Scientific framework of homeopathy: evidence-based homeopathy

This paper aims at considering all important aspects of the scientific framework of homeopathic practice, looking at the levels of scientific evidence of each aspect in an objective way, through an extensive review of literature. Levels of evidence considered are: I) existence of meta-analyses and/or systematic positive reviews of literature; IIa) multiple positive randomized controlled trials (RCTs); IIb) some positive RCTs; IIIa) positive multiple cohorts studies; IIIb) positive studies with some cohorts; IV) opinion of experts (clinical and daily practice cases). Conclusions are clear: homeopathy must stay within the framework of medical practice, and it is even a necessity for public health. Keywords: Evidence-Based medicine, Homeopathy, Scientific framework, Literature review.  Marco científico da homeopatia: homeopatia baseada em evidéncias Resumo O presente artigo aborda aspectos importantes do marco científico da prática homeopática, focando os níveis de evidéncia de cada um deles de maneira objetica, através de uma revisão extensa da literatura. Os níveis de evidéncia considerados são: I) existéncia de meta-análises e/ou revisões sistemáticas positivas da literatura; IIa) múltiplos estudos randomizados controlados (RCTs) positivos; IIb) alguns RCTs positivos; IIIa) estudos de coortes múltiplas positivos; IIIb) estudos com algumas coortes positivos; IV) opinião de expertos (casos clínicos da prática cotidiana). As conclusões são claras: a homeopatia deve permanecer dentro do marco da prática médica, sendo, inclusive, uma necessidade para a saúde pública. Palavras-chave: Medicina Baseada em Evidéncias, Homeopatia, Estrutura ciéntifica, Revisão de literatura.  Marco científico de la homeopatía: homeopatía basada en evidencia Resumen Este artículo aborda aspectos importantes del marco científico de la práctica homeopática, enfocando los niveles de evidencia de cada aspecto, de modo objetivo, mediante una revisión extensiva de la literatura. Los niveles de evidencia considerados son: I) existencia de meta-análisis y/o revisiones sistemáticas positivas de la literatura; IIa) múltiples ensayos randomizados controlados (RCTs) positivos; IIb) algunos RCTs positivos; IIIa) estudios con cohortes múltiplas positivos; IIIb) estudios con algunas cohortes positivos; IV) opinión de expertos (casos clínicos de la práctica cotidiana). Las conclusiones son claras: la homeopatía debe permanecer dentro del marco de la práctica médica, siendo, inclusive, una necesidad para la salud pública. Palabras-clave: Medicina enbasada en evidencia, homeopatía, estructura científica, Revisión de la literatura.  Correspondence author: Michel van Wassenhoven, [email protected] How to cite this article: Wassenhoven MV. Scientific framework of homeopathy: Evidence-based Homeopathy. Int J High Dilution Res [online]. 2008 [cited YYYY Mmm DD]; 7(23): 72-92. Available from: http://journal.giri-society.org/index.php/ijhdr/article/view/286/354. ÂÂÂ

Clinical Verification of Homeopathy

The world is changing! This is certainly true regarding the homeopathic practice and access to homeopathic medicine. Therefore our first priority at the ECH-LMHI [1] has been to produce a yearly report on the scientific framework of homeopathy. In the 2010 version a new chapter about epidemic diseases has been added including the Leptospirosis survey on the Cuban population. A second priority has been to review the definition of the homeopathic medicines respecting the new framework generated by the official registration procedure and the WHO report. We are working now on a documented (Materia Medica and provings) list of homeopathic remedies to facilitate the registration of our remedies. The new challenges are: first of all more good research proposals and as such more funding (possible through ISCHI + Blackie Foundation as examples) [2]; international acceptance of new guidelines for proving and clinical verification of homeopathic symptoms (Proposals are ready for discussion); total reconsideration of the homeopathic repertories including results of the clinical verification of the symptoms. The world is changing, we are part of the world and changes are needed also for homeopathy!

A SOCIOLOGICAL READING OF THE LEGAL ‎SYSTM OF SOCIAL WELFARE INSTITUTIONS‎

This research derives its importance from the scientific framework that Is rich in theoretical ‎approaches in the field of sociology, management systems and governance,and then from ‎the field framework related to the reality of managing social welfare institutions in Morocco, its ‎developments in legal and financial aspects and the current repercussions on the level of ‎social welfare. it also aims to raise the level of social welfare for the beneficiary groups, by ‎evaluations the efforts made in managing these institutions based on an exact scientific ‎approach, method and tools. As a result, we will try to answer in this scientific study, the ‎answer to the following problematic question. «To what extent is the sociological approach ‎adopted in the current legal system of social welfare institutions in Morocco and what is ‎impact on the profitability of these institutions»‎ It is efforts that Is divided into two parts, the first is theoretical and the second is ‎methodological and field, in which we focus on the sociological study of the current reality of ‎the legal and financial system for the management, and evaluations of social welfare ‎institutions in Morocco and the reflection of this evaluations on the profitability of these ‎institutions, especially for the elderly and the time allotted for completion‎‎‎. Keywords: Socıologıcal Reading, Socıal Welfare Instıtutıons‎, Management Systems.

An ancient cityscape and its people: A study of ancient Hermione. Introductory remarks on historical sources and visible remains, archaeological research and prospects

This article provides a brief introduction to the area of the Hermionid and the research that has been carried out in ancient Hermione. The main textual sources are presented, as are the still-visible archaeological remains and the results of important rescue excavations. The contribution outlines the scientific framework of the project that has generated the five articles that follow, and closes with an agenda for future development for the exploration and preservation of ancient Hermione.

DESA BLIMBINGSARI SEBAGAI POTENSI UNGGULAN WISATA RELIGI DI KABUPATEN JEMBRANA

<p><em>The potential for tourism activities in Jembrana Regency deserves attention to be able to enrich the choice of attractions for tourists who travel with various motivations. However, the scarcity of literature that discusses the topic of tourism potential, especially in Jembrana, is a problem that needs to be resolved, especially for academics. Supported by several literatures that closely related to the research topic, this paper provides a descriptive analysis of available and relevant articles in the tourism sector with a special emphasis on religious tourism. The purpose of writing this article is to discuss and provide a systematic view in a scientific framework to describe Blimbingsari Village as a leading potential in the development of religious tourism in Bali, especially in Jembrana Regency.</em></p><p><em>Keywords: religion, tourism, religious tourism.</em></p>

Is agricultural revitalization possible through the climate-smart agriculture: a systematic review and citation-based analysis

PurposeThis paper seeks to identify the prevailing streams in the research of climate-smart agriculture in order to help to conceptualize this new scientific notion and assist in drawing clear borders between climate-smart agriculture, agricultural sustainability and resilience.Design/methodology/approachIn order to conceptualize the climate-smart agriculture (CSA), the current research provides an in-depth bibliometric analysis indicating the prospective research directions in CSA. The findings of this paper are important in guiding the research on creation of climate-smart agriculture across different regions.FindingsThe notion of the CSA covers three main objectives: increased productivity, enhanced resilience and reduced environmental footprint of agriculture. It is found that due to its novelty, the climate-smart notion does not always have its defined research agenda and is considered to be both a constituent part of some other scientific framework (e.g. sustainability) and an independent research avenue.Originality/valueThis paper presents an in-depth analysis of the literature on the CSA. The linkages among the concepts, research centers and research strands are identified via the citation-based analysis.

Pitfalls for diagnosis of burning mouth-like syndrome

This research gives a scientific framework for burning mouth syndrome(BMS) etiology and diagnostic approach in clinical dental and medical practice. BMS-like symptoms can be induced by systemic diseases such as diabetes, gastrointestinal, endocrine disorders, allergy etc. or by local oral cavity conditions as candidiasis or geographic tongue or odontogenic causes. Because the etiology of BMS is multifactorial, treatment can only be distinctive, and is aimed at relieving symptoms. The complexity of BMS symptoms and associated psychosocial infirmities, anxiety and depression raise the need for a multidisciplinary and individualised approach.

Outline of a Linguistic Model for the Study of Emerging Naming

The article presents the outline of a linguistic model that is part of a methodology for identifying and analyzing emerging or referentially unstable namings, such as cultural appropriation, street harassment, climate refugee or ecocide. The model and the method are intended to guide the interpretation – manual or semi-automatic – of the referential expressions, according to the semantic-cognitive type of the designated entity (human entity, social process, event, etc.), but also taking into account interdiscursive negotiations that affect the choice of terms and their uses. The proposed approach is original and is based on several guiding ideas: (1) take into account the complexity of the naming and the entanglement of his different facets which are categorization, meaning, performativity and valuation (desirability, preferences, social norms), (2) target the development phase of the naming (observe how speakers deal with the unstable): for this purpose, we will use the notion of identification between weak or identified entities and strong or reference entities, (3) report in an integrated way the referential elaboration of knowledge, the lexical and semantic elaboration of expressions, and the expression of intersubjective attitudes. The scientific framework combines three main disciplinary areas: automatic language processing (construction and representation of knowledge, reference), semantics (elaboration of meanings) and discourse analysis (interdiscursive elaboration of concepts and terms).

Using the Biological Condition Gradient Model as a Bioassessment Framework to Support Rehabilitation and Restoration of the Upper Tana River Watershed in Kenya

The biological condition gradient (BCG), a scientific framework that describes the change in ecosystem characteristics in response to human-induced levels of stressors, was modified and used to characterize watershed habitats in the Upper Tana River watershed, Kenya. The inbuilt utilities of BCG, including its simplicity, versatility, and its robust nature, allowed its use by seven taxonomic groups of macroinvertebrates, diatoms, fish, herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles), plants, macrofungi, and birds to assess and monitor landscape conditions in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The biological data were described using taxa abundance distribution measures followed by multivariate analyses to determine their relationship with water or soil quality and thereafter assessment of taxa tolerant levels in response to environmental stress and disturbances. Preliminary findings reported that the taxonomic groups complemented each other, with each taxonomic group reliably assessing ecological conditions to a certain degree that supported assigning all 36 sampled sites into BCG tiers. The BCG models developed for all taxonomic groups assisted in the identification and selection of taxa indicating varying levels of landscape conditions. These taxa, referred to as flagship or indicator taxa, assist in simplifying the BCG model and, hence, are possible for use by parataxonomists or ordinary citizens to assess and monitor the ecological health of habitats under consideration. Furthermore, the capability of BCG models to assess landscape conditions shows how they can be used to identify important habitats for conservation, direct investment for restoration, and track progress.