scholarly journals Elucidating the Relation between Human Milk Fatty Acids, Extracellular Vesicles, and Infant Developmental Outcomes in the First Year of Life

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Diana Bickmore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
First Year ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
First Year Of Life

scholarly journals Infant intake of fatty acids from human milk over the first year of lactation

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 979-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon R. Mitoulas ◽  
Lyle C. Gurrin ◽  
Dorota A. Doherty ◽  
Jillian L. Sherriff ◽  
Peter E. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
First Year ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids

Despite the importance of human milk fatty acids for infant growth and development, there are few reports describing infant intakes of individual fatty acids. We have measured volume, fat content and fatty acid composition of milk from each breast at each feed over a 24h period to determine the mean daily amounts of each fatty acid delivered to the infant from breast milk at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months of lactation in five women. Daily (24h) milk production was 336·60 (sem 26·21) and 414·49 (sem 28·39) ml and milk fat content was 36·06 (sem 1·37) and 34·97 (sem 1·50) g/l for left and right breasts respectively over the course of the first year of lactation. Fatty acid composition varied over the course of the day (mean CV 14·3 (sd 7·7) %), but did not follow a circadian rhythm. The proportions (g/100g total fatty acids) of fatty acids differed significantly between mothers (P<0·05) and over the first year of lactation (P<0·05). However, amounts (g) of most fatty acids delivered to the infant over 24h did not differ during the first year of lactation and only the amounts of 18:3n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 delivered differed between mothers (P<0·05). Mean amounts of 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 delivered to the infant per 24h over the first year of lactation were 2·380 (sd 0·980), 0·194 (sd 0·074), 0·093 (sd 0·031) and 0·049 (sd 0·021) g respectively. These results suggest that variation in proportions of fatty acids may not translate to variation in the amount delivered and that milk production and fat content need to be considered.

scholarly journals Human Milk Glucocorticoid Levels Are Associated With Infant Adiposity and Head Circumference Over the First Year of Life

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikha Pundir ◽  
Zoya Gridneva ◽  
Avinesh Pillai ◽  
Eric B. Thorstensen ◽  
Clare R. Wall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

scholarly journals Variation in the Protein Composition of Human Milk during Extended Lactation: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Verd ◽  
Gemma Ginovart ◽  
Javier Calvo ◽  
Jaume Ponce-Taylor ◽  
Antoni Gaya
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
First Year ◽  
Second Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

The aim of this review is to evaluate changes in protein parameters in the second year postpartum. There is considerable agreement among authors about the declining trend of human milk protein concentrations, but most research on protein content in breast milk focuses on the first year of life and comes from developed countries. Whereas this is the case for exclusive breastfeeding or for breastfeeding into the first year of life, the opposite applies to weaning or extended breastfeeding. This review is predominantly based on observational epidemiological evidence and on comparative research linking breast milk composition with cutting down on breastfeeding. Studies dating back several decades have shown an increase in the proportion of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and serum albumin during weaning. According to the limited data available, it seems likely that the regulation of milk protein composition during involution can be ascribed to alterations in tight junctions. In studies on humans and other mammalian species, offspring suckle more from mothers that produce more dilute milk and the increase in milk protein concentration is positively correlated to a decrease in suckling frequency during weaning. High milk protein contents were first reported in nonindustrial communities where breastfeeding is sustained the longest, but recent papers from urbanized communities have taken credit for rediscovering the increase in protein content of human milk that becomes evident with prolonged breastfeeding. This review presents an overview of the changes in breast milk protein parameters in the second year postpartum to enable milk banks’ practitioners to make informed nutritional decisions on preterm infants.

scholarly journals Influence of sulfonated and diet-derived human milk oligosaccharides on the infant microbiome and immune markers

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (12) ◽  
pp. 4035-4048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candice Quin ◽  
Sara D. Vicaretti ◽  
Nina A Mohtarudin ◽  
Alexander M. Garner ◽  
Deanna M. Vollman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) promote the development of the neonatal intestinal, immune, and nervous systems and has recently received considerable attention. Here we investigated how the maternal diet affects HMO biosynthesis and how any diet-induced HMO alterations influence the infant gut microbiome and immunity. Using capillary electrophoresis and MS-based analyses, we extracted and measured HMOs from breast milk samples and then correlated their levels with results from validated 24-h diet recall surveys and breast milk fatty acids. We found that fruit intake and unsaturated fatty acids in breast milk were positively correlated with an increased absolute abundance of numerous HMOs, including 16 sulfonated HMOs we identified here in humans for the first time. The diet-derived monosaccharide 5-N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) was unambiguously detected in all samples. To gain insights into the potential impact of Neu5Gc on the infant microbiome, we used a constrained ordination approach and identified correlations between Neu5Gc levels and Bacteroides spp. in infant stool. However, Neu5Gc was not associated with marked changes in infant immune markers, in contrast with sulfonated HMOs, whose expression correlated with suppression of two major Th2 cytokines, IL-10 and IL-13. The findings of our work highlight the importance of maternal diet for HMO biosynthesis and provide as yet unexplored targets for future studies investigating interactions between HMOs and the intestinal microbiome and immunity in infants.

Bone mineralization in the first year of life in infants fed human milk, cow-milk formula, or soy-based formula

1993 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Mimouni ◽  
Barbara Campaigne ◽  
Michael Neylan ◽  
Reginald C. Tsang
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

scholarly journals Human milk fatty acids and growth of infants in Brazzaville (The Congo) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Rocquelin ◽  
S Tapsoba ◽  
J Kiffer ◽  
S Eymard-Duvernay
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractObjective:Objective: To estimate the role of human milkn-6 andn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in term infant growth in two African urban populations.Design:Observational study. Weight gains at 5 months of age and dietary habits were compared between Congolese infants (n=102) and Burkinabè infants (n=101). Socio-economic status and anthropometry of the mothers were also recorded.Setting:One suburban district in Brazzaville (capital of The Congo) and one in Ouagadougou (capital of Burkina Faso).Subjects:Two random samples of nursing mothers and their 5-month-old infants.Results:All infants were born at term and there was no difference in birth weights. At 5 months of age, infants in Ouagadougou were thinner but not shorter than their counterparts in Brazzaville (average weight gain (standard deviation): 614 (168) g month-1vs. 720 (176) g month-1;P>0.0001). Drastic differences were found in infant diets with regard to extra fluid intake andn-6 andn-3 PUFA concentrations in breast milk. In Ouagadougou, all infants were given fluids other than milk from birth. Breast milk had highly unbalanced 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 andn-6/n-3 long-chain PUFA ratios (53:1 and 5:1, respectively). In Brazzaville, half of the infants received fluids other than milk, and breast milk showed balanced 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 andn-6/n-3 long-chain PUFA ratios (12:1 and 1:1, respectively). A non-linear relationship between 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio and growth was established in Brazzaville (P=0.0027). The 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio adjusted with covariates had an even more significant effect on weight gain (P=0.0011). Applying the same model in Ouagadougou did not show such a relation.Conclusion:Data strongly suggest that a balanced ratio of 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 (between 5:1 and 15:1) in breast milk leads to higher weight gain of infants during the first 5 months of life.

scholarly journals Fatty acids of human milk – a review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Bobiński ◽  
Jagna Bobińska
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Milk Fat Globules

Abstract. The composition of human milk is the result of the evolution of mammals over millions of years. Among the most important components of milk are fatty acids. Approximately 85% are saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids – the rest are polyunsaturated one. Their role is to provide energy and immunity and to serve as buildings blocks, as well as assisting the hormonal system and the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. The structural differences between fatty acids determine their biodiversity and give them particular physiological importance. Correct development of the nervous system, retina and other structures depend on an adequate supply of both these fatty acids during intrauterine development and in the newborn and infant stages. The fats present in milk form milk fat globules – structures that do not appear in milk formula prepared using vegetable oils. Apart from the mother’s diet, other sources of fatty acids are endogenous biosynthesis in the mammary gland and the fat deposits from which the fatty acids are released. Evolution of the mother’s body has also created adaptive mechanisms that adjust the amount of fatty acids in milk to the state of health and needs of the child. These mechanisms go some way to creating a buffer with regard to dietary shortages experienced by pregnant/breastfeeding women, and optimalise the composition of milk fatty acids depending on the age of the pregnant woman, the birth weight of the infant and the efficiency of the placenta during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Human Milk Adiponectin and Leptin and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoya Gridneva ◽  
Sambavi Kugananthan ◽  
Alethea Rea ◽  
Ching Lai ◽  
Leigh Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
First Year ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Critical Window ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
First Year Of Life

Human milk (HM) adipokines may influence infant feeding patterns, appetite regulation, and body composition (BC). The associations between concentrations/calculated daily intakes (CDI) of HM adipokines in the first 12 months postpartum and maternal/term infant BC, and infant breastfeeding parameters were investigated. BC of breastfeeding dyads (n = 20) was measured at 2, 5, 9, and/or 12 months postpartum with ultrasound skinfolds (infants) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (infants/mothers). 24-h milk intake and feeding frequency were measured along with whole milk adiponectin and skim and whole milk leptin (SML and WML) and CDI were calculated. Statistical analysis used linear regression/mixed effects models; results were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Adipokine concentrations did not associate with infant BC. Higher CDI of adiponectin were associated with lower infant fat-free mass (FFM; p = 0.005) and FFM index (FFMI; p = 0.009) and higher fat mass (FM; p < 0.001), FM index (FMI; p < 0.001), and %FM (p < 0.001). Higher CDI of SML were associated with higher infant FM (p < 0.001), FMI (p < 0.001), and %FM (p = 0.002). At 12 months, higher CDI of WML were associated with larger increases in infant adiposity (2–12 month: FM, p = 0.0006; %FM, p = 0.0004); higher CDI of SML were associated with a larger decrease in FFMI (5–12 months: p = 0.0004). Intakes of HM adipokines differentially influence development of infant BC in the first year of life, which is a critical window of infant programming and may potentially influence risk of later disease via modulation of BC.

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