scholarly journals Assessing the Hydrologic Performance of a Green Roof Retrofitting Scenario for a Small Urban Catchment

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Palla ◽  
Ilaria Gnecco ◽  
Paolo La Barbera
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Volume Reduction ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Continuous Simulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrologic Performance

In an existing urban environment, retrofitting low impact development (LID) solutions can provide an opportunity to address flooding and water quality problems. Taking into account the need to effectively estimate the impact of vegetated LIDs, particular attention has recently been given on the evapotranspiration (ET) process that is responsible for the restoring of green roof water-holding capacity. The present study aims to develop a methodological approach to estimate the actual ET as climate input data in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) continuous simulation. The proposed approach is calibrated on a single green roof installation based on one-minute continuous simulations over 26 years of climate records. Then the calibrated methodological approach has been implemented to perform continuous simulation of a small urban catchment retrofitted with green roofs. Based on simulation results, the peak and volume reduction rate evaluated for the 1433 rainfall events are equal to 0.3 on average (with maximum values of 0.96 for peak and 0.86 for volume). In general, the adopted methodology indicates that the actual ET estimate is needed to suitably assess the hydrologic performance of vegetated LIDs mainly concerning the volume reduction index; furthermore, the methodology can be easily replicated for other vegetated LID applications.

Empirical Investigation of Interactive Highway Safety Design Model Accident Prediction Algorithm: Rural Intersections

2003 ◽  
Vol 1840 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Lyon ◽  
Jutaek Oh ◽  
Bhagwant Persaud ◽  
Simon Washington ◽  
Joe Bared
Keyword(s):  
Research Effort ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Highway Safety ◽  
Design Model ◽  
Prediction Algorithm ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Safety Design ◽  
The Impact

One major gap in transportation system safety management is the ability to assess the safety ramifications of design changes for both new road projects and modifications to existing roads. To fulfill this need, FHWA and its many partners are developing a safety forecasting tool, the Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM). The tool will be used by roadway design engineers, safety analysts, and planners throughout the United States. As such, the statistical models embedded in IHSDM will need to be able to forecast safety impacts under a wide range of roadway configurations and environmental conditions for a wide range of driver populations and will need to be able to capture elements of driving risk across states. One of the IHSDM algorithms developed by FHWA and its contractors is for forecasting accidents on rural road segments and rural intersections. The methodological approach is to use predictive models for specific base conditions, with traffic volume information as the sole explanatory variable for crashes, and then to apply regional or state calibration factors and accident modification factors (AMFs) to estimate the impact on accidents of geometric characteristics that differ from the base model conditions. In the majority of past approaches, AMFs are derived from parameter estimates associated with the explanatory variables. A recent study for FHWA used a multistate database to examine in detail the use of the algorithm with the base model-AMF approach and explored alternative base model forms as well as the use of full models that included nontraffic-related variables and other approaches to estimate AMFs. That research effort is reported. The results support the IHSDM methodology.

scholarly journals EPCOT theme park as a science communication space: the Test Track case

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. A09
Author(s):  
Daniela Martin
Keyword(s):  
Science Communication ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theme Park ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
Test Track ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The Future ◽  
Communication Space ◽  
The Impact

Science and technology have become tools to legitimize messages that affect the world in terms of society, politics and economy. This paper presents part of the results of a study that analyzed the symbolic construction of the future in the scientific-technological discourse at EPCOT theme park in Orlando, Florida. The sociohistorical conditions and narrative strategies are analyzed based on the theoretical and methodological approach by John B. Thompson. The results highlighted that the construction of the notion of progress is strongly influenced by the commercial and political interests of the sponsors. In particular, the ‘Test Track’ ride totally lacks any discussion about the impact of cars on society and the environment. The future is presented as a utopian one without any possible disruption, a perception that permeated the development of the United States over the 20th century and is promoted even in the 21st century despite the evidence provided by multiple wars and crises.

scholarly journals Modelling and optimization of land use/land cover change in a developing urban catchment

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 2527-2537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Xu ◽  
Fei Gao ◽  
Junchao He ◽  
Xinxin Ren ◽  
Weijin Xi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Optimal Planning ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Urban Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
The Impact

The impacts of land use/cover change (LUCC) on hydrological processes and water resources are mainly reflected in changes in runoff and pollutant variations. Low impact development (LID) technology is utilized as an effective strategy to control urban stormwater runoff and pollution in the urban catchment. In this study, the impact of LUCC on runoff and pollutants in an urbanizing catchment of Guang-Ming New District in Shenzhen, China, were quantified using a dynamic rainfall-runoff model with the EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Based on the simulations and observations, the main objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the catchment runoff and pollutant variations with LUCC, (2) to select and optimize the appropriate layout of LID in a planning scenario for reducing the growth of runoff and pollutants under LUCC, (3) to assess the optimal planning schemes for land use/cover. The results showed that compared to 2013, the runoff volume, peak flow and pollution load of suspended solids (SS), and chemical oxygen demand increased by 35.1%, 33.6% and 248.5%, and 54.5% respectively in a traditional planning scenario. The assessment result of optimal planning of land use showed that annual rainfall control of land use for an optimal planning scenario with LID technology was 65%, and SS pollutant load reduction efficiency 65.6%.

The Preferred Coaching Styles of Generation Z Athletes: A Qualitative Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krisha Parker ◽  
Daniel Czech ◽  
Trey Burdette ◽  
Jonathan Stewart ◽  
David Biber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Control ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
Coaching Styles ◽  
The Impact

With over 50 million youth athletes participating in some kind of sports in the United States alone, it is important to realize the impact and benefits of playing (Weinberg and Gould, 2011). Physically, sports can help youth improve strength, endurance, weight control, and bone structure (Seefeldt, Ewing & Walk, 1992). Sport participation also benefits youths socially (Seefeldt, Ewing & Walk, 1992) and academically (Fraser-Thomas, Côté & Deakin, 2005). Optimal coaching education and training is a necessity if young athletes are to learn and improve in these aforementioned areas. In order for youth to grow from their sport experience, they need guidance from coaches, parents, and other important figures. Recent research by Jones, Jo and Martin (2007) suggests that more recent generations require a new approach to learning. The purpose of the current study was to qualitatively examine the preferred coaching styles of youth soccer players from Generation Z. After interviewing 10 youth athletes (five male, five female), four main themes emerged for Generation Z’s view of a “great coach.” These themes reflected the desire for a coach that: 1) does not yell and remains calm, 2) is caring and encouraging, 3) has knowledge of the sport, and 4) involves the team in decision making. Future research could include implementing a mixed-methodological approach incorporating the Leadership Scale for Sport (Chelladurai, 1984). Another avenue worthy of investigation is the role that technology plays for Generation Z athletes.

scholarly journals Hydrologic performance of bioretention in an expressway service area

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1829-1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianping Gao ◽  
Junkui Pan ◽  
Ning Hu ◽  
Chengzuo Xie
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Service Area ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Bioretention System ◽  
Runoff Reduction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrologic Performance

Abstract Bioretention can be an effective measure for stormwater treatment. However, there is a lack of systematic analysis of the impact of bioretention design parameters on hydrologic performance. Herein, SWMM and RECARGA models were applied to generate the typical annual rainfall runoff and simulate the water balance of the bioretention system in an expressway service area. The purpose of the investigation was to identify key design parameters for the bioretention system and delineate the priorities in developing the design. Results showed that the average groundwater recharge ratios for bioretention basins with and without an underdrain were 58.29% and 92.27%, respectively, the average overflow ratios were 4.13% and 4.19%, the average evapotranspiration ratios were 4.48% and 4.47%, and the average outflow ratio for bioretention with an underdrain was 33.94%. The ratio of the bioretention area to drainage area, and the saturated infiltration rates of planting soil and native soil were the main factors influencing water balance, while the underdrain diameter and gravel layer depth exerted little effect. Based on the impact analysis, multivariate nonlinear regression models of runoff reduction rate for two types of bioretention basin were established, which both exhibited high determination coefficients and acceptable Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients.

scholarly journals Advancing Pervious Pavements through Nomenclature, Standards, and Holistic Green Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7422
Author(s):  
Charles E. Sprouse ◽  
Conrad Hoover ◽  
Olivia Obritsch ◽  
Hannah Thomazin
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Green Design ◽  
Design Framework ◽  
The Road ◽  
Run Off ◽  
The Impact

Researchers developing pervious pavements over the past few decades have commendably demonstrated long-term run-off reduction using a diverse collection of materials. Today, pervious pavements are widely recognized as a low impact development technique and a type of green infrastructure, and installations are proliferating throughout the United States and worldwide. The entire field of pervious pavements though, is being profoundly stunted by three persistent problems: conflicting nomenclature, flawed testing standards, and the absence of a holistic green design framework. This study examines each problem and proposes novel solutions. On nomenclature, a multi-channeled study of the terms “pervious”, “permeable”, and “porous” considers each word’s etymology and usage in the academic literature, in ASTM International standards, and by (U.S.-based) governmental entities. Support is found for using pervious pavements (i.e., “through” the “road”) as the over-arching category of all water passable pavements, branching down into porous pavements (i.e., “full of pores”, including porous asphalt and porous concrete) and permeable pavements (i.e., “containing passages”, often between paver units). ASTM International standards are shown to insufficiently account for the impact of paver unit size on infiltration rate, warranting the development of a more reliable testing method featuring variable infiltration ring size, shape, and placement. Finally, a ten-part holistic green design framework is elucidated for use in assessing candidate pavements and engineering new pavements, contextualizing the latest pervious pavement research and illuminating a brighter path forward.

Emergence of Fine Art Photography in Israel in the 1970s to the 1990s Through Pedagogical and Social Links with the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 252-265
Author(s):  
Tal-Or K. Ben-Choreen
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
International Students ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fine Art ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Artistic Practice ◽  
Pedagogical Models ◽  
The Impact

The flourishing of photography as a tool for expressive reportage and artistic practice transformed photographic education during the mid-twentieth century. American-based academic institutions quickly established reputations in the emerging fine art field as leaders in photographic education drawing international students from diverse locations, including Israel. Many Israelis who studied photography in American institutions returned to Israel bringing with them the knowledge they had gained while abroad. This article considers the impact of American pedagogical models and social networks on the development of the Israeli photographic field. Included in this discussion is an exploration of the emergence of Israeli photography programs in institutions of higher education, photography galleries, museum collections, and exhibitions. By approaching the study through a network methodological approach, this article traces the transnational movements of individuals: photographers, program graduates, and curators in order to demonstrate the significant impact American photographic education had on the emerging Israeli photographic field.

scholarly journals The Web-GIS TRIG Eau Platform to Assess Urban Flood Mitigation by Domestic Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Two Residential Settlements in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7241
Author(s):  
Anna Palla ◽  
Ilaria Gnecco
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Web Gis ◽  
Urban Flooding ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
The Impact

Urban flooding has become one of the most frequent natural disasters in recent years, and the low-impact development (LID) approach is currently recognised as an alternative to traditional grey infrastructure to mitigate the negative impact of urbanisation on hydrological processes. The main objective of the present research was to develop a web-GIS platform in order to assess the impact of LID systems on mitigating urban flooding and to support their implementation at the urban catchment scale. The TRIG Eau platform, developed in the framework of the homonymous INTERREG MARITTIMO IT-FR project, is configured as a web-GIS application of the stormwater management model (SWMM). Urban flood conditions were examined for two case studies in Liguria and Tuscany (IT), where DRWH systems are proposed as a mitigation strategy. The presented results and their visualisation showcase the potential of the TRIG Eau platform to better support the implementation of LIDs. Findings from the flood analysis confirm that even for the 10-year return period event, DRWHs are effective in reducing network stress by more than 70% in cases of empty tanks, thus underlining the need for RTC technology to pre-empty the system.

scholarly journals U.S. HOUSEHOLD PREFERENCES FOR CLIMATE AMENITIES: DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AND ROBUSTNESS TESTING

2020 ◽  
pp. 2050016
Author(s):  
JARED C. CARBONE ◽  
SUL-KI LEE ◽  
YUZHOU SHEN
Keyword(s):  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Household Location ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
Household Preferences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Climate Amenities

We estimate how climate amenities influence where households decide to reside in the United States with two main objectives in mind: (i) to produce estimates with sufficient demographic detail to inform demographic population projections for use in climate impact analysis; (ii) to study the robustness of estimates from the existing literature. With respect to the former goal, we find important differences in job-related migration motives by age group and in the overall propensity to migrate among households with children. With respect to the latter aim, our framework shares a common methodological approach with other, recent attempts to recover climate preferences, allowing us to explore the consequences of a number of key assumptions in a systematic manner. Consistent with the existing literature, we find relatively robust estimates of the impact of the frequency of extreme heat days on household location decisions. The impacts of other common measures of climate, including the frequency of extreme cold days, average summer and winter temperatures, annual precipitation, humidity and frequency of sunshine, do not show a strong enough signal in the data to be estimated with precision.

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