scholarly journals The Web-GIS TRIG Eau Platform to Assess Urban Flood Mitigation by Domestic Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Two Residential Settlements in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7241
Author(s):  
Anna Palla ◽  
Ilaria Gnecco
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Web Gis ◽  
Urban Flooding ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
The Impact

Urban flooding has become one of the most frequent natural disasters in recent years, and the low-impact development (LID) approach is currently recognised as an alternative to traditional grey infrastructure to mitigate the negative impact of urbanisation on hydrological processes. The main objective of the present research was to develop a web-GIS platform in order to assess the impact of LID systems on mitigating urban flooding and to support their implementation at the urban catchment scale. The TRIG Eau platform, developed in the framework of the homonymous INTERREG MARITTIMO IT-FR project, is configured as a web-GIS application of the stormwater management model (SWMM). Urban flood conditions were examined for two case studies in Liguria and Tuscany (IT), where DRWH systems are proposed as a mitigation strategy. The presented results and their visualisation showcase the potential of the TRIG Eau platform to better support the implementation of LIDs. Findings from the flood analysis confirm that even for the 10-year return period event, DRWHs are effective in reducing network stress by more than 70% in cases of empty tanks, thus underlining the need for RTC technology to pre-empty the system.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Two Rainwater Harvesting Systems Located in Central Eastern Europe

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Stec ◽  
Martina Zeleňáková
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Practical Aspect ◽  
Financial Ratios ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Toilet Flushing ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
The Impact

Decentralized water systems are perceived as solutions that not only save water, but also as a way to partially or completely become independent from centralized suppliers. Taking this into account, an analysis of the effectiveness of rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) for toilet flushing in existing academic facilities located in Poland and in Slovakia was carried out. The tests took into account the different volumes of storage tanks collecting rainwater. On the basis of two financial ratios, namely Net Present Value and Discounted Payback Period, the profitability of these systems was also assessed. The research was extended by the sensitivity analysis, which allowed determination of the impact of changes in individual cost components on the financial effectiveness of the investments considered. The results obtained clearly showed that the implementation of RWHS in the dormitory in Rzeszów was unprofitable for all tank capacities tested, and the payback period significantly exceeded the period of 30 years accepted for the analysis. Completely different results were obtained for RWHS in a dormitory located in the city of Košice, for which the financial ratios NPV (Net Present Value) and DPP (Discounted Payback Period) were very favorable. It was also confirmed by the results of the sensitivity analysis. The use of rainwater for toilet flushing caused that it was possible to achieve water savings of an average of 29% and 18%, respectively, for facilities located in Slovakia and Poland. The results of the research have a practical aspect and can provide an indication for potential investors and managers of academic facilities, similar to those analyzed in the article. Taking into account that in many countries water and sewage rates are significantly higher than in Poland and Slovakia, the cost-effectiveness of using the analyzed installation options in these countries could be even higher.

scholarly journals Improved Framework for Assessing Vulnerability to Different Types of Urban Floods

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7668
Author(s):  
Quntao Yang ◽  
Shuliang Zhang ◽  
Qiang Dai ◽  
Rui Yao
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Network Flow ◽  
Urban Flooding ◽  
Flood Vulnerability ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Vulnerability Curve ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

Vulnerability assessment is an essential tool in mitigating the impact of urban flooding. To date, most flood vulnerability research has focused on one type of flood, such as a pluvial or fluvial flood. However, cities can suffer from urban flooding for several reasons, such as precipitation and river levee overtopping. Therefore, a vulnerability assessment considering different types of floods (pluvial floods, fluvial floods, and compound flooding induced by both rainfall and river overtopping) was conducted in this study. First, a coupled urban flood model, considering both overland and sewer network flow, was developed using the storm water management model (SWMM) and LISFLOOD-FP model to simulate the different types of flood and applied to Lishui, China. Then, the results of the flood modeling were combined with a vulnerability curve to obtain the potential impact of flooding on different land-use classes. The results indicated that different types of floods could have different influence areas and result in various degrees of flood vulnerability for different land-use classes. The results also suggest that urban flood vulnerability can be underestimated due to a lack of consideration of the full flood-induced factors.

Rainwater harvesting - an alternative for securing food production under climate variability

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Zhu ◽  
Y. Li
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Rainfed Agriculture ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Dry Farming ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Artificial Water

Food insecurity is still a challenge in some remote and mountainous areas in China. When studying the impact of climate variability on food production, we should pay even more attention to the rainfed area. This is because the larger part of agriculture is the rainfed one and climate variability has more negative impacts on the rainfed agriculture than on the irrigated one. The traditional dry farming practices based on the principle of storing as much rain in the soil as possible and making best use of soil water could not bridge the gap between the time that the crop needs water and the time that rain occurs, so its effects on enhancing food production under climate variability is limited. Combining artificial water supply from rainwater harvesting systems with the traditional dry farming practices is an innovation in water management in rainfed agriculture. Experiences in the recent two decades indicate that rainwater harvesting irrigation can well mitigate the drought caused by the climate variability and bring the rainfed agriculture to a new level.

scholarly journals Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Poor Rural Communities: A Case Study from Yatta Area, Palestine

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nibal Al-Batsh ◽  
Issam Al-Khatib ◽  
Subha Ghannam ◽  
Fathi Anayah ◽  
Shehdeh Jodeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Yatta is a town located nine kilometers south of Hebron city in the West Bank of Palestine. The town houses over 100,000 people of which 49% are females and has a population that doubles every 15 years. Yatta has been connected to a water network since 1974 serving nearly 85% of its households. The water network is old and inadequate to meet the needs of the population. Water supply made available to the area is limited, estimated at 20 L/capita/day. Residents are thus forced to rely on water vendors who supply water that is 400% more expensive with a lower quality compared to municipal water. Therefore, rainwater harvesting is a common practice in the area, with the majority of households owning at least one cistern. Rainwater harvesting is of great socio-economic importance in areas where water sources are scarce and/or polluted. In this research, the quality of harvested rainwater used for drinking and domestic purposes in Yatta was assessed throughout one year. A total of 100 samples were collected from cisterns with an average capacity of 69 m3, which are adjacent to cement-roof catchment areas of 145 m2 average surface area. Samples were analyzed for a number of parameters including temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, turbidity, total dissolved solids, NO3, NH4, chloride and salinity. Results showed that most of the rainwater samples were within World Health Organization (WHO) and Environment Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines for chemical parameters. Microbiological contents such as total Coliforms and faecal Coliforms bacteria were tested. The research also addressed the impact of rainwater harvesting systems on different socio-economic attributes of the local community through a questionnaire that had been filled out before any sample was collected.

scholarly journals Modelling and optimization of land use/land cover change in a developing urban catchment

2017 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 2527-2537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Xu ◽  
Fei Gao ◽  
Junchao He ◽  
Xinxin Ren ◽  
Weijin Xi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Optimal Planning ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Urban Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
The Impact

The impacts of land use/cover change (LUCC) on hydrological processes and water resources are mainly reflected in changes in runoff and pollutant variations. Low impact development (LID) technology is utilized as an effective strategy to control urban stormwater runoff and pollution in the urban catchment. In this study, the impact of LUCC on runoff and pollutants in an urbanizing catchment of Guang-Ming New District in Shenzhen, China, were quantified using a dynamic rainfall-runoff model with the EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Based on the simulations and observations, the main objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the catchment runoff and pollutant variations with LUCC, (2) to select and optimize the appropriate layout of LID in a planning scenario for reducing the growth of runoff and pollutants under LUCC, (3) to assess the optimal planning schemes for land use/cover. The results showed that compared to 2013, the runoff volume, peak flow and pollution load of suspended solids (SS), and chemical oxygen demand increased by 35.1%, 33.6% and 248.5%, and 54.5% respectively in a traditional planning scenario. The assessment result of optimal planning of land use showed that annual rainfall control of land use for an optimal planning scenario with LID technology was 65%, and SS pollutant load reduction efficiency 65.6%.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF FLOOD DAMAGE IN URBAN AREAS OF UKRAINE

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Sergiy Ivanyuta
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Hydraulic Structures ◽  
Urban Flooding ◽  
Geological Complexity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Determining Factor

The estimation of flood spreading in urban areas ofUkraineis carried out. Total increase of flood in urban areas of administrative regions ofUkraineis investigated. It is shown that flooding inUkrainehas already become a major factor in ecological and geological complexity of life safety in industrial and urban areas. The most important regions of the country in which flooding has become a significant factor that directly affects the dangerous change of geological environment are determined. In general this creates an additional threat to the security of the population in these areas and can be a determining factor of environmental degradation in cities and town in most regions of the country. It is concluded that during 1998-2014 the impact of global climate change on activation of urban flooding inUkrainehas been growing in the conditions of lack of defensive ability of hydraulic structures against increased level of precipitation and expanding of flooding areas. Grade of administrative regions ofUkraineon the level of growth of urban flooding is offered. Expected socio-economic losses out from urban flooding inUkraineare assessed. Some of the greatest values of expected loss have been observed within the most industrialized and populated regions ofUkraine. It is shown that urban flooding inUkrainehas already become an additional factor in shaping the nature of man-made threats to the security of urban population of these areas. The complex of measures for reduction of the negative impact of and damage from urban flooding in the conditions ofUkraineare offered.

scholarly journals Predicting the impact of urban flooding using open data

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 160013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliya Tkachenko ◽  
Rob Procter ◽  
Stephen Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Web Search ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Urban Flooding ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Flood Warning ◽  
Flood Impacts ◽  
Search Patterns ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
The Impact

This paper aims to explore whether there is a relationship between search patterns for flood risk information on the Web and how badly localities have been affected by flood events. We hypothesize that localities where people stay more actively informed about potential flooding experience less negative impact than localities where people make less effort to be informed. Being informed, of course, does not hold the waters back; however, it may stimulate (or serve as an indicator of) such resilient behaviours as timely use of sandbags, relocation of possessions from basements to upper floors and/or temporary evacuation from flooded homes to alternative accommodation. We make use of open data to test this relationship empirically. Our results demonstrate that although aggregated Web search reflects average rainfall patterns, its eigenvectors predominantly consist of locations with similar flood impacts during 2014–2015. These results are also consistent with statistically significant correlations of Web search eigenvectors with flood warning and incident reporting datasets.

scholarly journals Hydrodynamic modeling of the impact of residential rainwater harvesting systems on stormwater runoff and drainage networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Stec
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Hydrodynamic Modeling ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Drainage Networks ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Family Housing ◽  
Rain Barrels ◽  
Pressure Flows ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Catchment Model

This paper presents the results of hydrodynamic modeling of urbanized catchment, where rainwater harvesting systems (RWH) was applied. The catchment model was developed in the Storm Water Managment Model program and RWH was simulated as one of the LID practices available in this program - rain barrels (RB). The research was carried out for various rain barrels implementation scenarios (50% -100%) in a single-family housing estate. However, the results of the research showed that the use of rain barrels (RB) to capture rainwater discharged from the roof of buildings was not effective in significantly reducing the outflow of water from the catchment, and thus reducing the occurrence of pressure flows in the analyzed sewage system.

scholarly journals Assessing the Hydrologic Performance of a Green Roof Retrofitting Scenario for a Small Urban Catchment

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Palla ◽  
Ilaria Gnecco ◽  
Paolo La Barbera
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Volume Reduction ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Continuous Simulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrologic Performance

In an existing urban environment, retrofitting low impact development (LID) solutions can provide an opportunity to address flooding and water quality problems. Taking into account the need to effectively estimate the impact of vegetated LIDs, particular attention has recently been given on the evapotranspiration (ET) process that is responsible for the restoring of green roof water-holding capacity. The present study aims to develop a methodological approach to estimate the actual ET as climate input data in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) continuous simulation. The proposed approach is calibrated on a single green roof installation based on one-minute continuous simulations over 26 years of climate records. Then the calibrated methodological approach has been implemented to perform continuous simulation of a small urban catchment retrofitted with green roofs. Based on simulation results, the peak and volume reduction rate evaluated for the 1433 rainfall events are equal to 0.3 on average (with maximum values of 0.96 for peak and 0.86 for volume). In general, the adopted methodology indicates that the actual ET estimate is needed to suitably assess the hydrologic performance of vegetated LIDs mainly concerning the volume reduction index; furthermore, the methodology can be easily replicated for other vegetated LID applications.

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