scholarly journals Enzyme Activity Profiles Produced on Wood and Straw by Four Fungi of Different Decay Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana Veloz Villavicencio ◽  
Tuulia Mali ◽  
Hans K. Mattila ◽  
Taina Lundell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

Four well-studied saprotrophic Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes species with different decay strategies were cultivated on solid lignocellulose substrates to compare their extracellular decomposing carbohydrate-active and lignin-attacking enzyme production profiles. Two Polyporales species, the white rot fungus Phlebia radiata and brown rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola, as well as one Agaricales species, the intermediate “grey” rot fungus Schizophyllum commune, were cultivated on birch wood pieces for 12 weeks, whereas the second Agaricales species, the litter-decomposing fungus Coprinopsis cinerea was cultivated on barley straw for 6 weeks under laboratory conditions. During 3 months of growth on birch wood, only the white rot fungus P. radiata produced high laccase and MnP activities. The brown rot fungus F. pinicola demonstrated notable production of xylanase activity up to 43 nkat/mL on birch wood, together with moderate β-glucosidase and endoglucanase cellulolytic activities. The intermediate rot fungus S. commune was the strongest producer of β-glucosidase with activities up to 54 nkat/mL, and a notable producer of xylanase activity, even up to 620 nkat/mL, on birch wood. Low lignin-attacking but moderate activities against cellulose and hemicellulose were observed with the litter-decomposer C. cinerea on barley straw. Overall, our results imply that plant cell wall decomposition ability of taxonomically and ecologically divergent fungi is in line with their enzymatic decay strategy, which is fundamental in understanding their physiology and potential for biotechnological applications.

Fungal degradation of bamboo samples

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Schmidt ◽  
Dong Sheng Wei ◽  
Walter Liese ◽  
Elisabeth Wollenberg
Keyword(s):  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
Rate Of Decay ◽  
Severe Deterioration

Abstract The degradation of several Asian bamboo species by white-, brown-, and soft-rot fungi was investigated under laboratory conditions by means of different test methods. Severe deterioration was caused by all three fungi types. The bamboo species differed in durability. Samples from 6 months young culms decayed more than older ones. There were no significant differences between 1- and 3-year-old culms. Samples taken from the culm top were more vulnerable to decay than those from the bottom. Wet bamboo samples with soil contact were especially degraded by the white-rot fungus Schizophyllum commune, whereas the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana produced the greatest mass loss in drier samples. The sealing of bamboo crosscut ends reduced the rate of decay.

Mineralization of alachlor by lignin-degrading fungi

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 795-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Ferrey ◽  
William C. Koskinen ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette ◽  
Todd A. Burnes
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Wood Substrate ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Ceriporiopsis Subvermispora ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

White rot fungi were able to mineralize the aromatic ring carbon of alachlor to CO2. After 122 days, 14 and 12% of the alachlor that was initially present in malt extract cultures supplemented with a wood substrate was mineralized at room temperature by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Phlebia tremellosa, respectively. Although Phanerochaete chrysosporium mineralized alachlor at 25 °C, it did so more slowly than the other two white rot fungi. The brown rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola did not mineralize alachlor.Key words: alachlor, mineralization, white rot fungi, pesticide.

Effects of Decay on the Mechanical Properties of Nailed Joints in Light Wood Frame Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-57
Author(s):  
Ying Gao ◽  
Shiyi Mei ◽  
Xingxia Ma ◽  
Xinmiao Meng
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Correction Coefficient ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Linear Decline

Abstract For this study, spruce–pine–fir (Picea–Pinus–Abies [SPF]) specification material, oriented strand board (OSB), and domestic twisted nails that were driven vertically and perpendicular-to-grain were selected. Referring to GB/T 13942.1-2009, nailed joints specimens were exposed both to white rot fungus and brown rot fungus for 1 month to 6 months. The monotonous loading test was applied to the specimens based on ASTM D1761-88. The holding power of the nails and weight loss of both OSB and SPF were investigated. Theoretical maximum load of the nailed joints was calculated according to Eurocode5. Results illustrated that the load, stiffness, and energy consumption of the nailed joints showed significant linear decline with the decay time. A linear decline of the ductility coefficient was not obvious, and there was no obvious difference between white rot fungus and brown rot fungus. Effect of decay on the OSB was much greater than the impact on the SPF. The decay grade of the nailed joints was established according to the linear relationship between weight loss and maximum load. Based on Eurocode5, the study calculated the maximum load of the nailed joints and introduced the correction coefficient γ to better predict the maximum load.

scholarly journals Fungal decay resistance of wood reacted with phosphorus pentoxide-amine system

Holzforschung ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-L. Lee ◽  
G.C. Chen ◽  
R.M. Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Phosphorus Pentoxide ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Gloeophyllum Trabeum ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
Nitro Derivatives ◽  
Amine System

Abstract Resistance of wood reacted in situ with phosphorus pentoxide-amine to the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum and white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor was examined. Wood reacted with either octyl, tribromo, or nitro derivatives were more resistant to both fungi. Threshold retention values of phosphoramide-reacted wood to white-rot fungus T. versicolor ranged from 2.9 to 13.3 mmol, while these for brown-rot fungus G. trabeum ranged from 8.1 to 19.2 mmol. Wood reacted with phosphoramide tested to be more resistant to white-rot than brown-rot attack.

Combined effect of boron compounds and heat treatments on wood properties: Boron release and decay and termite resistance

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nami Kartal
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Coptotermes Formosanus ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Termite Resistance ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
Decay Tests

Abstract The decay and termite resistance of boric acid (BA)- and di-sodium octoborate tetrahydrate (DOT)-treated sugi sapwood was tested in the context of additional heat treatments at two temperature levels. Heat treatments had no effect on boron release and almost all boron was leached from specimens during a 10-day weathering period. Decay tests with the brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis palustris and the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and a 3-week termite resistance test with the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus were performed. Heat treatments did not increase the decay resistance of either BA- or DOT-treated specimens against the brown-rot fungus. However, the decay resistance of BA-treated specimens against the same fungus increased after heat treatment at 220°C for 2 h. Heat treatments at 180°C for 4 h and 220°C for 2 h also resulted in increased decay resistance of DOT-treated specimens against T. versi-color. Increased resistance against termite attack was observed only in DOT-treated specimens heated at 180°C for 4 h or at 220°C for 2 h. Accordingly, a synergistic effect between heat and DOT treatments was observed for resistance against white-rot decay and termites.

scholarly journals Durability and Fire Performance of Charred Wood Siding (Shou Sugi Ban)

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1262
Author(s):  
Laura Hasburgh ◽  
Samuel Zelinka ◽  
Amy Bishell ◽  
Grant Kirker
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Soil Block ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
Charred Wood

Shou sugi ban, also known as yakisugi, or just sugi ban, is an aesthetic wood surface treatment that involves charring the surface of dimensional lumber, such as exterior cladding. The goal of this research is to examine the effect of shou sugi ban on the flammability and decay resistance of wood. Several species and variants of commercially available sugi ban were tested. The flammability was examined from the heat release rate curves using the oxygen consumption method and cone calorimeter. Durability was examined with a soil block assay for one white-rot fungus and one brown-rot fungus. The testing showed that the shou sugi ban process did not systematically improve the flammability or durability of the siding

scholarly journals INFLUENCES OF ETHYLENE STIMULATION OF RUBBER TREES (Hevea brasilliensis) ON THE EXTRACTIVES AND FUNGAL RESISTANCE OF LUMBER

CERNE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Banyat Cherdchim ◽  
Jareeya Satansat
Keyword(s):  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fungal Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
Wood Extracts ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT Ethylene stimulation increases the rubber latex yield of live rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis). Lumber samples from ethylene treated rubberwood (TRW) and from untreated rubberwood (URW) were compared mainly for their resistance to fungi, differences in the chemical composition between TRW and URW, and the antifungal activities of their aqueous extracts. The TRW had significantly higher lignin and extractives contents than the URW, but the TRW had comparatively poor resistance to fungal rotting. The white rot fungus Ganoderma lucidum and the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum striantum caused in vitro significantly higher mass loss in TRW than in URW. This might be related to the phenolic compounds 2,4-ditert-butylphenol and 4-hydroxy-3,5- dimethoxy-benzaldehyde. The aqueous wood extracts strongly inhibited growth of G. lucidum, with lesser effects on the other fungi tested. Caffeine was detected in the TRW, but not the URW. However, the caffeine degraded so quickly that it had no effect on the 6 and 12 weeks fungal resistances of wood samples.

scholarly journals Isolation and identification of the antibacterial compounds in Coptis chinensis for the preservation of wood

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 2346-2368
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Binhui Li ◽  
Xiaoqi Zhao ◽  
Shiming Ren ◽  
Yamei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Bacteriostatic Effect ◽  
Coptis Chinensis ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Berberine Hydrochloride ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

Wood is a biomass material that is easily eroded by wood-rotting fungi. Coptis chinensis is a natural green plant, which has an inhibitory effect on most microorganisms. Based on the highly toxic effects of the currently used wood chemical preservatives on humans, animals, and the environment, Coptis chinensis was selected to perform decay resistance experiments of wood in this paper. The active ingredients with bacteriostatic properties in Coptis chinensis were separated and screened via chemical treatment, and their structure was identified via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The primary bacteriostatic components in Coptis chinensis were berberine hydrochloride, palmatine, and jatrorrhizine. The bacteriostatic zone experiment with a single component and different compounds for white-rot and brown-rot fungus were tested by the disc agar diffusion method. The bacteriostatic effect of berberine hydrochloride in a single active fraction was better. The three-fraction compound had the best bacteriostatic effect and was equivalent to alkaline copper quaternary. The natural active bacteriostatic fractions in Coptis chinensis had noticeable inhibitory effects on white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd) and brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers.) Murrill). The minimum bacteriostatic concentration was 0.01 g/mL. The results showed that Coptis extracts had potential as a wood protectant.

Investigation of fungal decay of poplar wood treated with pistachio resin

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 779-788
Author(s):  
Maede Ahadnezhad ◽  
Soheila Izadyar ◽  
Davood Efhamisisi
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Trametes Versicolor ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Poplar Wood ◽  
Fungal Decay ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

The density, swelling, and fungal decay of poplar (Populus deltoides) wood treated with pistachio resin (PR) obtained from Pistacia atlantica were investigated. The white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana were used. Methanolic solutions of PR with different concentrations of 1%, 6%, 12%, and 15% were used as the preservative solution. Wood samples were saturated by two different vacuum/pressure (V/P) and dipping methods. The density, volumetric swelling of treated wood, and their mass loss (ML) caused by fungal decay were determined. The density of treated species increased to 15.4% and 5.8% for V/P and dipping methods, respectively, at 15% PR concentration. The volumetric swelling of the treated samples was reduced to 24.5% and 16.8% for V/P and dipping procedure, respectively, at 15% PR concentration. The mass loss of treated samples after exposure to T. versicolor was less than the untreated one (17.4% for V/P and 22.6% for dipping methods at 15% PR concentration). The results showed the better performance of V/P treatment in promotion of wood durability against fungal decay than the dipping method.

scholarly journals Aspects Determining the Dominance of Fomitopsis pinicola in the Colonization of Deadwood and the Role of the Pathogenicity Factor Oxalate

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Gramss
Keyword(s):  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wood Dust ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Steady State Mode ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola

Carbon and mineral cycling in sustainable forest systems depends on a microbiome of basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, litter-degrading saprobes, ectomycorrhizal, and mycoparasitic fungi that constitute a deadwood degrading consortium. The brown rot basidiomycete Fomitopsis pinicola (Swartz: Fr.) P. Karsten (Fp), as an oxalate-producing facultative pathogen, is an early colonizer of wounded trees and fresh deadwood. It replaces basidiomycetous white rot fungi and non-basidiomycetous fungal phyla in the presence of its volatilome, but poorly in its absence. With the goal of determining its dominance over the most competitive basidiomycetes and its role in fungal successions within the forest microbiome in general, Fp was exposed to the white rot fungus Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.: Fr.) Singer & Smith (Km) in aseptic dual culture established on fertilized 100 mm-long wood dust columns in glass tubes with the inclusion of their volatilomes. For the mycelia approaching from the opposite ends of the wood dust columns, the energy-generating systems of laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP), the virulence factor oxalate, and the exhalation of terpenes were determined by spectrophotometry, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Km mycelia perceived the approaching Fp over 20 mm of non-colonized wood dust, reduced the laccase activity to 25%, and raised MnP to 275%–500% by gaining energy and presumably by controlling oxalate, H2O2, and the dropping substrate pH caused by Fp. On mycelial contact, Km stopped Fp, secured its substrate sector with 4 mm of an impermeable barrier region during an eruption of antimicrobial bisabolenes, and dropped from the invasion mode of substrate colonization into the steady state mode of low metabolic and defensive activity. The approaching Fp raised the oxalate production throughout to >20 g kg−1 to inactivate laccase and caused, with pH 1.4–1.7, lethal conditions in its substrate sector whose physiological effects on Km could be reproduced with acidity conditions incited by HCl. After a mean lag phase of 11 days, Fp persisting in a state of high metabolic activity overgrew and digested the debilitated Km thallus and terminated the production of oxalate. It is concluded that the factors contributing to the competitive advantage of F. pinicola in the colonization of wounded trees and pre-infected deadwood are the drastic long-term acidification of the timber substrate, its own insensitivity to extremely low pH conditions, its efficient control of the volatile mono- and sesquiterpenes of timber and microbial origin, and the action of a undefined blend of terpenes and allelopathic substances.

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