scholarly journals Estimating the Economic Level of Water Losses (ELWL) in the Water Distribution System of the City of Malang, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6604
Author(s):  
Tri Heryanto ◽  
Saroj K. Sharma ◽  
D. Daniel ◽  
Maria Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
The City

All of the possible strategies to reduce water losses in piped distribution systems follow the law of diminishing returns: the higher the expenditure on water loss reduction, the lower the progressive return in terms of water saved. Therefore, water utilities need to estimate the economic level of water losses (ELWL) so that they can reduce their water loss to the level where the cost to reduce the water losses is equal to the value of the water saved. This paper aims to estimate the ELWL using four different methods: the total cost method, the marginal cost method, the cumulative cost–benefit method, and the component-based methods. This analysis is based on data (2011–2016) on the water utilities of the city of Malang (PDAM Kota Malang), Indonesia. It was found that the total cost and marginal cost methods gave almost similar results for ELWL. However, the total cost method is preferred to calculate ELWL because it is the most accurate, easier to apply, and does not need a long data series. In addition, the estimated ELWL for PDAM Kota Malang was 21.76%, which is 3.71% higher than the water loss level estimated in 2016, which means that their strategies to reduce water loss are not cost-efficient. Moreover, the lack of data is a major challenge in the estimation of ELWL in Indonesia. This study emphasizes the importance of estimating the ELWL so that water utilities, especially in Indonesia, can evaluate their strategies in reducing water loss and improving their cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals Water loss control practices in developing countries: a case study of a Brazilian region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Doria de Santi ◽  
Tiago Balieiro Cetrulo ◽  
Tadeu Fabrício Malheiros
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Operational Planning ◽  
Control Performance ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Loss Control ◽  
Scientific Framework

Abstract The control of water loss in distribution system has been highlighted in multiple discussions in the field of water and sanitation. Still, there are few scientific studies on this topic focussed on loss control performance in developing countries. With the intention to expand the limited scientific framework investigating the management of water losses in economic scarcity scenarios, the paper provides an overview of which practices directed to water loss control are being conducted in a Brazilian region. The data has been collected from 42 water utilities and shows there is a direct relationship between the utilities' performance and the number of water loss practices adopted. The divergences in the number of practices applied by the water utilities may be influenced by technical-operational, planning and management factors. The paper brings greater robustness to the loss management debates in regions with economic scarcity, being able to support the action of utilities operating in similar scenarios.

scholarly journals Managing Apparent Loss and Real Loss from the Nexus Perspective Using System Dynamics

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Seo Hyung Choi ◽  
Bongwoo Shin ◽  
Eunher Shin
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water System ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Urban Water System ◽  
Apparent Loss

When water utilities establish water loss control programs, they traditionally focus on apparent loss rather than real loss when considering economic feasibility in the water sector. There is an urgent need for new management approaches that can address complex relationships and ensure the sustainability of natural resources among different sectors. This study suggests a novel approach for water utilities to manage water losses from the water-energy (WE) Nexus perspective. The Nexus model uses system dynamics to simulate twelve scenarios with the differing status of water loss and energy intensities. This analysis identifies real loss as one of the main causes of resource waste and an essential factor from the Nexus perspective. It also demonstrates that the energy intensity of each process in the urban water system has a significant impact on resource use and transfer. The consumption and movement of resources can be quantified in each process involved in the urban water system to distinguish central and vulnerable processes. This study suggests that the Nexus approach can strongly contribute to quantifying the use and movement of resources between water and energy sectors and the strategic formulation of sustainable and systematic water loss management strategies from the Nexus perspective.

scholarly journals Integrating water distribution system efficiency into the water conservation strategy for California: a Los Angeles perspective

Water Policy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1030-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartiki S. Naik ◽  
Madelyn Glickfeld
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
High Data ◽  
Distribution Efficiency

Abstract Improving water management in California requires a transition from imported to local water resources used efficiently. To assess this transitional capacity of water retailers in metropolitan Los Angeles County, we focused on a key water management metric: the water distribution efficiency. We traced the evolution of water loss reduction policy and practices globally with emphasis on California. California Senate Bills 1420 and 555 mandate annual water auditing and reporting for urban water suppliers. We surveyed and evaluated ten water retailers' approaches to monitor and reduce losses. Four of ten sampled water retailers monitored real losses, averaging 3–4% of total water supplied. Only three of ten sampled water retailers employed leak detection technology. Of the six sampled retailers with annual pipe replacement strategies, four retailers followed inadequate rehabilitation schedules. Most of the sampled retailers monitor water losses in percent, which misrepresents the actual volume. While a necessary step, California water loss legislation relies on the American Water Works Association Water Audit software. Verifying reported data for randomly selected retailers can ensure high data quality. Small retailers are exempt from mandatory water loss monitoring, and they need state support and resource pooling to improve their water distribution efficiency.

scholarly journals Evaluating Distribution Costs and CO2-Emissions of a Two-Stage Distribution System with Cargo Bikes: A Case Study in the City of Innsbruck

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13974
Author(s):  
Anne Büttgen ◽  
Belma Turan ◽  
Vera Hemmelmayr
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Distribution Costs ◽  
Stage Distribution ◽  
Main Station ◽  
The City

During the last years, e-commerce has grown rapidly. As a result, the number of parcel deliveries in urban areas is increasing, which affects the inner-city traffic and leads to congestion and air pollution, thereby decreasing the quality of life in cities. City administrators and logistic service providers have been working on the optimization of parcel distribution in order to alleviate congestion and reduce the negative impact on the environment. One of the solutions for environmentally friendly parcel distribution are two-stage distribution systems with city hubs. City hubs are facilities located close to the delivery area which are used as an enabling infrastructure to store and consolidate the parcels. For the last mile delivery from the city hub to final customers, zero emission vehicles, such as cargo bikes, can be used. Many studies have been conducted on this topic in recent years. This paper contributes to this research area by evaluating the implementation of such a two-stage distribution system with a city hub and cargo bikes in Innsbruck, Austria. The goal is to determine the best location for a city hub and the composition of the delivery fleet by minimizing the total distribution and CO2-emission cost. E-vans are used for the first and cargo bikes for the second stage of the parcel delivery. The problem is modeled as a vehicle routing problem with multiple trips and is solved in ArcGIS Pro, using the built-in routing solver. The analysis shows that all hub candidates provide comparably good results, with one potential station, the main station, showing the highest improvement compared to the basic system, with delivery by conventional vans. Savings in distribution costs of up to 30% can be achieved. Furthermore, by taking into account both indirect and direct emissions with a well-to-wheel approach, CO2-emissions can be reduced by 96%.

scholarly journals Analysis of Water Losses and Assessment of Initiatives Aimed at Their Reduction in Selected Water Supply Systems

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Ociepa ◽  
Maciej Mrowiec ◽  
Iwona Deska
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Water Supply Networks ◽  
Loss Index ◽  
Water Meters

This paper presents the analysis and assessment of water losses in water distribution systems of three water supply companies operating water supply networks in the area of effect of underground mining. The analysis of water losses was conducted based on numerous indices allowing for obtaining objective information on the condition of the water supply system. The method of the analysis of percentage water loss index was extended by the methods of determination of losses according to the International Water Association. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that with regular actions, the companies have reduced water losses in recent years to a level considered to be good compared to national data and average compared to international standards. The value of the failure intensity index for all companies in 2011 was over 1.0 while currently it is about 0.5. The decrease in Non-Revenue Water basic loss index (NRWB) from more than 20% for all analysed companies in 2008 to a few percent in 2017 and the decrease in Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) for companies A and C to less than 2.0 are evidence of the good condition of the network. This is also confirmed by the unit water loss index per capita, with its value in 2017 being 9.1 dm3/(inhabitant day) for company A, 11 dm3/(inhabitant·day) for B and 7.4 dm3/(inhabitant·day) for C. The several years of analysis and evaluation of numerous indices of water loss presented in the paper reveals the effectiveness of the adopted strategies of reducing leakages in the distribution system. It should be emphasized that the analysed companies have been involved in comprehensive initiatives aimed at reducing water leakages, resulting in a substantial reduction in water losses. GIS monitoring systems and databases are particularly helpful in reducing water losses. The basis of the activities is monitoring of flow and pressure in water supply networks and active leakage control. Network zoning with simultaneous observation of minimum night-time flows allows for preliminary location of the failure. Equipping companies with special leakage detection devices such as geophones, stethophones or correlators enables quick detection of leakages. The next step is to replace water meters with more and more accurate ones and to implement radio reading of water meters. All analysed companies perform systematic replacement of old steel and cast iron pipes which cause a large number of leakages that are often difficult to identify, thus leading to water losses.

Water Loss Assessment and Remediation in South and Southeast Asia

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Liemberger
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level

One of the major challenges facing water utilities around the world but especially in Low and Middle Income Countries (LAMIC) is the high level of water losses either through physical losses (leakage) or commercial losses (customer meter under-registration and theft of water in various forms). This difference between the amount of water put into the distribution system and the amount of water billed to consumers is known as “Non-Revenue Water” (NRW). Levels of NRW in South and Southeast Asia are among the highest in the world. This paper will give an update of the general NRW situation in the various countries and the ongoing remediation measures.

Use of district metered areas coupled with pressure optimisation to reduce leakage

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambos Charalambous
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Losses

Water shortage and the future threat posed by changing climatic conditions has intensified the need for the development of appropriate water management approaches, which aim at keeping a balance between water supply and demand. Losses from water distribution systems must be of concern to every water utility, especially in areas of our planet where water is found in very limited quantities. It is therefore imperative that water utilities apply simple and effective methodologies in accounting for water losses from their transmission and distribution systems. The Water Loss Task Force (WLTF) of the International Water Association (IWA) has established a water audit method, which traces water from its source right through the system and derives at the end the revenue and non-revenue component, in other words is a methodology for water accountability and an integrated approach to water loss control. The Water Board of Lemesos, Cyprus recognised at a very early stage the importance and significance of establishing a proper water audit system and has over the years developed its infrastructure in such a way in order to be able to account efficiently and accurately for all water produced. Reduction and control of water loss was achieved through the application of a holistic strategy based on the approach developed by the WLTF of the IWA. Integral part of this approach is the establishment and operation of DMAs.

scholarly journals Application of a water balance adapted to intermittent water supply and flat-rate tariffs without customer metering in Tiruvannamalai, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miran Mastaller ◽  
Philipp Klingel
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Intermittent Water Supply ◽  
Water Association ◽  
The City

Abstract Establishing the water balance developed by the International Water Association (IWA) is a worldwide applied approach to determine and analyse water losses in water distribution systems (WDS). The water balance covers those parts of a WDS within the responsibility of the water utility. Water losses occurring ‘before’ a customer meter are at the expense of the utility, while water lost or wasted ‘after’ the meter is paid for by the customer. This applies to systems where customer metering is in place and/or consumption is charged according to the consumed volumes. However, many WDS in the world lack customer meters, are operated intermittently and apply flat-rate tariffs. In intermittent supplies, a considerable amount of water is lost or wasted within the private properties. The flat-rate tariff might not cover this amount or part of the amount. Thus, actual consumption and wastage should be separately quantified with respect to the utility's water reduction measures. Accepting the described conditions, the authors have developed an adaption of the IWA water balance and the methods to establish the balance. In this paper the application of the developed approach in an initially unmetered WDS with intermittent water supply in the city of Tiruvannamalai, India, is presented.

scholarly journals Monitoring Nonrevenue Water Performance in Intermittent Supply

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taha AL-Washali ◽  
Saroj Sharma ◽  
Fadhl AL-Nozaily ◽  
Mansour Haidera ◽  
Maria Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Individual System ◽  
System Input ◽  
Supply Time

Water utilities should monitor their nonrevenue water (NRW) levels properly to manage water losses and sustain water services. However, monitoring NRW is problematic in an intermittent water supply regime. This is because more supplied water to users imposes higher volumes of NRW, and supplying significantly less water results in an unmet water demand but interestingly less NRW. This study investigates the influence of the amount of water supplied to a distribution system on the reported level of NRW. The volume and indicators of NRW all vary with variations in the system input volume (SIV). This is even more critical for monitoring NRW for systems shifting from intermittent to continuous supply. To enable meaningful monitoring, the NRW volume should be normalised. Addressing that, this research proposes two normalisation approaches: regression analysis and average supply time adjustment. Analysis of the NRW performance indicators showed that regression analysis enables the monitoring of NRW and tracking its progression in an individual system only, but not for a comparison with other systems. For comparing (or benchmarking) a water system to other systems with different supply patterns, the average supply time adjustment should be used. However, this approach presents significant uncertainties when the average supply time is less than eight hours per day.

scholarly journals Assessment of Corrosion and Scale forming Potential of Groundwater Resources: Case Study of Dire Dawa City, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-133
Author(s):  
Girmaye Haile Gebremikael ◽  
Aman Hussien Dawod
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Calibration Plot ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Dire Dawa ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City

Almost 100% of the water supply of Dire Dawa City is from groundwater (including boreholes, dug wells, and springs). Recently, groundwater cause corrosion and scale problems to water distribution systems due to its content of dissolved ions that can cause public health and economic issues. The present paper investigates the corrosion and scale-forming potential of the groundwater in the city and visualizes it with mapping. Spectrophotometer, EDTA/Acid titration with calculation methods were used for water quality parameters analysis. GW Chart Calibration plot applied for the Piper diagram to categorizes the water types. Langelier saturation (LSI), Ryznar (RSI), aggressive (AI), Puckorius Scale (PSI), and Larson-Skold (LRI) indices were manipulated with Excel ® and visualized their spatial distribution using ArcGIS 10®. The mean values of LSI, RSI, PSI, AI, and LRI obtained were 0.29 ± 0.28, 6.4 ± 0.5, 5.10 ± 0.48, 12.20 ± 0.24, and 1.4±1.57 respectively. LSI and RSI results indicate moderate to low scale-forming tendency of groundwater in most parts except the northeastern part with corrosive groundwater. Based on the AI value, the groundwater ranges low corrosion in almost all zones except the edge of the northeast and northwest region. PSI indicated the water tends to form salt-scale at a medium rate. The LSI results showed that chloride and sulphate are unlikely to interfere with the formation of protecting film except in northwestern and northeastern regions where localized corrosion might occur. In conclusion, in almost all distribution system of the city is affected by calcium carbonate scale formation. The groundwater in the northwest and northeast resulted in localized corrosion because of relatively high contents of chlorides and sulphates.

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