scholarly journals Energy efficiency in water distribution systems – a path to an ideal network: AGS experience

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 708-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Feliciano ◽  
R. Almeida ◽  
A. Santos ◽  
A. Ganhão ◽  
D. Covas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Planning Stage

Infrastructure asset management (IAM) gave a step forward in Portuguese water utilities due to recent legal obligations in developing IAM plans. An effort was made by AGS (Administração e Gestão de Sistemas de Salubridade, S.A.), private operator in 17 water utilities, to achieve a higher level of managing data. Data management was an important hurdle to be overcome in order to accurately assess performance indicators. An appropriate bridge to be made is the link between IAM methodological processes and current operational management; this link is crucial when alternative solutions are defined in the planning stage and decisions need to be made. In the past, through continuously hydraulic modelling collaborative projects, AGS achieved sufficient maturity in several processes, such as (a) update network maps, (b) link geographical information system with other information systems, and (c) profiling consumption demand. Nowadays, concerns related with energy savings are gaining importance; concepts as energy efficiency, reducing carbon footprint and gas emissions should be followed. This paper describes an approach to energy assessment in a real water distribution system, where performance indicators associated with energy efficiency were computed for three different operational alternatives. Results considering a balance between cost and performance dimensions were assessed.

scholarly journals Energy–water and GHG nexus: A South African water industry case

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Madolo ◽  
A. Telukdarie ◽  
A. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Water Industry

Abstract Water and energy are resources that are dependent on each other. Water is needed for the production of energy for fuel extraction, cooling power plants, and processing of fossil fuels. In water cycles, energy is needed for pumping, treatment and distribution of water and wastewater to and from customers. In South Africa (SA), the energy used in the water industry is generated mostly from fossil fuels, which has a significant negative impact on the environment. This research reviews a representative subset of the SA water industry to evaluate energy efficiency and harmful gas emissions optimisation potential. The first component of this study involves a review of the current energy efficiency potential in water distribution systems in SA. On the basis of a literature review, three technologies/practices were identified as being imperative in optimising water utilities in SA. The second part of this study involves the implementation of some performance indicators that illustrate the interdependence of water loss, energy consumption and CO2, NOX and SOX emissions. These indicators are used to compare a few possible mitigation scenarios involving water loss reduction and increasing the system's energy efficiency. The third component of research is developing a novel multi-layered structural water distribution system model by incorporating 29 metrics extracted from the literature reviewed. Analysis of this model is then conducted using a MULTI-MOORA (Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis) technique accompanied by a Triangular Fuzzy Number set. The aim of this was to assist water utility managers to identify the most influential performance indicators for attaining the nexus objectives.

Potential for Energy Savings Through Residential Hot Water Distribution System Improvements

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hendron ◽  
Jay Burch ◽  
Marc Hoeschele ◽  
Leo Rainer
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Residential Energy ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Residential Energy Efficiency ◽  
System Designs

Hot water distribution systems have received a great deal of attention recently, as residential energy efficiency programs target measures that can drive whole-house energy savings beyond the 50% level. Unfortunately, evaluating distribution losses and the resulting thermal interactions with space conditioning loads is very complicated, and must be performed using advanced simulation tools and realistic hot water event schedules, including appropriate event volumes, draw sequencing, and time between draw events. The authors developed a simplified methodology for the analysis of distribution losses based on detailed modeling of alternative system designs using HWSIM, a model specifically designed for this application. Curve fits were then applied to the results so they could be extrapolated to many different house designs and climate regions. The authors also performed preliminary analysis of whole house energy effects of alternate hot water distribution systems in two climates.

scholarly journals A GIS-based tool for distribution system data integration and analysis

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Trépanier ◽  
Vincent Gauthier ◽  
Marie-Claude Besner ◽  
Miche`le Pre´vost
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Gis Technologies ◽  
Data Formats ◽  
System Data

The causes of water quality problems in distribution systems are difficult to identify because they can be related to numerous sources. A tool has been developed to integrate and analyse water distribution system data with the help of geographical information system (GIS) technologies. This approach uses a flexible software architecture to gather data on distribution system structural elements, water quality sampling and especially distribution system events, all of which can be key to explaining water quality problems. The tool has been applied to five water utilities in North America and Europe, all with different data formats and data gathering practices. The approach was successful in explaining about 40% of positive coliform samples at the Laval (Quebec) utility. It also led to better data quality and responsiveness at the utilities.

scholarly journals Application of genetic programming to modeling pipe failures in water distribution systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Xu ◽  
Qiuwen Chen ◽  
Weifeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Programming ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Pipe Failure ◽  
Beijing City ◽  
Failure Data ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Gis Data ◽  
Failure Models

The water loss from a water distribution system is a serious problem for many cities, which incurs enormous economic and social loss. However, the economic and human resource costs to exactly locate the leakage are extraordinarily high. Thus, reliable and robust pipe failure models are demanded to assess a pipe's propensity to fail. Beijing City was selected as the case study area and the pipe failure data for 19 years (1987–2005) were analyzed. Three different kinds of methods were applied to build pipe failure models. First, a statistical model was built, which discovered that the ages of leakage pipes followed the Weibull distribution. Then, two other models were developed using genetic programming (GP) with different data pre-processing strategies. The three models were compared thereafter and the best model was applied to assess the criticality of all the pipe segments of the entire water supply network in Beijing City based on GIS data.

scholarly journals A Head Formulation for the Steady-State Analysis of Water Distribution Systems Using an Explicit and Exact Expression of the Colebrook–White Equation

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Mengning Qiu ◽  
Avi Ostfeld
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Solution Method ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Exact Expression ◽  
Contamination Source

Steady-state demand-driven water distribution system (WDS) solution is the bedrock for much research conducted in the field related to WDSs. WDSs are modeled using the Darcy–Weisbach equation with the Swamee–Jain equation. However, the Swamee–Jain equation approximates the Colebrook–White equation, errors of which are within 1% for ϵ/D∈[10−6,10−2] and Re∈[5000,108]. A formulation is presented for the solution of WDSs using the Colebrook–White equation. The correctness and efficacy of the head formulation have been demonstrated by applying it to six WDSs with the number of pipes ranges from 454 to 157,044 and the number of nodes ranges from 443 to 150,630. The addition of a physically and fundamentally more accurate WDS solution method can improve the quality of the results achieved in both academic research and industrial application, such as contamination source identification, water hammer analysis, WDS network calibration, sensor placement, and least-cost design and operation of WDSs.

scholarly journals Cyber—Physical Attack Detection in Water Distribution Systems with Temporal Graph Convolutional Neural Networks

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1247
Author(s):  
Lydia Tsiami ◽  
Christos Makropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Attack Detection ◽  
Convolutional Network ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Physical Attack ◽  
Temporal Graph ◽  
Graph Neural Networks

Prompt detection of cyber–physical attacks (CPAs) on a water distribution system (WDS) is critical to avoid irreversible damage to the network infrastructure and disruption of water services. However, the complex interdependencies of the water network’s components make CPA detection challenging. To better capture the spatiotemporal dimensions of these interdependencies, we represented the WDS as a mathematical graph and approached the problem by utilizing graph neural networks. We presented an online, one-stage, prediction-based algorithm that implements the temporal graph convolutional network and makes use of the Mahalanobis distance. The algorithm exhibited strong detection performance and was capable of localizing the targeted network components for several benchmark attacks. We suggested that an important property of the proposed algorithm was its explainability, which allowed the extraction of useful information about how the model works and as such it is a step towards the creation of trustworthy AI algorithms for water applications. Additional insights into metrics commonly used to rank algorithm performance were also presented and discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison of Searching Behaviour of Three Evolutionary Algorithms Applied to Water Distribution System Design Optimization

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Bi ◽  
Yihui Xu ◽  
Hongyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithms ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
Searching Behaviour ◽  
Run Time

Over the past few decades, various evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been applied to the optimization design of water distribution systems (WDSs). An important research area is to compare the performance of these EAs, thereby offering guidance for the selection of the appropriate EAs for practical implementations. Such comparisons are mainly based on the final solution statistics and, hence, are unable to provide knowledge on how different EAs reach the final optimal solutions and why different EAs performed differently in identifying optimal solutions. To this end, this paper aims to compare the real-time searching behaviour of three widely used EAs, which are genetic algorithms (GAs), the differential evolution (DE) algorithm and the ant colony optimization (ACO). These three EAs are applied to five WDS benchmarking case studies with different scales and complexities, and a set of five metrics are used to measure their run-time searching quality and convergence properties. Results show that the run-time metrics can effectively reveal the underlying searching mechanisms associated with each EA, which significantly goes beyond the knowledge from the traditional end-of-run solution statistics. It is observed that the DE is able to identify better solutions if moderate and large computational budgets are allowed due to its great ability in maintaining the balance between the exploration and exploitation. However, if the computational resources are rather limited or the decision has to be made in a very short time (e.g., real-time WDS operation), the GA can be a good choice as it can always identify better solutions than the DE and ACO at the early searching stages. Based on the results, the ACO performs the worst for the five case study considered. The outcome of this study is the offer of guidance for the algorithm selection based on the available computation resources, as well as knowledge into the EA’s underlying searching behaviours.

scholarly journals Modelling both the continual erosion and regeneration of discolouration material in drinking water distribution systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Furnass ◽  
R. P. Collins ◽  
P. S. Husband ◽  
R. L. Sharpe ◽  
S. R. Mounce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Proactive Management ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Mass Transport Model

The erosion of the cohesive layers of particulate matter that causes discolouration in water distribution system mains has previously been modelled using the Prediction of Discolouration in Distribution Systems (PODDS) model. When first proposed, PODDS featured an unvalidated means by which material regeneration on pipe walls could be simulated. Field and laboratory studies of material regeneration have yielded data that suggest that the PODDS formulations incorrectly model these processes. A new model is proposed to overcome this shortcoming. It tracks the relative amount of discolouration material that is bound to the pipe wall over time at each of a number of shear strengths. The model formulations and a mass transport model have been encoded as software, which has been used to verify the model's constructs and undertake sensitivity analyses. The new formulations for regeneration are conceptually consistent with field and laboratory observed data and have potential value in the proactive management of water distribution systems, such as evaluating change in discolouration risk and planning timely interventions.

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