scholarly journals Monitoring Nonrevenue Water Performance in Intermittent Supply

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taha AL-Washali ◽  
Saroj Sharma ◽  
Fadhl AL-Nozaily ◽  
Mansour Haidera ◽  
Maria Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Individual System ◽  
System Input ◽  
Supply Time

Water utilities should monitor their nonrevenue water (NRW) levels properly to manage water losses and sustain water services. However, monitoring NRW is problematic in an intermittent water supply regime. This is because more supplied water to users imposes higher volumes of NRW, and supplying significantly less water results in an unmet water demand but interestingly less NRW. This study investigates the influence of the amount of water supplied to a distribution system on the reported level of NRW. The volume and indicators of NRW all vary with variations in the system input volume (SIV). This is even more critical for monitoring NRW for systems shifting from intermittent to continuous supply. To enable meaningful monitoring, the NRW volume should be normalised. Addressing that, this research proposes two normalisation approaches: regression analysis and average supply time adjustment. Analysis of the NRW performance indicators showed that regression analysis enables the monitoring of NRW and tracking its progression in an individual system only, but not for a comparison with other systems. For comparing (or benchmarking) a water system to other systems with different supply patterns, the average supply time adjustment should be used. However, this approach presents significant uncertainties when the average supply time is less than eight hours per day.

scholarly journals Managing Apparent Loss and Real Loss from the Nexus Perspective Using System Dynamics

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Seo Hyung Choi ◽  
Bongwoo Shin ◽  
Eunher Shin
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water System ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Urban Water System ◽  
Apparent Loss

When water utilities establish water loss control programs, they traditionally focus on apparent loss rather than real loss when considering economic feasibility in the water sector. There is an urgent need for new management approaches that can address complex relationships and ensure the sustainability of natural resources among different sectors. This study suggests a novel approach for water utilities to manage water losses from the water-energy (WE) Nexus perspective. The Nexus model uses system dynamics to simulate twelve scenarios with the differing status of water loss and energy intensities. This analysis identifies real loss as one of the main causes of resource waste and an essential factor from the Nexus perspective. It also demonstrates that the energy intensity of each process in the urban water system has a significant impact on resource use and transfer. The consumption and movement of resources can be quantified in each process involved in the urban water system to distinguish central and vulnerable processes. This study suggests that the Nexus approach can strongly contribute to quantifying the use and movement of resources between water and energy sectors and the strategic formulation of sustainable and systematic water loss management strategies from the Nexus perspective.

Water Loss Assessment and Remediation in South and Southeast Asia

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Liemberger
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level

One of the major challenges facing water utilities around the world but especially in Low and Middle Income Countries (LAMIC) is the high level of water losses either through physical losses (leakage) or commercial losses (customer meter under-registration and theft of water in various forms). This difference between the amount of water put into the distribution system and the amount of water billed to consumers is known as “Non-Revenue Water” (NRW). Levels of NRW in South and Southeast Asia are among the highest in the world. This paper will give an update of the general NRW situation in the various countries and the ongoing remediation measures.

scholarly journals Application of multiple regression analysis in projecting the water demand for the City of Cape Town

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-711
Author(s):  
M. Lawens ◽  
C. Mutsvangwa
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Linear Multiple Regression ◽  
The City

Abstract Historically, the city of Cape Town has been affected by water shortages and it can be assumed that the situation will be exacerbated in the coming decades by a growing population, economic development and climatic changes as additional stress factors. In order to defuse the situation, the city of Cape Town has commissioned various feasibility studies concerning the implementation of alternative water sources, with as yet unpublished conclusions. Since sustainable water resource planning requires a comprehensive understanding of the water demand, the objective of this study was to predict the future demand by the city of Cape Town by analysing its significant drivers. For this purpose, a linear multiple regression analysis was applied on parameters which influence water demand, namely: population, economy, water losses and water restrictions. In order to establish the linear multiple regression model and its regression coefficients, historical data was used for the period 2001 to 2012. The result of the regression analysis showed that the water demand of the city of Cape Town is only decisively influenced by population and water losses. In addition, the model indicated that a new source would be required by 2021. Thus, water conservation and water supply strategies can be adapted accordingly to ultimately enable a sustainable management of the water sources in the city of Cape Town.

The joint effect of water price changes and pressure management, at the economic annual real losses level, on the system input volume of a water distribution system

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1069-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasilis Kanakoudis ◽  
Konstantinos Gonelas
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Price ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Residential Water Demand ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
System Input ◽  
Real Losses ◽  
Residential Water

This study attempts to examine the factors affecting the residential water demand level in the city of Kozani in Greece. Based on an 8-year (2005–12) detailed sample of residential water demand panel data, the values of the water price (WP) elasticity of residential demand are identified, and the influence of socio-economic and demographic factors and climate conditions on water-use levels and trends are analyzed. The system's response in terms of system input volume is examined (through the simulation model developed for the network and a pressure management (PM) application) for different scenarios of increased and decreased WP levels. Various scenarios for the real losses were examined, starting from their current level (current annual real losses), down to their economic level (economic annual real losses) after implementing PM measures. The overall objective is to determine and record the overall reaction of consumers to the changing WPs as a result of the full water cost principle implemented.

scholarly journals Heuristic burst detection method using flow and pressure measurements

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1194-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bakker ◽  
J. H. G. Vreeburg ◽  
M. Van De Roer ◽  
L. C. Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Burst Detection ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Expected Values

Pipe bursts in a drinking water distribution system lead to water losses, interruption of supply, and damage to streets and houses due to the uncontrolled water flow. To minimize the negative consequences of pipe bursts, an early detection is necessary. This paper describes a heuristic burst detection method, which continuously compares measured and expected values of water demands and pressures. The expected values of the water demand are generated by an adaptive water demand forecasting model, and the expected values of the pressures are generated by a dynamic pressure drop – demand relation estimator. The method was tested off-line on a historic dataset of 5 years of water flow and pressure data in three supply areas (with 650, 11,180 and 130,920 connections) in the western part of the Netherlands. In the period 274 bursts were reported of which, based on the definition we propose in this paper, 38 were considered as relatively larger bursts. The method was able to detect 50, 25.9 and 7.8% in the considered areas related to all bursts, and around 80% in all three areas related to the subset of relatively larger bursts. The method generated false alarms on 3% of the evaluated days on average.

scholarly journals Estimating the Economic Level of Water Losses (ELWL) in the Water Distribution System of the City of Malang, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6604
Author(s):  
Tri Heryanto ◽  
Saroj K. Sharma ◽  
D. Daniel ◽  
Maria Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
The City

All of the possible strategies to reduce water losses in piped distribution systems follow the law of diminishing returns: the higher the expenditure on water loss reduction, the lower the progressive return in terms of water saved. Therefore, water utilities need to estimate the economic level of water losses (ELWL) so that they can reduce their water loss to the level where the cost to reduce the water losses is equal to the value of the water saved. This paper aims to estimate the ELWL using four different methods: the total cost method, the marginal cost method, the cumulative cost–benefit method, and the component-based methods. This analysis is based on data (2011–2016) on the water utilities of the city of Malang (PDAM Kota Malang), Indonesia. It was found that the total cost and marginal cost methods gave almost similar results for ELWL. However, the total cost method is preferred to calculate ELWL because it is the most accurate, easier to apply, and does not need a long data series. In addition, the estimated ELWL for PDAM Kota Malang was 21.76%, which is 3.71% higher than the water loss level estimated in 2016, which means that their strategies to reduce water loss are not cost-efficient. Moreover, the lack of data is a major challenge in the estimation of ELWL in Indonesia. This study emphasizes the importance of estimating the ELWL so that water utilities, especially in Indonesia, can evaluate their strategies in reducing water loss and improving their cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals Water Demand Forecasting using Deep Learning in IoT Enabled Water Distribution Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Kanthan Narayanan ◽  
Suresh Sankaranarayanan ◽  
Joel J P C Rodrigues ◽  
Sergei Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Water Losses

Most of the water losses occur during water distribution in pipelines during transportation. In order to eradicate the losses, an “IoT based water distribution system” integrated with “Fog and Cloud Computing" proposed for water distribution and underground health monitoring of pipes. For developing an effective water distribution system based on Internet of Things (IoT), the demand of the consumer should be analysed. So, towards predicting the water demand for consumers, Deep learning methodology called Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is compared with traditional Time Series methodology called Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) in terms of error and accuracy. Now based on demand prediction with higher accuracy, an IoT integrated “Water Distribution Network (WDN)” is designed using hydraulic engineering. This WDN design will ensure minimal losses during transportation and quality of water to the consumers. This will lead to development of a smart system for water distribution.

scholarly journals Energy efficiency in water distribution systems – a path to an ideal network: AGS experience

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 708-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Feliciano ◽  
R. Almeida ◽  
A. Santos ◽  
A. Ganhão ◽  
D. Covas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Planning Stage

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) gave a step forward in Portuguese water utilities due to recent legal obligations in developing IAM plans. An effort was made by AGS (Administração e Gestão de Sistemas de Salubridade, S.A.), private operator in 17 water utilities, to achieve a higher level of managing data. Data management was an important hurdle to be overcome in order to accurately assess performance indicators. An appropriate bridge to be made is the link between IAM methodological processes and current operational management; this link is crucial when alternative solutions are defined in the planning stage and decisions need to be made. In the past, through continuously hydraulic modelling collaborative projects, AGS achieved sufficient maturity in several processes, such as (a) update network maps, (b) link geographical information system with other information systems, and (c) profiling consumption demand. Nowadays, concerns related with energy savings are gaining importance; concepts as energy efficiency, reducing carbon footprint and gas emissions should be followed. This paper describes an approach to energy assessment in a real water distribution system, where performance indicators associated with energy efficiency were computed for three different operational alternatives. Results considering a balance between cost and performance dimensions were assessed.

Application of performance indicators to control losses - results from the Portuguese water sector

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cunha Marques ◽  
A.J. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Portuguese Water ◽  
Accounting Control ◽  
The One ◽  
Supply Systems

More and more the problem of water losses and leakages in water supply systems is becoming important in the management of water utilities. No matter how developed a country is, there is a growing and general awareness of this subject. Among the several motivations that contribute to this growing concern are, without doubt, the shortage of resources availability in several water supply systems on the one hand and, on the other hand, the economic value of the volume of water lost. Portugal is no exception. In recent years, there has been some dynamism in the sector in the accounting, control, leakages and loss detection, mainly in the biggest systems. This paper presents an approach to the control of water leakages and losses through the setting of performance indicators that allow the evaluation and characterization of the management entity for this aspect. Some results of those indicators will also be described here, as well as their application to several Portuguese water utilities and the assessment methodology of the results obtained. This paper also puts into evidence expressions and correlation curves between the different indicators and factors that directly or indirectly interfere in the result of the water utilities’ performance with relation to the water losses and leakages presented.

scholarly journals Water loss control practices in developing countries: a case study of a Brazilian region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Doria de Santi ◽  
Tiago Balieiro Cetrulo ◽  
Tadeu Fabrício Malheiros
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Operational Planning ◽  
Control Performance ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Loss Control ◽  
Scientific Framework

Abstract The control of water loss in distribution system has been highlighted in multiple discussions in the field of water and sanitation. Still, there are few scientific studies on this topic focussed on loss control performance in developing countries. With the intention to expand the limited scientific framework investigating the management of water losses in economic scarcity scenarios, the paper provides an overview of which practices directed to water loss control are being conducted in a Brazilian region. The data has been collected from 42 water utilities and shows there is a direct relationship between the utilities' performance and the number of water loss practices adopted. The divergences in the number of practices applied by the water utilities may be influenced by technical-operational, planning and management factors. The paper brings greater robustness to the loss management debates in regions with economic scarcity, being able to support the action of utilities operating in similar scenarios.

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