in SMP/MTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Fajriana Fajriana ◽  
Safriana Safriana ◽  
Nurdin Nurdin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Learning Mathematics ◽  
Virtual Classes ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Secondary Information ◽  
Perception Survey

Perception is an individual observation or process giving meaning as a result of observations about an object, event, and so on through his five senses, which is obtained by inferring information and interpretation of messages so that someone can provide feedback about the good or bad or the positive and negative of it. The use of animation media in learning other than providing many conveniences, there are also obstacles, causing various student perceptions. Students' perceptions of the use of learning media can be seen by gender. This study aims to determine students' perceptions of learning using animation/powton in SMP/MTs based on gender. Based on the data collected, this research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The data collection method in this study used a questionnaire in collecting data from primary and secondary sources. In this study, the primary data was the result of a perception survey through a questionnaire conducted to SMP/MTs students. In contrast, secondary information is obtained from a literature review regarding online learning systems and virtual classes. The data analysis technique uses percentages. The results of data analysis are presented descriptively in the following subchapter. Based on the results of research and discussion, it has been known that students' perceptions of learning mathematics using Powton media are perfect. Both male and female students positively perceive learning mathematics by using Powton-based learning media in SMP/MTs. Students get an average student answer of 100% and fall into the "Very Good" category. it explains that animation media is beneficial for students in understanding the lesson.

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