scholarly journals Cigarette smoking as a risk factor associated with oral leukoplakia

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Bokor-Bratic ◽  
Nada Vuckovic
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Precancerous Lesion ◽  
Oral Leukoplakia ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Chisquare Test

BACKGROUND: It is well known that oral leukoplakia is the most common precancerous lesion of the oral mucosa. Although tobacco and alcohol are known to be major risk factors for oral leukoplakia worldwide, there are no data on risk factors for oral leukoplakia in our country. The aim of our study was to analyze the association between oral leukoplakia and smoking habit, with attention to the duration and quantity of smoking. METHODS: The study population consisted of 352 patients aged 40-70 years. Prior to the clinical examination, each subject answered a standardized questionnaire regarding tobacco-smoking habits. Oral leukoplakia was diagnosed and grouped according to internationally accepted criteria. Chisquare test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the entire sample, 279 were smokers and 73 non-smokers. Oral leukoplaka was found in 53 subjects and among them 50 were smokers and 3 were nonsmokers. All smokers had only used cigarettes. The relative risk of developing oral leukoplakia increased with duration of cigarette smoking habit. The majority of smokers with leukoplakia (74.0%) smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day compared to 34.5% of those without leukoplakia. The highest prevalence of leukoplakia (33.3%) was found in subjects who used cigarettes and alcohol. CONCLUSION: In view of these results, cigarette smoking is significantly related to the etiology of oral leukoplakia.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Early Ischemic Heart Disease and Its Associations with Risk Factors and Socioeconomic Variables in the 25–44-year Age Group in Western Siberia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliya I. Ragino ◽  
Natalya A. Kuzminykh ◽  
Liliia V. Shcherbakova ◽  
Viktoriya Shramko ◽  
Diana V. Denisova
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Manual Labor ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Study Population

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of early ischemic heart disease (IHD) in accordance with standardized epidemiological criteria in the 25–44-year age group in Novosibirsk (Russia) and to identify associations with some risk factors and socioeconomic factors.Materials and methods. A cross-sectional populational medical examination was conducted on a random sample of the 25–44-year age group in Novosibirsk. A total of 1457 people were analyzed (653 males and 804 females). Epidemiological IHD diagnosis was made according to validated epidemiological (cardiological Rose questionnaire) and functional criteria (recording of an ECG interpreted via the Minnesota Code). The “definite IHD” diagnosis was made in the presence of the following criteria: a history of large-focal myocardial infarction (ECG), tension angina pectoris (Rose questionnaire), ischemic changes on ECG without left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG). Further, the diagnosis of "definite IHD" was confirmed by conducting an ECG test with physical activity. The evaluated IHD modifiable risk factors were cigarette smoking, elevated body mass index, elevated waist circumference, the presence of arterial hypertension, low physical activity, and elevated blood levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Socioeconomic factors were assessed too: marital status, occupation type, education, health self-rating, and economic status.Results. The prevalence of definite IHD in the study population was found to be 3.36% (49 subjects): 2.8% (18 subjects) among males and 3.9% (31 subjects) among females. All quantitative data on IHD risk factors were higher in males than in females. The prevalence of IHD risk factors (except for elevated waist circumference) was higher among males than females. The prevalence of IHD risk factors (except for cigarette smoking) was not different between IHD and no-IHD groups in the study population. Smoker prevalence was 1.66-fold higher (p = 0.031) in the no-IHD group than in the IHD group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis uncovered an inverse association of cigarette smoking (independently of age, sex, and other risk factors) with the relative risk of early IHD in the study population. Furthermore, in males, the relative risk of definite IHD (regardless of age) directly correlated with heavy manual labor (odds ratio [OR] = 3.495, confidence interval [CI] 1.306–9.353, р = 0.013) and unfavorable marital status (divorced or widowed; OR = 4.976, CI 0.944–26.228, р = 0.058). Meanwhile, these two factors inversely correlated with cigarette smoking (OR = 0.202, CI 0.060–0.672, р = 0.009).Conclusion. In males aged 25–44 years in Novosibirsk, the relative risk of early IHD is directly associated with heavy manual labor or unfavorable marital status, and these factors are inversely associated with smoking. This correlation needs further research.The medical-examination–based screening was performed within the framework of a government-funded research topic in State Assignment No. АААА-А17-117112850280-2. The biochemical and functional analyses were financially supported by a Russian Federation President grant for leading scientific schools, No. НШ-2595.2020.7.

Abstract P359: Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Diseases in the Italian Adult Population: The National Health Examination Surveys 2008-2012

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Donfrancesco ◽  
Luigi Palmieri ◽  
Cinzia Lo Noce ◽  
Francesco Dima ◽  
Amalia De Curtis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Italian Regions

Background: From 2008 to 2012 an Health Examination Survey (HES)-Osservatorio Epidemiologico Cardiovascolare (OEC) has been implemented in Italy with the aim of assessing cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, prevalence of risk conditions and CV diseases for the Italian adult population. Methods: Random samples of general population stratified by age and sex were examined in all Italian regions (participation rate 56%). Risk factor were collected using standardized procedures and methods; biochemical tests were assayed in a central laboratory; a questionnaire investigates behaviours and CVD history; a ECG read in Minnesota code was used to define previous myocardial infarction. Comparisons between men and women were assessed using t-test for means and chi-squared test for prevalence. Results: Data of 4371 men and 4339 women ages 35-79 years were analysed. Majority of risk factors mean levels resulted higher in men than in women: systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 134 mmHg and 129 mmHg (p<0.0001), diastolic (DBP) was 84 mmHg and 79 mmHg (p<0.0001), fasting plasma glucose was 103 mg/dl and 95 mg/dl (p<0.0001), triglycerides was 135 mg/dl and 108 mg/dl (p<0.0001), respectively; as well as many CV risk conditions: smoking habit was 21% in men and 18% in women (p<0.0001), diabetes was 14% in men and 9% in women (p<0.0001) (28% of diabetic unaware both in men and women), 56% of men and 43% of women have SBP>=140 mmHg or DBP>=90 mmHg or in treatment (p<0.0001), 65% of men and 70% of women have total cholesterol (TC) >=200 mg/dl or in treatment for (p<0.0001), 48% of men and 33% of women are in overweight (BMI 25-29 kg/m 2 ) (p<0.0001). TC, LDL and HDL cholesterol resulted lower in men than in women: 209 mg/dl and 218 (44) (p<0.0001), 131 (38) mg/dl and 134 mg/dl (p<0.0001), 51 mg/dl and 62 mg/dl (p<0.0001), respectively. As well as prevalence of physical inactivity during leisure time: 31% in men and 43% in women (p<0.0001). Prevalence of obesity (BMI>=30 kg/m 2 ) resulted similar in men and women: 25% and 27% respectively (p=0.0818). Prevalence of myocardial infarction was 2.1% in men and 0.7% in women (p<0.0001), prevalence of by-pass or angioplasty surgery was 5.1% and 1.0% (p<0.0001), prevalence of angina pectoris was 3.2% and in 4.8% (p<0.0001), respectively. Conclusions: At present obesity and smoking are still a priority in public health. In combination with other information sources, the OEC can contribute greatly to plan community actions and health services at national and regional level.

scholarly journals Risk Factors of Sectio Caesarea Delivery at Djafar Harun Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Samsi Burhan ◽  
Agusrinal ◽  
Ika Sartika ◽  
Asmurti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Placenta Previa ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sectio Caesarea ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Strong Risk Factor ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Narrow Pelvis

The number of mothers giving birth with sectio caesarae delivery at BLUD R.S H.M Djafar Harun North Kolaka in 2015 was 254 people, then increased in 2016 to 521 people. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk factors for the incidence of Sectio Caesarea delivery at H.M Djafar Harun Hospital, North Kolaka. This type of research is an analytic observational study with a case-control study approach. The study population was 68 with a sample of 136 people using the Accidental Sampling Technique. Data analysis using the Odds Ratio test. The results of the risk analysis based on narrow pelvic factors showed the value of OR= 9,681; LL= 2,728; UL= 34,355, and then placenta previa factor showed the value of OR= 6,484; LL= 0,759; UL= 55,385. In conclusion, narrow pelvis is a strong risk factor and placenta previa is not a strong risk factor for Sectio Caesarea delivery. It is hoped that the hospital will seek to identify high-risk pregnancies, complications or pregnancy abnormalities so that they can be detected early so that they are able to more optimally handle complications during childbirth.

scholarly journals The burden of disease preventable by risk factor reduction in Serbia

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Sipetic ◽  
Vesna Bjegovic-Mikanovic ◽  
Hristina Vlajinac ◽  
Jelena Marinkovic ◽  
Slavenka Jankovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
High Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Avoidable Risk

Background/Aim. Reliable and comparable analysis of health risks is an important component of evidence-based and preventive programs. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the most relevant avoidable risk factors on the burden of the selected conditions in Serbia. Methods. Attributable fractions were calculated from the survey information on the prevalence of a risk factor and the relative risk of dying if exposed to a risk factor. The population-attributable risks were applied to deaths, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL), years of life with disability (YLD) and disability adjusted life years (DALY). Results. More than 40% of all deaths and of the total YLL are attributable to cigarette smoking, overweight, physical inactivity, inadequate intake of fruit and vegetables, hypertension and high blood cholesterol. Alcohol consumption has in total a beneficial effect. According to the percent of DALY for the selected conditions attributable to the observed risk factors, their most harmful effects are as follows: alcohol consumption on road traffic accidents; cigarette smoking on lung cancer; physical inactivity on cerebrovascular disease (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and colorectal cancer; overweight on type 2 diabetes; hypertension on renal failure and CVD; inadequate intake of fruit and vegetables on IHD and CVD, and high blood cholesterol on IHD. Conclusions. This study shows that a high percentage of disease and injury burden in Serbia is attributable to avoidable risk factors, which emphasizes the need for improvement of relevant preventive strategies and programs at both individual and population levels. Social preferences should be determined for a comprehensive set of conditions and cost effectiveness analyses of potential interventions should be carried out. Furthermore, positive measures, derived from health, disability and quality of life surveys, should be included.

scholarly journals Lifestyle related risk factors of coronary artery disease patients in Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Gaudel ◽  
M Kaunonen ◽  
S Neupane ◽  
K Joronen ◽  
A M Koivisto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Dietary Habit ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Artery Disease

Abstract Background Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and serious health problem worldwide. It is important to observe lifestyle related risk factors in patients with CAD for effective planning and implementation of secondary prevention strategies. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of lifestyle related risk factor habits among the patients with CAD. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among CAD patients in a tertiary care national heart center in Kathmandu, Nepal. Six lifestyle related factors (dietary habit, smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, physical activity and adherence to medication) and Body Mass Index were used as the risk factors of CAD in this study. Individual face-to-face structured interview was conducted using culturally validated standard instruments. The descriptive characteristics were presented as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR) otherwise. Results In total study population, the mean age of the patients was 59.9 years and 76% were male. Patients having any three risk factors out of seven were the most common (36%) followed by two risk factors (25%) and four risk factors (22%). About 32% of study population were current smokers, whereas 29% were former smokers. Likewise, 31% of the total were physically inactive. Majority of the patients 95% had perceived moderate stress. Conclusions The prevalence of lifestyle related risk factors is high among CAD patients in study population. Combination of any three lifestyle related risk factors were the most common among patients. Therefore, studies focusing on lifestyle risk factor modification intervention on particular groups is recommended. Key messages Need to improve awareness about lifestyle related risk factors among CAD patients. Highlight the importance of lifestyle counselling.

scholarly journals The role of young children in a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A

1997 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. SMITH ◽  
J. C. GRABAU ◽  
A. WERZBERGER ◽  
R. A. GUNN ◽  
H. R. ROLKA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Recurrent Hepatitis

An Hasidic Jewish community has experienced recurrent hepatitis A outbreaks since 1980. To assess risk factors for illness during a 1985–6 outbreak, the authors reviewed case records and randomly selected 93 households for an interview and serologic survey. In the outbreak, 117 cases of hepatitis A were identified, with the highest attack rate (4·2%) among 3–5 year olds. Among the survey households, the presence of 3–5 year olds was the only risk factor that increased a household's risk of hepatitis A (indeterminant relative risk, P=0·02). Furthermore, case households from the outbreak were more likely to have 3–5 year olds than were control households from the survey (odds ratio=16·4, P<0·001). Children 3–5 years old were more likely to have hepatitis A and may have been the most frequent transmitters of hepatitis A in this community. Hepatitis A vaccination of 3–5 year olds can protect this age group and might prevent future outbreaks in this community.

scholarly journals Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: Opportunities for Targeted Prevention in Ohio

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117955221879117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A Stephens ◽  
James L Fisher ◽  
Jessica L Krok-Schoen ◽  
Ryan D Baltic ◽  
Holly L Sobotka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
Care Providers

Objective: The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, one of the most lethal gastroenterological diseases, has been increasing since the 1960s. Prevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma is important because no early detection screening programs have been shown to reduce mortality. Obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and tobacco smoking are risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Due to the high prevalence in Ohio of obesity (32.6%) and cigarette smoking (21.0%), this study sought to identify trends and patterns of these risk factors and esophageal adenocarcinoma in Ohio as compared with the United States. Methods: Data from the Ohio Cancer Incidence Surveillance System, Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER), and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used. Incidence rates overall, by demographics and by county, as well as trends in incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma and the percent of esophageal adenocarcinoma among esophageal cancers were examined. Trends in obesity and cigarette smoking in Ohio, and the prevalence of each by county, were reported. Results: There was an increasing trend in esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence in Ohio. Ohio’s average annual esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence rate was higher than the SEER rate overall and for each sex, race, and age group in 2009 to 2013. There was also an increasing prevalence of obesity in Ohio. Although the prevalence of cigarette smoking has been stable, it was high in Ohio compared with the United States. Conclusions: Health care providers and researchers should be aware of the esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence rates and risk factor patterns and tailor interventions for areas and populations at higher risk.

scholarly journals Faktor Risiko Lingkungan dengan Kejadian ISPA pada Balita Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Ingin Jaya Kabupaten Aceh Besar

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Sofia Sofia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public Health Center

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is still one public health problem that is important to note, because it is an acute illness and can even cause death in infants in developing countries, including Indonesia. In general, there are three the risk factors of ARI namely environmental factors, individual factors of children, and behavioral factors. The aim of research to find out the environmental risk factors with the incidence of  ARI  in Toddlers in Public Health Center of Ingin Jaya, Aceh Besar district. This type of research is an analytic survey with cross-sectional study approach. The sample size is calculated using the formula Lemeshow of 100 respondents, samples were taken randomly. Data analysis using Chi-Square test. The results showed that the level of humidity in the home (p= 0,039), smoking habits of family members in the home (p= 0,001), and the habit of using mosquito coils in the home (p= 0,003) as a risk factor for ISPA to children in Region Public Health Center of Ingin Jaya, Aceh Besar district. Conclusion, risk factor of ARI in the toddler that is a smoking habit, usage habit of mosquito coil and air humidity. Suggestions, the public in order to maintain air quality in the home environment to avoid various transmission of infectious diseases.Keywords: Air humidity, habits, environment, ARIPenyakit Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) masih menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang penting untuk diperhatikan, karena merupakan penyakit akut dan bahkan dapat menyebabkan kematian pada balita di berbagai negara berkembang termasuk  Indonesia. Secara umum ada 3 (tiga) faktor risiko terjadinya ISPA yaitu faktor lingkungan, faktor individu anak, serta faktor perilaku. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui faktor risiko lingkungan dengan kejadian ISPA pada Balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Ingin Jaya Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Jenis penelitian adalah survey analitik dengan pendekatan Crossectional study. Besarnya sampel dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus lameshow yaitu 100 responden, sampel diambil secara acak sederhana. Analisa data dengan menggunakan uji Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kelembaban udara dalam rumah (p=0,039), kebiasaan merokok anggota keluarga dalam rumah (p=0,001), dan kebiasaan menggunakan obat nyamuk bakar di dalam rumah (p=0,003) sebagai faktor risiko kejadian ISPA pada Balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Ingin Jaya Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Kesimpulan, faktor risiko ISPA pada balita yaitu kebiasaan merokok, kebiasaan penggunaan obat nyamuk bakar dan kelembaban udara. Saran, masyarakat agar dapat menjaga kualitas udara dilingkungan rumah agar terhindar dari berbagai penularan penyakit infeksi. Kata kunci: Kelembaban udara, kebiasaan, lingkungan, ISPA

scholarly journals Graphical comparisons of relative disease burden across multiple risk factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ferguson ◽  
Neil O’Leary ◽  
Fabrizio Maturo ◽  
Salim Yusuf ◽  
Martin O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Risk Factor Prevalence ◽  
Attributable Fractions ◽  
Log Odds

Abstract Background Population attributable fractions (PAF) measure the proportion of disease prevalence that would be avoided in a hypothetical population, similar to the population of interest, but where a particular risk factor is eliminated. They are extensively used in epidemiology to quantify and compare disease burden due to various risk factors, and directly influence public policy regarding possible health interventions. In contrast to individual specific metrics such as relative risks and odds ratios, attributable fractions depend jointly on both risk factor prevalence and relative risk. The relative contributions of these two components is important, and usually needs to be presented in summary tables that are presented together with the attributable fraction calculation. However, representing PAF in an accessible graphical format, that captures both prevalence and relative risk, may assist interpretation. Methods Taylor-series approximations to PAF in terms of risk factor prevalence and log-odds ratio are derived that facilitate simultaneous representation of PAF, risk factor prevalence and risk-factor/disease log-odds ratios on a single co-ordinate axis. Methods are developed for binary, multi-category and continuous exposure variables. Results The methods are demonstrated using INTERSTROKE, a large international case control dataset focused on risk factors for stroke. Conclusions The described methods could be used as a complement to tables summarizing prevalence, odds ratios and PAF, and may convey the same information in a more intuitive and visually appealing manner. The suggested nomogram can also be used to visually estimate the effects of health interventions which only partially reduce risk factor prevalence. Finally, in the binary risk factor case, the approximations can also be used to quickly convert logistic regression coefficients for a risk factor into approximate PAFs.

scholarly journals The role of family history of Cancer in Oral Cavity Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Junior Fantozzi ◽  
Roxanne Bavarian ◽  
Ibon Tamayo ◽  
Marie-Abele Bind ◽  
Sook-Bin Woo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Family History ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Oral Leukoplakia ◽  
Family History Of Cancer ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Cancer

Abstract Objectives Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the 10th most common cancer in the United States (8th in males, 13th in females), with an estimated 54,010 new cases expected in 2021, and is primarily associated with smoked tobacco, heavy alcohol consumption, areca nut use and persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Family history of cancer (FHC) and family history of head and neck cancer (FHHNC) have been reported to play an important role in the development of OSCC. We aimed to investigate the role of FHC, FHHNC and personal history of cancer in first/second degree-relatives as co-risk factors for oral cancer. Methods This was a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with OSCC at the Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and at the Division of Head and Neck Oncology at Dana Farber Cancer Institute. Conditional logistic regressions were performed to examine whether OSCC was associated with FHC and FHHNC of FDRs and SDRs, personal history of cancer and secondary risk factors. Results Overall, we did not find an association between FHC, FHHNC and OSCC risk, whereas patients with a cancer history in one of their siblings were 1.6-times more likely to present with an OSCC. When secondary risk factors were considered, patients with a history of oral leukoplakia and dysplasia had a 16-times higher risk of having an OSCC. Conclusions Our study confirmed that a previous history of oral leukoplakia or dysplasia was an independent risk factor for OSCC. A positive family history of cancer in one or more siblings may be an additional risk factor for OSCC.

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