scholarly journals Advancing Pervious Pavements through Nomenclature, Standards, and Holistic Green Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7422
Author(s):  
Charles E. Sprouse ◽  
Conrad Hoover ◽  
Olivia Obritsch ◽  
Hannah Thomazin
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Green Design ◽  
Design Framework ◽  
The Road ◽  
Run Off ◽  
The Impact

Researchers developing pervious pavements over the past few decades have commendably demonstrated long-term run-off reduction using a diverse collection of materials. Today, pervious pavements are widely recognized as a low impact development technique and a type of green infrastructure, and installations are proliferating throughout the United States and worldwide. The entire field of pervious pavements though, is being profoundly stunted by three persistent problems: conflicting nomenclature, flawed testing standards, and the absence of a holistic green design framework. This study examines each problem and proposes novel solutions. On nomenclature, a multi-channeled study of the terms “pervious”, “permeable”, and “porous” considers each word’s etymology and usage in the academic literature, in ASTM International standards, and by (U.S.-based) governmental entities. Support is found for using pervious pavements (i.e., “through” the “road”) as the over-arching category of all water passable pavements, branching down into porous pavements (i.e., “full of pores”, including porous asphalt and porous concrete) and permeable pavements (i.e., “containing passages”, often between paver units). ASTM International standards are shown to insufficiently account for the impact of paver unit size on infiltration rate, warranting the development of a more reliable testing method featuring variable infiltration ring size, shape, and placement. Finally, a ten-part holistic green design framework is elucidated for use in assessing candidate pavements and engineering new pavements, contextualizing the latest pervious pavement research and illuminating a brighter path forward.

scholarly journals Uniformity: The Role of States (U.S. and Foreign) in Environmental Protection Post-Intertanko and Erika

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-154
Author(s):  
Laurie Crick Sahatjian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington State ◽  
International Standards ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
Foreign Governments ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT On March 2, 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously rejected certain Washington State regulations of oil tankers, clarified the federal interest in regulating interstate navigation, and remanded to lower courts certain other state regulations for a determination of their validity in light of the “considerable federal interest at stake.” On December 12, 1999, the oil tanker Erika broke up and caused over 10,000 tons of oil to wash up on France's coast. The ultimate impact of this incident, and the extent of the reaction of the European Community (EU), remains to be seen. These two events epitomize the ongoing international struggle between the benefits of uniformity and the political imperatives brought on by maritime casualties. This paper will discuss the impact of both. The Intertanko decision clarified that the United States is to speak with one voice on matters of foreign affairs and foreign policy, including international maritime affairs. The international implications of the case were of such great importance that fourteen foreign governments, including the United Kingdom, Norway, Greece, and Japan, filed an amicus brief urging the Supreme Court to overturn Washington State regulations on the grounds that the regulations at issue were incompatible with the principles of uniformity and reciprocity that have long been agreed by the United States and other maritime nations as key to adopting, implementing, and enforcing effective international standards and regulations for ships, including shipboard measures for protecting the marine environment. This paper will first discuss the impact of the Intertanko decision on the role of individual states. It will then address the participation of foreign governments in the legal system of the United States to further international goals, including issues considered significant enough to compel fourteen governments to participate as amici in the Supreme Court's consideration of the case. It will also address the continuing threat to uniformity resulting from notorious spills, including the Erika disaster and the EU reaction thereto. Finally, the paper will suggest steps that must be taken at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and other international bodies to ensure continuing preservation of uniform international regulation of shipping.

Textile—Where the Fabric Meets the Road

2020 ◽  
pp. 241-287
Author(s):  
Michael Goldfield
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Textile Workers ◽  
The South ◽  
Southern Culture ◽  
The Road ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
The Impact

Chapter 6 looks at the textile industry, the largest industry in the United States during the 1930s to 1950s, which failed to be organized in the South. The chapter takes aim at the highly popular cultural analysis that argues for the impact of southern culture as the reason for this failure. It emphasizes the economics of the industry, the historic militancy of southern textile workers, like that of their counterparts the world over, and the similarities of their struggles to those of other textile workers throughout the world with decidedly different cultures. For many analysts of U.S. labor, the question of why unions have been less successful in the South than in other regions revolves almost completely around the textile industry.

Children

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Sara Rosenbaum ◽  
Kay A. Johnson ◽  
Rachel Gunsalus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Social Injustice ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
The Impact

This chapter focuses on the impact of social injustice on children, primarily in the United States, emphasizing children’s rights in a legal context. It begins with a discussion of the legal status of children in society, citing international standards and U.S. law. It describes how social injustice affects the health needs of children. It describes how poverty, environmental hazards, public policies related to civil and human rights, and other factors threaten the health of children. It analyzes the underlying factors and roots of social injustice that affect children, including maldistribution of income and failure to invest in the neediest families. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what needs to be done and the roles of health workers in addressing social injustice that affects children. A text box describes how the United States compares with other high-income countries in addressing the needs of children. Another text box focuses on saving children’s lives in low-income countries.

scholarly journals Dealing with Green Gentrification and Vertical Green-Related Urban Well-Being: A Contextual-Based Design Framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 10020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzen-Ying Ling ◽  
Wei-Kai Hung ◽  
Chun-Tsu Lin ◽  
Michael Lu
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Health State ◽  
Design Framework ◽  
Human Habitat ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Vertical Greening ◽  
The Impact

Urbanization and climate change have generated ever-increased pressure to the ecosystem, bringing critical resilience challenges to densely congested cities. The resulted displaced and encroached habitat in need of recuperation demands a comprehensive overhaul to the customary urban planning practices; further, the deteriorating public health state of urban residents calls for strategies in dealing with green deprivation and gentrification issues. Frequently, urban greening strategies are envisaged at a macro-scale on a dedicated horizontal track of land, rendering local implementation in a densely built neighborhood a challenged undertaking. Communities lacking green and land resources could promote vertical greening to enable and enhance social and psychological well-being. This study ascertains that vertical greenery closest to the inhabitants could be allocated on a building facade. It can contribute to a more sustainable ecology. The article presents the systemic design approach to urban vertical greening thinking and its role in well-being provision. We propose an interdisciplinary multicriteria contextual-based scalable framework to assess vertical green infrastructure; the prototype requires an innovative approach to balance architecture, human needs, and the local environment. The vertical greening application provides an alternative paradigm in the design implementation for urban green. We proposed the locality and place to be incorporated into the vertical greening design framework. The research concludes the three-tiered consideration framework resulted: (1) in line with the human-habitat ecosystem, the local environment-social dimension is explored; (2) the well-being criteria encourage the design practice’s support for localized driven community vitality; (3) the design paradigm requires integration with the increasing demand for green space as well as taking into account the impact of severe climate; and (4) the framework should achieve the strengthening of health and well-being of the community.

scholarly journals Influence of business support organizations on innovation activity in manufacturing companies in the Masovian Voivodeship in Poland

Equilibrium ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Gorączkowska
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Advanced Degree ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Support Organizations ◽  
Business Support ◽  
The Impact

Research background: The first business support organizations (BSO) appeared in Poland in the 90s of the last century. They were transferred from Western Europe and the United States, where they provided system solutions and played an important role in stimulating innovation activity. However, the latter regions are economically developed, while Poland is playing catch-up. The important question is whether business support organizations will significantly increase the innovative potential of  Polish enterprises. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this paper is to probe the impact of business support organizations on innovation activity in Polish industrial companies. It remains to be determined whether enterprises which use BSO services are more likely to engage in innovation activities than enterprises which do not use such services. Methods: To carry out the study, a multi-factor logit regression method was used. In this study, the method allows the determination of the odds ratio for the likely occurrence of innovation activity in companies that used the services of BSOs compared to enterprises that did not do so. The attributes of innovation activity have been singled out in accordance with the international standards of the Oslo methodology. The study was conducted in 2015 for the years 2012–2014 based on a sample of 951 manufacturing companies in the Masovian Voivodeship. Findings & Value added: In the Masovian Voivodeship it is the technological parks and training and consulting centres which have the most advanced degree of influence on the innovation activity of enterprises. The roles of technology incubators, and loan and guarantee funds are also significant. With regard to cooperation on innovation, there is a much better arrangement in sectoral systems, i.e., with suppliers, customers and competitors, than with scientific institutions.

scholarly journals The Impact of Oil and Gas Resources In the Arctic on the Development of the Transport System in the Region

2015 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
V. I. Salygin ◽  
I. A. Guliyev ◽  
A. O. Khubaeva
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Well Being ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Arctic Region

One of the main problems of the Russian economy today is the development of the Arctic region. Given the key role of the energy sector in the economic balance of the country, as well as the problem of exhaustion of hydrocarbon resources, the Arctic is of particular interest from an economic and geopolitical point of view, ensuring the energy security of Russia. Active development of the region leads to the development of transport infrastructure, which is one of the priorities of Russia's energy policy. The issue of transportation plays a leading role in the context of the development of Arctic resources and involves a number of tasks. The first step is to ensure the safety of navigation in the Arctic ice. Also existing infrastructure needs substantial upgrading, as well as construction of new facilities (including ports, railways, roads, etc.). Of particular note is a unique transcontinental route - the Northern Sea Route. There is a need to modernize the Arctic Fleet, including the construction of modern icebreakers of the Arctic class. The current state of the port system, which does not fully meet the latest international standards, is of crucial importance as well. In addition, along the route the development of railway infrastructure is required. In addition, there is the problem of underdevelopment of the road network, which leads to a re-run and lack of access of some are as to the road network of Russia. Thus, the development of hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic region contributes to the development of infrastructure of the transport system in the region and, consequently, its economic development that contributes to the economic well-being of the country as a whole.

PUBLIC INFLUENCE IMPLEMENTATION AS A FACTOR OF CONVICTS` CORRECTION IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-148
Author(s):  
Анна Геннадьевна Стрельникова ◽  
Никита Алексеевич Кубасов
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Juvenile Delinquents ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Penal System ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The People ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

В статье рассматриваются особенности реализации общественного воздействия на осужденных как фактор их исправления в зарубежных странах. В связи с соблюдением администрацией европейских тюрем международных стандартов исполнения наказаний влияние гражданских институтов общества на осужденных довольно эффективно. Так, рассмотрены особенности функционирования пенитенциарной системы Великобритании в сфере взаимодействия с общественными организациями на примере Совета визитеров тюрем. Авторами анализируется взаимодействие пенитенциарных учреждений европейских государств и США с различными религиозными конфессиями, результатом которого является изменение мировоззрения осужденных. В Соединенных Штатах активно развивается модель социальной реабилитации несовершеннолетних правонарушителей, в качестве активных методов которой применяются «общинные» методы воздействия. Особенное внимание авторы статьи уделяют опыту осуществления общественного воздействия на осужденных в Японии. В этом государстве подход к исправлению напрямую зависит от ментальности народа и культуры страны, поскольку там существует так называемый «фактор стыда». Также в Японии существуют отдельные образования граждан по борьбе с преступностью с целью публичного осуждения, воздействие которых является фактором формирования у осужденных законопослушного поведения. Рассмотрение различных аспектов функционирования пенитенциарных систем зарубежных государств представляет особый интерес и значимость для возможного заимствования представителями отечественной уголовно-исполнительной системы. The article deals with the peculiarities of the implementation of public influence on convicts as a factor of their correction in foreign countries. In connection with the compliance of the administration of European prisons with international standards of execution of sentences, the influence of civil society institutions on convicts is quite effective. Thus, the features of the functioning of the UK penitentiary system in the sphere of interaction with public organizations are considered on the example of the Council of Prison Visitors. The authors analyze the interaction of penitentiary institutions of European states and the United States with various religious denominations, the result of which is a change in the worldview of convicts. In the United States, a model of social rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents is actively developing, with «community-based» methods of influence used as active methods. The authors of the article pay special attention to the experience of public influence on convicts in Japan. In this state, the approach to correction directly depends on the mentality of the people and the culture of the country, since there is a so-called «shame factor». Also in Japan, there are separate public education programs for citizens to fight crime for the purpose of public condemnation, the impact of which is a factor in the formation of law-abiding behavior in convicts. The consideration of various aspects of the functioning of the penitentiary systems of foreign countries is of particular interest and significance for possible borrowing by representatives of the domestic penal system.

The Urban Planning Principles of Low Impact Urban Development

2011 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 1095-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Dong ◽  
Wei Dong
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
The Road ◽  
Development Face ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

China’s natural resources and urban development face serious challenges, energy and environmental issues become increasingly prominent, forced us to reflect on the current model of urban development, exploring the new model of, taking the road of sustainable development. Low impact urban development can reduce the impact on the natural environment, maintain the natural ecological cycle of the city, and make the urban development in harmony with the natural environment. This article pointed out that we should apply the low impact development concepts into urban planning, discussed the urban planning principles and characteristics based on the concept of low impact urban development, made urban development established on the basis of the integration of natural environment, geography and climate, provided new opportunities for urban development.

scholarly journals Assessing the Hydrologic Performance of a Green Roof Retrofitting Scenario for a Small Urban Catchment

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Palla ◽  
Ilaria Gnecco ◽  
Paolo La Barbera
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Volume Reduction ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Continuous Simulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrologic Performance

In an existing urban environment, retrofitting low impact development (LID) solutions can provide an opportunity to address flooding and water quality problems. Taking into account the need to effectively estimate the impact of vegetated LIDs, particular attention has recently been given on the evapotranspiration (ET) process that is responsible for the restoring of green roof water-holding capacity. The present study aims to develop a methodological approach to estimate the actual ET as climate input data in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) continuous simulation. The proposed approach is calibrated on a single green roof installation based on one-minute continuous simulations over 26 years of climate records. Then the calibrated methodological approach has been implemented to perform continuous simulation of a small urban catchment retrofitted with green roofs. Based on simulation results, the peak and volume reduction rate evaluated for the 1433 rainfall events are equal to 0.3 on average (with maximum values of 0.96 for peak and 0.86 for volume). In general, the adopted methodology indicates that the actual ET estimate is needed to suitably assess the hydrologic performance of vegetated LIDs mainly concerning the volume reduction index; furthermore, the methodology can be easily replicated for other vegetated LID applications.

Mitigation: Learning From and Anticipating Crises

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elyse Zavar ◽  
Brendan Lavy
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
The Impact

Mitigation activities seek to lessen the impact of a hazard on a community, or eliminate the hazard altogether. Mitigation activities, techniques, and the policies that govern them have evolved over time as human populations learned from and anticipated future crises. Mitigation strategies in the early 1900s relied heavily on structural mitigation in the form of large public works projects, such as dams and sea walls, to control environmental systems and limit human exposure to environmental extremes. Yet these practices encouraged development in high-risk hazard-prone areas. Beginning in the 1950s and peaking in the 1990s, emphasis shifted to the use of non-structural mitigation techniques, including land use regulations and hazard insurance, to steer development away from high-risk landscapes. Policies enacted during this time period and large-scale disasters of the 21st century provide important lessons for mitigation and building resilience to future events. Studies of hurricane damage in the United States led to improved building codes, and underscore the importance of nature-based mitigation strategies. Nature-based solutions, such as ecological engineering, ecological restoration as well as blue and green infrastructure development, harness the environment’s own defenses to protect human populations. For example, after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and earthquake, research showed that strategically placed vegetation could slow and dissipate tsunami waves. The European Commission has also encouraged protecting, restoring, and enhancing environmental features to mitigate against hazards. Moreover, the emergence of the climate change crisis and its ongoing impacts have led environmental scientists, ecologists, and disaster scientists to associate mitigation with emerging concepts such as sustainability, adaptation, and resilience. This association has resulted in the incorporation of mitigation efforts in a variety of planning tools, including sustainability and climate adaptation plans. This shift has produced mitigation strategies that prioritize equity and justice in climate hazard mitigation policy and planning. The future of mitigation will rely on collaboration and cooperation across many allied fields to build sustainable and resilient communities that can adapt and respond to future crises.

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