scholarly journals Human Milk Adiponectin and Leptin and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoya Gridneva ◽  
Sambavi Kugananthan ◽  
Alethea Rea ◽  
Ching Lai ◽  
Leigh Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
First Year ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Critical Window ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
First Year Of Life

Human milk (HM) adipokines may influence infant feeding patterns, appetite regulation, and body composition (BC). The associations between concentrations/calculated daily intakes (CDI) of HM adipokines in the first 12 months postpartum and maternal/term infant BC, and infant breastfeeding parameters were investigated. BC of breastfeeding dyads (n = 20) was measured at 2, 5, 9, and/or 12 months postpartum with ultrasound skinfolds (infants) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (infants/mothers). 24-h milk intake and feeding frequency were measured along with whole milk adiponectin and skim and whole milk leptin (SML and WML) and CDI were calculated. Statistical analysis used linear regression/mixed effects models; results were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Adipokine concentrations did not associate with infant BC. Higher CDI of adiponectin were associated with lower infant fat-free mass (FFM; p = 0.005) and FFM index (FFMI; p = 0.009) and higher fat mass (FM; p < 0.001), FM index (FMI; p < 0.001), and %FM (p < 0.001). Higher CDI of SML were associated with higher infant FM (p < 0.001), FMI (p < 0.001), and %FM (p = 0.002). At 12 months, higher CDI of WML were associated with larger increases in infant adiposity (2–12 month: FM, p = 0.0006; %FM, p = 0.0004); higher CDI of SML were associated with a larger decrease in FFMI (5–12 months: p = 0.0004). Intakes of HM adipokines differentially influence development of infant BC in the first year of life, which is a critical window of infant programming and may potentially influence risk of later disease via modulation of BC.

scholarly journals Carbohydrates in Human Milk and Body Composition of Term Infants during the First 12 Months of Lactation

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoya Gridneva ◽  
Alethea Rea ◽  
Wan Jun Tie ◽  
Ching Tat Lai ◽  
Sambavi Kugananthan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
First Year ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Daily Intakes

Human milk (HM) carbohydrates may affect infant appetite regulation, breastfeeding patterns, and body composition (BC). We investigated relationships between concentrations/calculated daily intakes (CDI) of HM carbohydrates in first year postpartum and maternal/term infant BC, as well as breastfeeding parameters. BC of dyads (n = 20) was determined at 2, 5, 9, and/or 12 months postpartum using ultrasound skinfolds (infants) and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (infants/mothers). Breastfeeding frequency, 24-h milk intake and total carbohydrates (TCH) and lactose were measured to calculate HM oligosaccharides (HMO) concentration and CDI of carbohydrates. Statistical analysis used linear regression/mixed effects models; results were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Higher TCH concentrations were associated with greater infant length, weight, fat-free mass (FFM), and FFM index (FFMI), and decreased fat mass (FM), FM index (FMI), %FM and FM/FFM ratio. Higher HMO concentrations were associated with greater infant FFM and FFMI, and decreased FMI, %FM, and FM/FFM ratio. Higher TCH CDI were associated with greater FM, FMI, %FM, and FM/FFM ratio, and decreased infant FFMI. Higher lactose CDI were associated with greater FM, FMI, %FM, and FM/FFM, ratio and decreased FFMI. Concentrations and intakes of HM carbohydrates differentially influence development of infant BC in the first 12 months postpartum, and may potentially influence risk of later obesity via modulation of BC.

scholarly journals Human Milk Casein and Whey Protein and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoya Gridneva ◽  
Wan J. Tie ◽  
Alethea Rea ◽  
Ching Tat Lai ◽  
Leigh C. Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Fat Mass Index ◽  
Milk Casein ◽  
Daily Intakes

Human milk (HM) influences infant feeding patterns and body composition (BC). This small proof-of concept longitudinal study investigated relationships between infant/maternal BC and HM casein, whey and total protein during the first 12 months of lactation. BC of breastfeeding dyads (n = 20) was measured at 2 (n = 15), 5 (n = 20), 9 (n = 19), and/or 12 (n = 18) months postpartum with ultrasound skinfolds (infants) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (infants/mothers). Proteins concentrations and 24-h milk intake were measured and calculated daily intakes (CDI) determined. Higher maternal weight, body mass index, fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, and fat mass index were associated with higher concentration of whey protein (p ≤ 0.034, n = 20). There were no associations between infant BC and concentrations of all proteins, and CDI of whey and total protein. Higher CDI of casein were associated with lower infant fat-free mass (p = 0.003, n = 18) and higher fat mass (p < 0.001), fat mass index (p = 0.001, n = 18), and % fat mass (p < 0.001, n = 18) measured with ultrasound skinfolds. These results show a differential effect of HM casein on development of infant BC during the first year of life, suggesting that there is a potential to improve outcome for the infant through interventions, such as continuation of breastfeeding during the first 12 months of life and beyond, which may facilitate favourable developmental programming that could reduce risk of non-communicable diseases later in life.

scholarly journals Human milk composition differs by maternal BMI in the first 9 months postpartum

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clark R Sims ◽  
Melissa E Lipsmeyer ◽  
Donald E Turner ◽  
Aline Andres
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Quantitative Mri ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Daily Intakes

ABSTRACT Background Studies indicate that maternal weight status modulates human milk composition; however, results are conflicting. Objectives Our objective was to examine the relation between maternal body composition and human milk macronutrients and bioactive components and also their association with infant daily intakes and body composition. Methods Human milk samples were obtained from a longitudinal study (NCT 01131117) in normal weight (NW: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, n = 88) and overweight/obese (OW: 25–35 kg/m2, n = 86) women between 0.5 and 9 mo postpartum. Macronutrient content was estimated using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Leptin, insulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. Infant body composition was obtained using quantitative MRI. Linear mixed models were adjusted for postpartum age and infant sex. Results Human milk in OW mothers was higher in fat and protein and lower in carbohydrate content at some time points compared with that in NW mothers. Human milk leptin, insulin, and CRP concentrations were higher in OW mothers compared with NW mothers, with infants of OW mothers exposed to 1.5–2.5 times higher concentrations of leptin and insulin compared with infants of NW mothers. Similar results were observed when concentrations were normalized to infant daily intake and body weight. The effect sizes of infant daily intakes associated with infant growth parameters were small for macronutrients [0.005–0.05 z-score units and 0.02–0.45 fat mass index (FMI) or fat-free mass index units per unit of change in composition, P &lt; 0.05]. Larger effect sizes were seen with human milk insulin and leptin (0.24 z-score units and 0.37–1.15 FMI units per unit of change in composition, P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions These findings demonstrate that infants of OW mothers are exposed to higher concentrations of insulin, leptin, and, to a lesser extent, CRP. The bioavailability of these 3 human milk bioactives and their mechanisms of action in the infant are unclear. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01131117.

Growth of Southern Elephant Seals, Mirounga leonina, during their First Foraging Trip

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron M. Bell ◽  
Harry R. Burton ◽  
Mark A. Hindell
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mirounga Angustirostris ◽  
Mirounga Leonina ◽  
Elephant Seals ◽  
Southern Elephant Seals ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Foraging Skills

A longitudinal study of growth of southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, during their first foraging trip was undertaken at Macquarie Island. On average, body mass increased by 75% while foraging at sea, with individuals growing at 0.34 ± 0.12 (s.d.) kg day-1 (n = 64), and spending 182 ± 51 days (n = 64) at sea. Relatively smaller changes in body length were recorded during the same period, suggesting that growth was composed primarily of adjustments to body composition, rather than increases in gross body size. This may be in response to the functional demands of pelagic life. Body size established early in life (birth mass and departure mass) positively influenced body mass upon return from the first foraging trip. Growth rate, however, was negatively related to departure mass for females, and this is hypothesised to be related to sex differences in body composition, as well as intrasex differences in foraging skills, diving ability and food- conversion efficiency. Despite this, there was no detectable age-specific sexual dimorphism in the first year of life. Animals that were at sea longer tended to return in better body condition. Interspecific comparison suggests that southern elephant seals grow more than do northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, and this difference may be related to prey abundance and distribution.

scholarly journals Human Milk Glucocorticoid Levels Are Associated With Infant Adiposity and Head Circumference Over the First Year of Life

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikha Pundir ◽  
Zoya Gridneva ◽  
Avinesh Pillai ◽  
Eric B. Thorstensen ◽  
Clare R. Wall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

scholarly journals Variation in the Protein Composition of Human Milk during Extended Lactation: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Verd ◽  
Gemma Ginovart ◽  
Javier Calvo ◽  
Jaume Ponce-Taylor ◽  
Antoni Gaya
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
First Year ◽  
Second Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

The aim of this review is to evaluate changes in protein parameters in the second year postpartum. There is considerable agreement among authors about the declining trend of human milk protein concentrations, but most research on protein content in breast milk focuses on the first year of life and comes from developed countries. Whereas this is the case for exclusive breastfeeding or for breastfeeding into the first year of life, the opposite applies to weaning or extended breastfeeding. This review is predominantly based on observational epidemiological evidence and on comparative research linking breast milk composition with cutting down on breastfeeding. Studies dating back several decades have shown an increase in the proportion of immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and serum albumin during weaning. According to the limited data available, it seems likely that the regulation of milk protein composition during involution can be ascribed to alterations in tight junctions. In studies on humans and other mammalian species, offspring suckle more from mothers that produce more dilute milk and the increase in milk protein concentration is positively correlated to a decrease in suckling frequency during weaning. High milk protein contents were first reported in nonindustrial communities where breastfeeding is sustained the longest, but recent papers from urbanized communities have taken credit for rediscovering the increase in protein content of human milk that becomes evident with prolonged breastfeeding. This review presents an overview of the changes in breast milk protein parameters in the second year postpartum to enable milk banks’ practitioners to make informed nutritional decisions on preterm infants.

Health Hazards of Cow's Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1022-1023
Author(s):  
FRANK A. OSKI
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
First Year ◽  
International Debate ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
The World ◽  
First Year Of Life

In Reply.— An exchange of letters in a journal is an unsatisfactory forum to conduct an international debate but I feel compelled to respond to the correspondence of Professor Tönz. Professor Tönz expresses concern that my remarks may be interpreted as "recommending the abolishment of feeding practices that have developed over the centuries..." Are the feeding practices that Professor Tönz has in mind the introduction of whole cow's milk before the infant is 1 year of age or the use of whole milk after the first year of life? Neither practice has been in place for centuries "all over the world."

BODY WATER COMPARTMENTS IN CHILDREN: CHANGES DURING GROWTH AND RELATED CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-181
Author(s):  
B. Friis-Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Year ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Water Compartments ◽  
Total Body ◽  
First Year Of Life

During growth of infants and children, certain characteristic changes are found. A rapid decrease of the relative volumes of total body water and of extracellular water occurs during the first year of life, followed by a smaller decrease of volume of extracellular water later in childhood. At the same time an increased heterogeneity of the extracellular water takes place. On the other hand, the volume of intracellular water increases a little during the first months of life and remains more or less constant from then on. Formulas and nomograms from which these body water compartments can be predicted are presented. Finally, data on the corresponding changes in the total body water and in body specific gravity are discussed.

Is Bovine Milk a Health Hazard?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-186
Author(s):  
Frank A. Oski
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Recurrent Abdominal Pain ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
First Year ◽  
Milk Allergy ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
First Year Of Life

Whole bovine milk should not be fed to infants during the first year of life because of its association with occult gastrointestinal bleeding, iron deficiency anemia, and cow's milk allergy. The consumption of whole milk after the first year of life should be discouraged because of its potential role in a variety of disorders including atherosclerosis, recurrent abdominal pain of childhood, cataracts, milk-borne infections, and juvenile delinquency.

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