scholarly journals A Comparison of Dietary Protein Digestibility, Based on DIAAS Scoring, in Vegetarian and Non-Vegetarian Athletes

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Ciuris ◽  
Heidi M. Lynch ◽  
Christopher Wharton ◽  
Carol S. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Vegetarian Diets

Vegetarian diets provide an abundance of nutrients when carefully planned. However, vegetarian diets may have lower protein quality compared to omnivorous diets, a reflection of less favorable amino acid profiles and bioavailability. Hence, the current recommended dietary allowance for protein may not be adequate for some vegetarian populations. The purpose of this study was to determine dietary protein quality using the DIAAS (Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score) method in vegetarian and omnivore endurance athletes. DIAAS scores reflect the true ileal digestibility of the indispensable amino acids that are present in food items, and these scores can be used to compute the available protein in diet plans. Thirty-eight omnivores and 22 vegetarians submitted seven-day food records that were analyzed for nutrient content, and DIAAS scores were computed by diet group. Average available protein (g) was compared along with participants’ lean body mass and strength (quantified using the peak torque of leg extension). DIAAS scores and available protein were higher for omnivorous versus vegetarian athletes (+11% and +43%, respectively, p < 0.05). Omnivorous participants had significantly higher lean body mass than vegetarian participants (+14%), and significant correlations existed between available protein and strength (r = 0.314) and available protein and lean body mass (r = 0.541). Based upon available protein, as determined through the DIAAS, vegetarian athletes in this study would need to consume, on average, an additional 10 g protein daily to reach the recommended intake for protein (1.2 g/kg/d). An additional 22 g protein daily would be needed to achieve an intake of 1.4 g/kg/d, the upper end of the recommended intake range.

scholarly journals Improving Dietary Protein Quality Reduces the Negative Effects of Physical Inactivity on Body Composition and Muscle Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1605-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J Arentson-Lantz ◽  
Elfego Galvan ◽  
Jennifer Ellison ◽  
Adam Wacher ◽  
Douglas Paddon-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Negative Effects

Abstract Background Brief periods of physical inactivity can compromise muscle health. Increasing dietary protein intake is potentially beneficial but complicated by difficulties reconciling anabolic potential with a realistic food volume and energy intake. We sought to determine whether increasing dietary protein quality could reduce the negative effects of physical inactivity. Methods Twenty healthy, older men and women completed 7 days of bed rest followed by 5 days of rehabilitation. Volunteers consumed a mixed macronutrient diet (MIXED: N = 10; 68 ± 2 years; 1,722 ± 29 kcal/day; 0.97 ± 0.01 g protein/kg/day) or an isoenergetic, whey-augmented, higher protein quality diet (WHEY: N = 10; 69 ± 1 years; 1,706 ± 23 kcal/day; 0.90 ± 0.01 g protein/kg/day). Outcomes included body composition, blood glucose, insulin, and a battery of physical function tests. Results During bed rest, both groups experienced a 20% reduction in knee extension peak torque (p < .05). The WHEY diet partially protected leg lean mass (−1,035 vs. −680 ± 138 g, MIXED vs. WHEY; p = .08) and contributed to a greater loss of body fat (−90 vs. −233 ± 152 g, MIXED vs. WHEY; p < .05). Following rehabilitation, knee extension peak torque in the WHEY group fully recovered (−10.0 vs. 2.2 ± 4.1 Nm, MIXED vs. WHEY; p = .05). Blood glucose, insulin, aerobic capacity, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) changes were similar in both dietary conditions (p > .05). Conclusions Improving protein quality without increasing total energy intake has the potential to partially counter some of the negative effects of bed rest in older adults.

Adaptation to Low Protein and Energy Intakes

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevin Scrimshaw ◽  
Vernon Young
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Reduced Physical Activity ◽  
Body Energy

This paper focuses on two principal issues. First, what are the consequences of low dietary protein and amino acid intakes? Second, what are the physiological and social limits to restricted energy intakes? The concepts of adaptation and accommodation are presented. It is suggested that the limit of adaptation to low dietary protein is achieved at the intake level considered minimally necessary to maintain health in well-nourished subjects, as judged by nitrogen balance, stable lean body mass and absence of functional impairment. For lower protein intakes survival is prolonged via an accommodation, involving loss of lean body mass and reduced rates of protein and amino acid turnover. There is only a limited metabolic capacity for adaptation to reduced energy intakes, but variations in the level and pattern of physical activity permit a maintenance of body energy balance over a broad range of energy intakes. Where reduced physical activity to balance restricted energy intakes has adverse social, cultural and/or economic consequences the response should be viewed as an accommodation and not as adaptation. The range of adaptation depends on the criteria of normality and the assessment of the biological and social costs of changes with low intakes.

scholarly journals Diet restriction and ageing in the dog: major observations over two decades

2007 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis F. Lawler ◽  
Brian T. Larson ◽  
Joan M. Ballam ◽  
Gail K. Smith ◽  
Darryl N. Biery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Pokeweed Mitogen ◽  
Diet Restriction ◽  
Cell Counts

This report reviews decade two of the lifetime diet restriction study of the dog. Labrador retrievers (n 48) were paired at age 6 weeks by sex and weight within each of seven litters, and assigned randomly within the pair to control-feeding (CF) or 25 % diet restriction (DR). Feeding began at age 8 weeks. The same diet was fed to all dogs; only the quantity differed. Major lifetime observations included 1·8 years longer median lifespan among diet-restricted dogs, with delayed onset of late life diseases, especially osteoarthritis. Long-term DR did not negatively affect skeletal maturation, structure or metabolism. Among all dogs, high static fat mass and declining lean body mass predicted death, most strongly at 1 year prior. Fat mass above 25 % was associated with increasing insulin resistance, which independently predicted lifespan and chronic diseases. Metabolizable energy requirement/lean body mass most accurately explained energy metabolism due to diet restriction; diet-restricted dogs required 17 % less energy to maintain each lean kilogram. Metabonomics-based urine metabolite trajectories reflected DR-related differences, suggesting that signals from gut microbiota may be involved in the DR longevity and health responses. Independent of feeding group, increased hazard of earlier death was associated with lower lymphoproliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen; lower total lymphocytes, T-cells, CD4 and CD8 cells; lower CD8 percentages and higher B-cell percentages. When diet group was taken into account, PWM responses and cell counts and percentages remained predictive of earlier death.

scholarly journals The Importance of Lean Body Mass for the Rate of Force Development in Taekwondo Athletes and Track and Field Throwers

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeliki Kavvoura ◽  
Nikolaos Zaras ◽  
Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki ◽  
Giannis Arnaoutis ◽  
Spyridon Methenitis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Force Development ◽  
The Relationship

The rate of force development (RFD) is vital for power athletes. Lean body mass (LBM) is considered to be an essential contributor to RFD, nevertheless high RFD may be achieved by athletes with either high or low LBM. The aim of the study was to describe the relationship between lower-body LBM and RFD, and to compare RFD in taekwondo athletes and track and field (T&F) throwers, the latter having higher LBM when compared to taekwondo athletes. Nine taekwondo athletes and nine T&F throwers were evaluated for countermovement jumping, isometric leg press and leg extension RFD, vastus lateralis (VL), and medial gastrocnemius muscle architecture and body composition. Lower body LBM was correlated with RFD 0–250 ms (r = 0.81, p = 0.016). Taekwondo athletes had lower LBM and jumping power per LBM. RFD was similar between groups at 30–50 ms, but higher for throwers at 80–250 ms. RFD adjusted for VL thickness was higher in taekwondo athletes at 30 ms, but higher in throwers at 200–250 ms. These results suggest that lower body LBM is correlated with RFD in power trained athletes. RFD adjusted for VL thickness might be more relevant to evaluate in power athletes with low LBM, while late RFD might be more relevant to evaluate in athletes with higher LBM.

scholarly journals Protein quality in experimental diets and amino acid digestibility

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 28-29
Author(s):  
Chan Sol Park ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Dietary Casein ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Digestibility of AA in feed ingredients for pigs has been generally determined by feeding semipurified diets containing test ingredients as a sole source of nitrogen. However, malnutrition caused by feeding semi-purified diets may affect the digestibility of AA. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are not affected by the addition of casein in experimental diets. In Exp. 1, 20 growing pigs were allotted to dietary treatments including 2 diets containing either 480 g/kg DDGS or 308 g/kg DDGS and 60 g/kg casein. The SID of Lys and Phe for DDGS in the diet containing casein were greater (P < 0.05) than those without casein. Exp. 2 was conducted with 20 growing pigs assigned to dietary treatments containing 0, 55, 110, or 165 g/kg casein while the concentration of DDGS decreased at 466.8, 311.2, 155.6, or 0 g/kg. The SID of most indispensable AA in DDGS linearly (P < 0.05) decreased with increasing concentration of casein. Experiment 3 was conducted to verify that the results of Exp. 1 were affected by the addition of casein or by the concentration of DDGS or both. Twenty growing pigs were assigned to dietary treatments prepared as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the concentration of DDGS at 466.8 or 155.6 g/kg and casein at 0 or 110 g/kg. The SID of most indispensable AA in DDGS at 466.8 g/kg were greater (P < 0.01) than in DDGS at 155.6 g/kg regardless of dietary casein. Overall, the addition of 60 g/kg casein to experimental diets may increase the SID of AA in low-protein quality ingredients but the addition of higher concentration of casein and low concentration of dietary protein from test ingredients may decrease the SID of AA.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Supplementation Increases Lean Body Mass, Basal Muscle Protein Synthesis, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Expression in Older Women

2009 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 1630-1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar L. Dillon ◽  
Melinda Sheffield-Moore ◽  
Douglas Paddon-Jones ◽  
Charles Gilkison ◽  
Arthur P. Sanford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Factor I

scholarly journals The amino acid-rich elemental diet Elental® preserves lean body mass during chemo- or chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 1093-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Ishikawa ◽  
Tomoyo Yasuda ◽  
Toshifumi Doi ◽  
Tetsuya Okayama ◽  
Naoyuki Sakamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Elemental Diet
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