scholarly journals Mapping the relative risk of weight disorders in children and adolescents across provinces of Iran: the CASPIAN-V study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-243
Author(s):  
Marzieh Nasr ◽  
Mohammadali Pourmirzaei ◽  
Mohammad Esmaeil Motlagh ◽  
Ramin Heshmat ◽  
Mostafa Qorbani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Bayesian Confidence Interval ◽  
South Khorasan ◽  
Bym Model

Background: This study aimed to find possible spatial variation in children’s weight disorders and in predicting the spatial distribution. Methods: The study population of this ecological study consisted of 7-18-year-old students living in 30 provinces of Iran. We used Besag, York and Mollie (BYM) model, a Bayesian model, to study the relative risk (RR) of underweight and excess weight (overweight and obese). The model was fitted to data using OpenBUGS (3.2.1) software. Results: The highest RR of underweight was found in southeastern provinces. Whereas, the highest RR of excess weight was documented in northern, northwestern and capital provinces.Sistan-Balouchestan (RR=1.973; Bayesian confidence interval [BCI]: 1.682, 2.289), Hormozgan(RR=1.482; BCI: 1.239, 1.749), South Khorasan (RR=1.422; BCI: 1.18, 1.687) and Kerman(RR=1.413; BCI: 1.18, 1.669) had the highest RR of underweight. Mazandaran (RR=1.366; BCI:1.172,1.581), Gilan (RR=1.346; BCI: 1.15,1.562), Tehran (RR=1.271; BCI: 1.086,1.472) and Alborz (RR=1.268; BCI: 1.079,1.475) provinces are high risk regions for excess weight. Conclusion: The significant variations in geographical distribution of weight disorders are because of various sociodemographic and ethnic differences. The current findings should be considered in health policy making in different regions of the country.

scholarly journals ROLE OF PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SERUM CHOLESTEROL AND ALBUMIN IN SURGICAL SITE INFECTION.

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Kirankumar B. Sodavadiya ◽  
Dr. Sunita Singh ◽  
Dr. BK Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Surgical Site Infection ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Preoperative Assessment ◽  
Albumin Level ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Health Care Centre ◽  
The People ◽  
Study Population

INTRODUCTION:Surgical site infection (SSI) is defined as infection occurring in an incisional wound within 30 days of the procedure or within 1 year if a prosthesis is implanted. A few studies have reported a relationship between low serum albumin level and low cholesterol level in surgical site infection, length of hospital stay and death and is reported to be one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. METHOD:1 year prospective cohort study was conducted in Tertiary Health care Centre, Indore. A study population of 248 patients from hospital admitted in Department of General Surgery for elective operation. RESULT:From Total Patients - 172 (69.4%) were male patients and 76 (30.6%) were female patients. The frequency of patients developed SSI in hypoalbuminemia was 25(44.6%) in number compare to n=18(10.7%) in normal and to n= 03(12.5%) in hyper albuminemia. The Relative Risk between Hypoalbuminemia and SSI is 4.17 with CI (2.46  to 7) (P = <0.001). There is a significant association between cholesterol levels and the occurrence of SSI, with majority of the people with SSI had Hypocholesterolemia and it was found to be statistically significant with Relative risk(RR=3.98, CI= 2.28 to 6.95) (P = <0.001). CONCLUSION:Low blood cholesterol and albumin level are the important factors which is usually can lead to significant decrease in this preventable post operative complications especially in a malnourished population presenting in a government setup.

scholarly journals Association between contemporary hormonal contraception and ovarian cancer in women of reproductive age in Denmark: prospective, nationwide cohort study

BMJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. k3609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Iversen ◽  
Shona Fielding ◽  
Øjvind Lidegaard ◽  
Lina S Mørch ◽  
Charlotte W Skovlund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Hormonal Contraception ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Ovarian Cancer Risk ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Ovarian Cancers ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Combined Hormonal Contraceptives

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the association between contemporary combined hormonal contraceptives (including progestogen types in combined preparations and all progestogen-only products) and overall and specific types of ovarian cancer.DesignProspective, nationwide cohort study.SettingDenmark, 1995-2014.ParticipantsAll women aged 15-49 years during 1995-2014 were eligible. Women were excluded if they immigrated after 1995, had cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer), had venous thrombosis, or were treated for infertility before entry (final study population included 1 879 227 women). Women were categorised as never users (no record of being dispensed hormonal contraception), current or recent users (≤1 year after stopping use), or former users (>1 year after stopping use) of different hormonal contraceptives.Main outcome measuresPoisson regression was used to calculate relative risk of ovarian cancer among users of any contemporary combined hormonal contraceptives and by progestogen type in combined preparations and all progestogen-only products, including non-oral preparations. Separate analyses examined women followed up to their first contraception type switch and those with full contraceptive histories. Duration, time since last use, and tumour histology were examined and the population prevented fraction were calculated.ResultsDuring 21.4 million person years, 1249 incident ovarian cancers occurred. Among ever users of hormonal contraception, 478 ovarian cancers were recorded over 13 344 531 person years. Never users had 771 ovarian cancers during 8 150 250 person years. Compared with never users, reduced risks of ovarian cancer occurred with current or recent use and former use of any hormonal contraception (relative risk 0.58 (95% confidence interval 0.49 to 0.68) and 0.77 (0.66 to 0.91), respectively). Relative risks among current or recent users decreased with increasing duration (from 0.82 (0.59 to 1.12) with ≤1 year use to 0.26 (0.16 to 0.43) with >10 years’ use; P<0.001 for trend). Similar results were achieved among women followed up to their first switch in contraceptive type. Little evidence of major differences in risk estimates by tumour type or progestogen content of combined oral contraceptives was seen. Use of progestogen-only products were not associated with ovarian cancer risk. Among ever users of hormonal contraception, the reduction in the age standardised absolute rate of ovarian cancer was 3.2 per 100 000 person years. Based on the relative risk for the never use versus ever use categories of hormonal contraception (0.66), the population prevented fraction was estimated to be 21%—that is, use of hormonal contraception prevented 21% of ovarian cancers in the study population.ConclusionsUse of contemporary combined hormonal contraceptives is associated with a reduction in ovarian cancer risk in women of reproductive age—an effect related to duration of use, which diminishes after stopping use. These data suggest no protective effect from progestogen-only products.

scholarly journals Out of Sight—Out of Mind: Impact of Cascade Reporting on Antimicrobial Usage

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyun Liao ◽  
Judith Rhodes ◽  
Roman Jandarov ◽  
Zachary DeVore ◽  
Madhuri M Sopirala
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibilities ◽  
Days Of Therapy ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background There is a paucity of data evaluating the strategy of suppressing broader-spectrum antibiotic susceptibilities on utilization. Cascade reporting (CR) is a strategy of reporting antimicrobial susceptibility test results in which secondary (eg, broader-spectrum, costlier) agents may only be reported if an organism is resistant to primary agents within a particular drug class. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of ceftriaxone-based cascade reporting on utilization of cefepime and clinical outcomes in patients with ceftriaxone-susceptible Escherichia and Klebsiella clinical cultures. Methods We compared post-CR (July 2014–June 2015) with baseline (July 2013–June 2014), evaluating utilization of cefepime, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, ampicillin derivatives, fluoroquinolones, piperacillin/tazobactam, ertapenem, and meropenem; new Clostridium difficile infection; and length of stay (LOS) after the positive culture, 30-day readmission, and in-hospital all-cause mortality. Results Mean days of therapy (DOT) among patients who received any antibiotic for cefepime decreased from 1.229 days during the baseline period to 0.813 days post-CR (adjusted relative risk, 0.668; P &lt; .0001). Mean DOT of ceftriaxone increased from 0.864 days to 0.962 days, with an adjusted relative risk of 1.113 (P = .004). No significant differences were detected in other antibiotics including ertapenem and meropenem, demonstrating the direct association of the decrease in cefepime utilization with CR based on ceftriaxone susceptibility. Average LOS in the study population decreased from 14.139 days to 10.882 days from baseline to post-CR and was found to be statistically significant (P &lt; .0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated significant association of decreased cefepime utilization with the implementation of a CR based on ceftriaxone susceptibility. We demonstrated the safety of deescalation, with LOS being significantly lower during the post-CR period than in the baseline period, with no change in in-hospital mortality.

scholarly journals 17-OHPC to Prevent Recurrent Preterm Birth in Singleton Gestations (PROLONG Study): A Multicenter, International, Randomized Double-Blind Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (02) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean C. Blackwell ◽  
Cynthia Gyamfi-Bannerman ◽  
Joseph R. Biggio ◽  
Suneet P. Chauhan ◽  
Brenna L. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Early Infant ◽  
Study Population

Abstract Background Women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) are at a significantly increased risk for recurrent preterm birth (PTB). To date, only one large U.S. clinical trial comparing 17-OHPC (17-α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate or “17P”) to placebo has been published, and this trial was stopped early due to a large treatment benefit. Objective This study aimed to assess whether 17-OHPC decreases recurrent PTB and neonatal morbidity in women with a prior SPTB in a singleton gestation. Study Design This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled international trial involving women with a previous singleton SPTB (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT 01004029). Women were enrolled at 93 clinical centers (41 in the United States and 52 outside the United States) between 160/7 to 206/7 weeks in a 2:1 ratio, to receive either weekly intramuscular (IM) injections of 250 mg of 17-OHPC or an inert oil placebo; treatment was continued until delivery or 36 weeks. Co-primary outcomes were PTB < 35 weeks and a neonatal morbidity composite index. The composite included any of the following: neonatal death, grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage, respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, or proven sepsis. A planned sample size of 1,707 patients was estimated to provide 98% power to detect a 30% reduction in PTB < 35 weeks (30% to 21%) and 90% power to detect a 35% reduction in neonatal composite index (17%–11%) using a two-sided type-I error of 5%. Finally, this sample size would also provide 82.8% power to rule out a doubling in the risk of fetal/early infant death assuming a 4% fetal/early infant death rate. Analysis was performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Results Baseline characteristics between the 1,130 women who received 17-OHPC and 578 women who received placebo were similar. Overall, 87% of enrolled women were Caucasian, 12% had >1 prior SPTB, 7% smoked cigarettes, and 89% were married/lived with partner. Prior to receiving study drug, 73% women had a transvaginal cervical length measurement performed and <2% had cervical shortening <25 mm. There were no significant differences in the frequency of PTB < 35 weeks (17-OHPC 11.0% vs. placebo 11.5%; relative risk = 0.95 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71–1.26]) or neonatal morbidity index (17-OHPC 5.6% vs. placebo 5.0%; relative risk = 1.12 [95% CI: 0.68–1.61]). There were also no differences in frequency of fetal/early infant death (17-OHPC 1.7% vs. placebo 1.9%; relative risk = 0.87 [95% CI: 0.4–1.81]. Maternal outcomes were also similar. In the subgroup of women enrolled in the United States (n = 391; 23% of all patients), although the rate of PTB < 35 weeks was higher than the overall study population, there were no statistically significant differences between groups (15.6% vs. 17.6%; relative risk = 0.88 [95% CI: 0.55, 1.40]. Conclusion In this study population, 17-OHPC did not decrease recurrent PTB and was not associated with increased fetal/early infant death.

scholarly journals Racial/ethnic differences in the relative risk of receipt of specific treatment among men with prostate cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 415.e7-415.e12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin A. Moses ◽  
Heather Orom ◽  
Alicia Brasel ◽  
Jacquelyne Gaddy ◽  
Willie Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Racial Ethnic

scholarly journals Cigarette smoking as a risk factor associated with oral leukoplakia

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Bokor-Bratic ◽  
Nada Vuckovic
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Precancerous Lesion ◽  
Oral Leukoplakia ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Chisquare Test

BACKGROUND: It is well known that oral leukoplakia is the most common precancerous lesion of the oral mucosa. Although tobacco and alcohol are known to be major risk factors for oral leukoplakia worldwide, there are no data on risk factors for oral leukoplakia in our country. The aim of our study was to analyze the association between oral leukoplakia and smoking habit, with attention to the duration and quantity of smoking. METHODS: The study population consisted of 352 patients aged 40-70 years. Prior to the clinical examination, each subject answered a standardized questionnaire regarding tobacco-smoking habits. Oral leukoplakia was diagnosed and grouped according to internationally accepted criteria. Chisquare test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the entire sample, 279 were smokers and 73 non-smokers. Oral leukoplaka was found in 53 subjects and among them 50 were smokers and 3 were nonsmokers. All smokers had only used cigarettes. The relative risk of developing oral leukoplakia increased with duration of cigarette smoking habit. The majority of smokers with leukoplakia (74.0%) smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day compared to 34.5% of those without leukoplakia. The highest prevalence of leukoplakia (33.3%) was found in subjects who used cigarettes and alcohol. CONCLUSION: In view of these results, cigarette smoking is significantly related to the etiology of oral leukoplakia.

scholarly journals Assessment of proximal femur anthropometry in South Indian population through cadaveric bones and radiologically correlating difference if any between other ethnic groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Arvind Kumar ◽  
N. Venkatesh Kumar ◽  
Udayamoorthy S. ◽  
Chandan Noel
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Hip Joint ◽  
Proximal Femur ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
South Indian Population ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Flare Index

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The morphology of the proximal femur is a topic of extensive research. The hip joint is one of the most commonly replaced joint. The era of replacement has given rise to various implants that can be used to replace the proximal femur. This present study addresses these issues involving ethnic differences in the geometry of the proximal femur in Indians and its differences between people of various ethnicity.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The total population that was radiographed was 178 (n=178). There were 78 males and 100 females. The age of the participants were spaced from 25-75 years age groups. The parameters were measured.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The canal flare index in South-Indians was an average of 3.23 with 70% of the study population having normal CFI (3-4.5), 30% of the population having a stove pipe configuration CFI (&lt;3). Majority of the Indian population favour a un-cemented fixation (70%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In summary all current implants have to be revised on population basis to fit the changing anthropometry of our proximal femur. </p>

Ethnic Differences in Relative Risk of Idiopathic Calcium Nephrolithiasis in North America

2007 ◽  
Vol 178 (5) ◽  
pp. 1992-1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Mente ◽  
R. John D’A. Honey ◽  
John R. McLaughlin ◽  
Shelley B. Bull ◽  
Alexander G. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
North America ◽  
Ethnic Differences
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document