scholarly journals Aspects Determining the Dominance of Fomitopsis pinicola in the Colonization of Deadwood and the Role of the Pathogenicity Factor Oxalate

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Gramss
Keyword(s):  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wood Dust ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Steady State Mode ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola

Carbon and mineral cycling in sustainable forest systems depends on a microbiome of basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, litter-degrading saprobes, ectomycorrhizal, and mycoparasitic fungi that constitute a deadwood degrading consortium. The brown rot basidiomycete Fomitopsis pinicola (Swartz: Fr.) P. Karsten (Fp), as an oxalate-producing facultative pathogen, is an early colonizer of wounded trees and fresh deadwood. It replaces basidiomycetous white rot fungi and non-basidiomycetous fungal phyla in the presence of its volatilome, but poorly in its absence. With the goal of determining its dominance over the most competitive basidiomycetes and its role in fungal successions within the forest microbiome in general, Fp was exposed to the white rot fungus Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.: Fr.) Singer & Smith (Km) in aseptic dual culture established on fertilized 100 mm-long wood dust columns in glass tubes with the inclusion of their volatilomes. For the mycelia approaching from the opposite ends of the wood dust columns, the energy-generating systems of laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP), the virulence factor oxalate, and the exhalation of terpenes were determined by spectrophotometry, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Km mycelia perceived the approaching Fp over 20 mm of non-colonized wood dust, reduced the laccase activity to 25%, and raised MnP to 275%–500% by gaining energy and presumably by controlling oxalate, H2O2, and the dropping substrate pH caused by Fp. On mycelial contact, Km stopped Fp, secured its substrate sector with 4 mm of an impermeable barrier region during an eruption of antimicrobial bisabolenes, and dropped from the invasion mode of substrate colonization into the steady state mode of low metabolic and defensive activity. The approaching Fp raised the oxalate production throughout to >20 g kg−1 to inactivate laccase and caused, with pH 1.4–1.7, lethal conditions in its substrate sector whose physiological effects on Km could be reproduced with acidity conditions incited by HCl. After a mean lag phase of 11 days, Fp persisting in a state of high metabolic activity overgrew and digested the debilitated Km thallus and terminated the production of oxalate. It is concluded that the factors contributing to the competitive advantage of F. pinicola in the colonization of wounded trees and pre-infected deadwood are the drastic long-term acidification of the timber substrate, its own insensitivity to extremely low pH conditions, its efficient control of the volatile mono- and sesquiterpenes of timber and microbial origin, and the action of a undefined blend of terpenes and allelopathic substances.

Iron and calcium translocation from pure gypsum and iron-amended gypsum by two brown rot fungi and a white rot fungus

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Schilling ◽  
Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Irpex Lacteus ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Ca Oxalate ◽  
Iron And Calcium

AbstractWood-degrading fungi commonly grow in contact with calcium (Ca)-containing building materials and may import Ca and iron (Fe) from soil into forest woody debris. For brown rot fungi, imported Ca2+may neutralize oxalate, while Fe3+may facilitate Fenton-based degradation mechanisms. We previously demonstrated, in two independent trials, that degradation of spruce by wood-degrading fungi was not promoted when Ca or Fe were imported from gypsum or metallic Fe, respectively. Here, we tested pine wood with lower endogenous Ca than the spruce blocks used in prior experiments, and included a pure gypsum treatment and one amended with 1% with FeSO4. Electron microscopy with microanalysis verified that brown rot fungiSerpula himantioidesandGloeophyllum trabeumand the white rot fungusIrpex lacteusgrew on gypsum and produced iron-free Ca-oxalate crystals away from the gypsum surface. Wood cation analysis verified significant Fe import by both brown rot isolates in Fe-containing treatments. Wood degradation was highest in Fe-gypsum-containing treatments for all three fungi, although only wood degraded byI. lacteushad significant Ca import. We suggest that Fe impurities may not exacerbate brown rot, and that both brown and white rot fungi may utilize Ca-containing materials.

scholarly journals Antifungal activities of Cunninghamia lanceolata heartwood extractives

BioResources ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 606-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Shujun Li ◽  
Camille Freitag ◽  
J. J. Morrell
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Antifungal Activities

Three extractives from China-fir were obtained by a sequential extraction processes with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The components of the three extractives were analyzed: (1) The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that in addition to the presence of cedrol, naphthalenes comprised a relatively large percentage of both the hexane extract (10.39%) and the ethyl acetate extract (9.43%). (2) Total phenolic contents analysis showed that phenols took up 6.66 % of the ethyl acetate extract and 22.8% of the methanol extract. All extracts, even with low concentrations, presented fair antifungal activities against two white-rot fungi, Trametes versicolor and Irpex lacteusand two brown-rot fungi, Postia placenta and Gloeophyllum trabeum. Cedrol and naphthalenes were partly responsible for the bioactivities. The synergistic effect of phenols and antifungal compounds also contributed to the wood decay resistance.

Mineralization of alachlor by lignin-degrading fungi

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 795-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Ferrey ◽  
William C. Koskinen ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette ◽  
Todd A. Burnes
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Wood Substrate ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Ceriporiopsis Subvermispora ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

White rot fungi were able to mineralize the aromatic ring carbon of alachlor to CO2. After 122 days, 14 and 12% of the alachlor that was initially present in malt extract cultures supplemented with a wood substrate was mineralized at room temperature by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Phlebia tremellosa, respectively. Although Phanerochaete chrysosporium mineralized alachlor at 25 °C, it did so more slowly than the other two white rot fungi. The brown rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola did not mineralize alachlor.Key words: alachlor, mineralization, white rot fungi, pesticide.

scholarly journals Enzyme Activity Profiles Produced on Wood and Straw by Four Fungi of Different Decay Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana Veloz Villavicencio ◽  
Tuulia Mali ◽  
Hans K. Mattila ◽  
Taina Lundell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

Four well-studied saprotrophic Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes species with different decay strategies were cultivated on solid lignocellulose substrates to compare their extracellular decomposing carbohydrate-active and lignin-attacking enzyme production profiles. Two Polyporales species, the white rot fungus Phlebia radiata and brown rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola, as well as one Agaricales species, the intermediate “grey” rot fungus Schizophyllum commune, were cultivated on birch wood pieces for 12 weeks, whereas the second Agaricales species, the litter-decomposing fungus Coprinopsis cinerea was cultivated on barley straw for 6 weeks under laboratory conditions. During 3 months of growth on birch wood, only the white rot fungus P. radiata produced high laccase and MnP activities. The brown rot fungus F. pinicola demonstrated notable production of xylanase activity up to 43 nkat/mL on birch wood, together with moderate β-glucosidase and endoglucanase cellulolytic activities. The intermediate rot fungus S. commune was the strongest producer of β-glucosidase with activities up to 54 nkat/mL, and a notable producer of xylanase activity, even up to 620 nkat/mL, on birch wood. Low lignin-attacking but moderate activities against cellulose and hemicellulose were observed with the litter-decomposer C. cinerea on barley straw. Overall, our results imply that plant cell wall decomposition ability of taxonomically and ecologically divergent fungi is in line with their enzymatic decay strategy, which is fundamental in understanding their physiology and potential for biotechnological applications.

Decolorization of the polymeric dye Poly R-478 by wood-inhabiting fungi

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 811-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Freitag ◽  
Jeffrey J. Morrell
Keyword(s):  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Lignin Peroxidase ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Dye Decolorization ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Polymeric Dye

Decolorization of the polymeric dye Poly R-478, an indicator of phenoloxidase activity, was examined as a potential method for separating white- and brown-rot fungi taxonomically and for screening for ligninolytic capability. In plate tests, decolorization proceeded more slowly than radial growth, which indicates that decolorizing enzymes are associated with growing and developed hyphae. Strains of the same species differed in decolorizing ability, but as expected, there were no differences between monokaryons and dikaryons of the same species. Raising the temperature from 20 to 40 °C usually increased the decolorization rate, but less than it increased the growth rate. Most brown-rot, soft-rot, or xylophilous fungi did not decolorize the dye, but 16 of 47 brown-rot fungi weakly decolorized the dye at 20 or 30 °C. Aspergillus niger and one Henningsomyces sp. also decolorized the dye. Studies with the brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Fomitopsis pinicola on liquid media revealed no lignin peroxidase or manganese-dependent peroxidase activity, although nonspecific peroxidase activity was detected. Poly R-478 proved useful for selecting most white-rot fungi; however, some brown-rot fungi also reacted positively in these tests. Further studies on the pathways and mechanisms of dye decolorization by brown-rot fungi are recommended. Key words: brown rot, white rot, polymeric dyes, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase.

Decay of date palm wood by white-rot and brown-rot fungi

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Adaskaveg ◽  
R. A. Blanchette ◽  
R. L. Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Selective Delignification

Wood from trunks of Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) was decayed for 12 weeks with white-rot fungi (Ganoderma colossum, G. zonatum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Scytinostroma galactinum, or Trametes versicolor) or brown-rot fungi (Wolfiporia cocos, Gloeophyllum trabeum, or Fomitopsis pinicola). Using the vermiculite-block assay, white-rot fungi caused significantly more weight loss (63%) than brown-rot fungi (32%). Of the white-rot fungi, G. colossum caused the greatest weight loss (81%), while S. galactinum caused the least (36%). In contrast, weight loss caused by the brown-rot fungi was similar. Chemical analyses indicated that both white-rot and brown-rot fungi caused losses of starch, holocellulose, and lignin. White-rot fungi, however, removed greater amounts of lignin than the brown-rot fungi with three species, S. galactinum, P. chrysosporium, and G. zonatum, causing selective delignification. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that phloem and parenchyma cells were more susceptible to decay than xylem and fiber cells. Starch grains were degraded by all fungi and were nearly removed in wood decayed by G. colossum. In wood decayed by white-rot fungi, cell walls were eroded and middle lamellae were degraded. Selective delignification was observed in fibers adjacent to vascular tissue in wood decayed by the three white-rot fungi. In wood decayed by brown-rot fungi, walls of ground parenchyma and vascular bundle cells were swollen and fragmented when physically disrupted. In wood decayed by F. pinicola, some cell walls were nearly disintegrated. Key words: selective delignification, simultaneous decay, ultrastructure.

Degradation of the lignocellulose complex in wood

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 999-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Type I

Degradation of the lignocellulose complex in wood varies depending on the microorganism causing decay. The degradative processes of white-, brown-, and soft-rot fungi as well as different forms of bacterial degradation are presented. Ultrastructural methods were used to elucidate cell-wall alterations that occurred during the various stages of decay. In wood inoculated with the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, changes in the cell wall, such as electron-dense zones after staining with uranyl acetate, were evident during incipient stages of decay. The ratio of syringyl:guaiacyl lignin of different woods, different cell types, and even the different layers within a cell wall influenced the type and extent of decay by white-rot fungi. Soft rots caused unique changes in the lignocellulose matrix. The type of wood substrate governed the form (type I or type II) of soft rot that occurred. Brown-rot fungi depolymerized cellulose early in the decay process and degraded cellulose without prior removal of lignin. Bacterial degradation was common in waterlogged woods and three forms, tunneling, erosion and cavitation, are discussed. In addition to an improved understanding of decay processes in living trees and forest products, knowledge of decomposition mechanisms is important to utilize effectively these microorganisms for new industrial bioprocessing technologies. Key words: biodegradation, white rot, brown rot, soft rot, bacterial degradation.

Decay resistance of wood treated with amino-silicone compounds

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Weigenand ◽  
Miha Humar ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel ◽  
Holger Militz ◽  
Carsten Mai
Keyword(s):  
Beech Wood ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
European Standard ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Amino Silicone

AbstractAn amino-silicone (AS; amino-polydimethylsiloxane) micro-emulsion was tested for its suitability to preserve wood against basidiomycetes in a mini-block experiment and in a test according to the European standard (1996) EN 113. Decay resistance was assessed against the white rot fungiTrametes versicolor,Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, andHypoxylon fragiforme, as well as the brown rot fungiConiophora puteana,Antrodia vaillantii,Gloeophyllum trabeumandSerpula lacrymans. Pine sapwood and beech wood were treated with AS emulsions at solute concentration levels of 2%, 5% and 15%. The mini-blocks treated with 15% concentrations of AS resisted decay byT. versicolorandC. puteanaover a long time (12 weeks), while samples treated with low and moderate concentrations underwent considerable mass losses. Accordingly, microscopic studies revealed a high degree of colonisation by the white rot fungus and loss of cell wall integrity (brown rot) in samples treated with 2% AS. At high AS content (15%), no or only initial stages of decay could be observed. In the European standard (1996) test EN 113, the mass loss in all fungal cultures except for the white rot ascomyceteH. fragiformewas below 5%, when the samples were treated with 15% AS. The effect of low and moderate AS concentration on the decay resistance was dependent on the fungal strain. The mode of action of AS treatment against basidiomycete decay is discussed.

scholarly journals The decomposition of wood mass under conditions of climax spruce stands and related mycoflora in the Krkonoše Mountains

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Janovský ◽  
A. Vágner ◽  
J. Apltauer
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Wood Decomposition ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Spruce Stands

The mycoflora was investigated under the conditions of climax spruce stands in the Krkonoše Mountains in relation to wood decomposition. The areas under observation have been affected more or less by air pollution since the eighties. The average mass of deadwood found on the plots is 124 m<sup>3</sup> per ha – the mass of fallen trunks is about 32 m3 per ha, mean value from total average. About 128 species of macrofungi were identified that besides others included 43 species of wood-decaying fungi. Also 54 mycorrhizal species were identified. Among the mycorrhizal fungi about 10 species were dominant, such as Laccaria laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Cooke, Lactarius helvus Fr., Lactarius mitissimus Fr., Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr., Russula emetica (Schaeff.: Fr.) Pers. and Russula ochroleuca Pers. etc. Concerning the volume of decomposed wood on monitored plots in climax spruce stands, the prevalent wood-decaying fungi are brown rot fungi. The proportion of brown rot fungi in wood decomposition is 60–95% of deadwood mass on the plots of climax spruce stands. A dominant species is Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) P. Karst. causing the brown rot. Concerning the group of white rot fungi, the most important is Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. &amp; Schw.: Fr.) Fr., participating by 17% in wood decomposition on plots damaged by deer.

The Onset of Lignin-Modifying Enzymes, Decrease of AOX and Color Removal by White-Rot Fungi Grown on Bleach Plant Effluents

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Lankinen ◽  
M. M. Inkeröinen ◽  
J. Pellinen ◽  
A. I. Hatakka
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Peroxidase ◽  
Active Form ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Color Removal ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Lignin Peroxidases ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents

Decrease of adsorbable organic chlorine (AOX) is becoming the most important criterion for the efficiency of pulp mill effluent treatment in the 1990s. Two methods, designated MYCOR and MYCOPOR which utilize the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium have earlier been developed for the color removal of pulp mill effluents, but the processes have also a capacity to decrease the amount of chlorinated organic compounds. Lignin peroxidases (ligninases) produced by P. chrvsosporium may dechlorinate chlorinated phenols. In this work possibilities to use selected white-rot fungi in the treatment of E1-stage bleach plant effluent were studied. Phlebia radiata. Phanerochaete chrvsosporium and Merulius (Phlebia) tremellosus were compared in shake flasks for their ability to produce laccase, lignin peroxidase(s) and manganese-dependent peroxidase(s) and to remove color from a medium containing effluent. Softwood bleaching effluents were treated by carrier-immobilized P. radiata in 2 1 bioreactors and a 10 1 BiostatR -fermentor. Dechlorination was followed using Cl ion and AOX determinations. All fungi removed the color of the effluent. In P. radiata cultivations AOX decrease was ca. 4 mg l−1 in one day. Apparent lignin peroxidase activities as determined by veratryl alcohol oxidation method were negligible or zero in a medium with AOX content of ca. 60 mg l−1, prepared using about 20 % (v/v) of softwood effluent. However, the purification of extracellular enzymes implied that large amounts of lignin peroxidases were present in the medium and, after the purification, in active form. Enzyme proteins were separated using anion exchange chromatography, and they were further characterized by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to reveal the kind of enzymes that were present during AOX decrease and color removal. The most characteristic lignin peroxidase isoenzymes in effluent media were LiP2 and LiP3.

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