Mineralization of alachlor by lignin-degrading fungi

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 795-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Ferrey ◽  
William C. Koskinen ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette ◽  
Todd A. Burnes
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Wood Substrate ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Ceriporiopsis Subvermispora ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

White rot fungi were able to mineralize the aromatic ring carbon of alachlor to CO2. After 122 days, 14 and 12% of the alachlor that was initially present in malt extract cultures supplemented with a wood substrate was mineralized at room temperature by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Phlebia tremellosa, respectively. Although Phanerochaete chrysosporium mineralized alachlor at 25 °C, it did so more slowly than the other two white rot fungi. The brown rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola did not mineralize alachlor.Key words: alachlor, mineralization, white rot fungi, pesticide.

Variation in germination percentage of basidiospores collected successively from wood decay fungi in culture

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Schmidt ◽  
D. W. French
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Successive collections of basidiospores, produced in culture from the same hymenial areas of four species of wood decay fungi, were tested for spore germination percentage on malt extract agar under controlled conditions. Spores from white rot fungi retained high germination levels after 5 weeks of spore production, but germination averages for brown rot fungi decreased by more than 50%. Such variation should be considered in wood pathology research using spore germination bioassay.

scholarly journals Potensi fungi pelapuk putih asal lingkungan tropik untuk bioremediasi herbisida The potential white-rot fungi native of tropical environment for herbicides bioremediation

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laksmita Prima SANTI ◽  
Lisdar Idwan SUDIRMAN ◽  
Didiek Hadjar GOENADI
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Phanerochaete Chrysosporium ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Ceriporiopsis Subvermispora ◽  
Pleurocybella Porrigens

SummaryFungal treatment by using white-rot fungito reduce a wide variety of herbicide com-pounds is a specialized bioremediation pro-cess. A laboratory experiment was conductedto determine the ability of Phanerochaetechrysosporium, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora,and Pleurocybella porrigens and seven white-rot fungi isolated from a native of tropicalenvironment to grow on yeast malt extractglucose (YMG) agar containing highconcentration of (I) 2,4-dichlorophenoxy aceticacid, (R) glyphosate, and (G) paraquat. Thedata indicated that P. chrysosporium couldgrow on YMG media containing 5000 ppm of(I) 2,4-D, whereas BPBPI 02/04 isolate onYMG 250 ppm of (R) glyphosate or (G)paraquat. Relative values of growth inhibitionof these fungi are 81.1; 27.8; and 50.0%respectively. Biodegradation capability ofherbicides by candidate inoculants in soil-sandmedia was also determined in greenhouseexperiment by using peanut, sorghum, corn,and Borreria alata as bio-indicators. Peanutand B. alata were found to be the bestresponsive seedlings as bio-indicator on thepresence of (I) 2,4-D herbicide in soil-sandmedia.RingkasanTeknologi bioremediasi dengan fungipelapuk putih (FPP) digunakan untuk me-reduksi sejumlah senyawa herbisida. Kegiatanpenelitian yang dilakukan di laboratoriumbertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan tum-buh Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Ceripo-riopsis subvermispora, dan Pleurocybellaporrigens serta tujuh isolat FPP yang diperolehdari lingkungan tropik secara in vitro padamedium agar yeast malt extract glucose(YMG) yang mengandung (I) 2,4-dikloro-fenoksi asam asetat, (R) glifosat, dan (G)parakuat konsentrasi tinggi. Dari data yangdiperoleh, diketahui bahwa Ph. chrysosporiummemiliki kemampuan tumbuh dalam mediumpadat YMG yang mengandung 5000 ppm (I)2,4-D dan isolat BPBPI 02/04 pada 250 ppm(R) glifosat dan (G) parakuat dengan nilaihambatan pertumbuhan relatif terhadap kontrol(HPR) masing-masing 81,1; 27,8; dan 50,0%.Pengujian isolat terpilih terhadap kemampuanmendegradasi herbisida di dalam mediumtanah dan pasir juga dilakukan di rumah kacadengan menggunakan kacang tanah, sorgum,jagung, dan Boreria alata sebagai bioindikator.Kacang tanah dan B. alata memberikan responterbaik terhadap keberadaan herbisida (I) 2,4-Ddi dalam medium tanah dan pasir .

scholarly journals Potensi fungi pelapuk putih asal lingkungan tropik untuk bioremediasi herbisida The potential white-rot fungi native of tropical environment for herbicides bioremediation

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laksmita Prima SANTI ◽  
Lisdar Idwan SUDIRMAN ◽  
Didiek Hadjar GOENADI
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Phanerochaete Chrysosporium ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Ceriporiopsis Subvermispora ◽  
Pleurocybella Porrigens

SummaryFungal treatment by using white-rot fungito reduce a wide variety of herbicide com-pounds is a specialized bioremediation pro-cess. A laboratory experiment was conductedto determine the ability of Phanerochaetechrysosporium, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora,and Pleurocybella porrigens and seven white-rot fungi isolated from a native of tropicalenvironment to grow on yeast malt extractglucose (YMG) agar containing highconcentration of (I) 2,4-dichlorophenoxy aceticacid, (R) glyphosate, and (G) paraquat. Thedata indicated that P. chrysosporium couldgrow on YMG media containing 5000 ppm of(I) 2,4-D, whereas BPBPI 02/04 isolate onYMG 250 ppm of (R) glyphosate or (G)paraquat. Relative values of growth inhibitionof these fungi are 81.1; 27.8; and 50.0%respectively. Biodegradation capability ofherbicides by candidate inoculants in soil-sandmedia was also determined in greenhouseexperiment by using peanut, sorghum, corn,and Borreria alata as bio-indicators. Peanutand B. alata were found to be the bestresponsive seedlings as bio-indicator on thepresence of (I) 2,4-D herbicide in soil-sandmedia.RingkasanTeknologi bioremediasi dengan fungipelapuk putih (FPP) digunakan untuk me-reduksi sejumlah senyawa herbisida. Kegiatanpenelitian yang dilakukan di laboratoriumbertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan tum-buh Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Ceripo-riopsis subvermispora, dan Pleurocybellaporrigens serta tujuh isolat FPP yang diperolehdari lingkungan tropik secara in vitro padamedium agar yeast malt extract glucose(YMG) yang mengandung (I) 2,4-dikloro-fenoksi asam asetat, (R) glifosat, dan (G)parakuat konsentrasi tinggi. Dari data yangdiperoleh, diketahui bahwa Ph. chrysosporiummemiliki kemampuan tumbuh dalam mediumpadat YMG yang mengandung 5000 ppm (I)2,4-D dan isolat BPBPI 02/04 pada 250 ppm(R) glifosat dan (G) parakuat dengan nilaihambatan pertumbuhan relatif terhadap kontrol(HPR) masing-masing 81,1; 27,8; dan 50,0%.Pengujian isolat terpilih terhadap kemampuanmendegradasi herbisida di dalam mediumtanah dan pasir juga dilakukan di rumah kacadengan menggunakan kacang tanah, sorgum,jagung, dan Boreria alata sebagai bioindikator.Kacang tanah dan B. alata memberikan responterbaik terhadap keberadaan herbisida (I) 2,4-Ddi dalam medium tanah dan pasir .

scholarly journals Enzyme Activity Profiles Produced on Wood and Straw by Four Fungi of Different Decay Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana Veloz Villavicencio ◽  
Tuulia Mali ◽  
Hans K. Mattila ◽  
Taina Lundell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

Four well-studied saprotrophic Basidiomycota Agaricomycetes species with different decay strategies were cultivated on solid lignocellulose substrates to compare their extracellular decomposing carbohydrate-active and lignin-attacking enzyme production profiles. Two Polyporales species, the white rot fungus Phlebia radiata and brown rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola, as well as one Agaricales species, the intermediate “grey” rot fungus Schizophyllum commune, were cultivated on birch wood pieces for 12 weeks, whereas the second Agaricales species, the litter-decomposing fungus Coprinopsis cinerea was cultivated on barley straw for 6 weeks under laboratory conditions. During 3 months of growth on birch wood, only the white rot fungus P. radiata produced high laccase and MnP activities. The brown rot fungus F. pinicola demonstrated notable production of xylanase activity up to 43 nkat/mL on birch wood, together with moderate β-glucosidase and endoglucanase cellulolytic activities. The intermediate rot fungus S. commune was the strongest producer of β-glucosidase with activities up to 54 nkat/mL, and a notable producer of xylanase activity, even up to 620 nkat/mL, on birch wood. Low lignin-attacking but moderate activities against cellulose and hemicellulose were observed with the litter-decomposer C. cinerea on barley straw. Overall, our results imply that plant cell wall decomposition ability of taxonomically and ecologically divergent fungi is in line with their enzymatic decay strategy, which is fundamental in understanding their physiology and potential for biotechnological applications.

Decolorization of the polymeric dye Poly R-478 by wood-inhabiting fungi

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 811-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Freitag ◽  
Jeffrey J. Morrell
Keyword(s):  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Lignin Peroxidase ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Dye Decolorization ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Polymeric Dye

Decolorization of the polymeric dye Poly R-478, an indicator of phenoloxidase activity, was examined as a potential method for separating white- and brown-rot fungi taxonomically and for screening for ligninolytic capability. In plate tests, decolorization proceeded more slowly than radial growth, which indicates that decolorizing enzymes are associated with growing and developed hyphae. Strains of the same species differed in decolorizing ability, but as expected, there were no differences between monokaryons and dikaryons of the same species. Raising the temperature from 20 to 40 °C usually increased the decolorization rate, but less than it increased the growth rate. Most brown-rot, soft-rot, or xylophilous fungi did not decolorize the dye, but 16 of 47 brown-rot fungi weakly decolorized the dye at 20 or 30 °C. Aspergillus niger and one Henningsomyces sp. also decolorized the dye. Studies with the brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Fomitopsis pinicola on liquid media revealed no lignin peroxidase or manganese-dependent peroxidase activity, although nonspecific peroxidase activity was detected. Poly R-478 proved useful for selecting most white-rot fungi; however, some brown-rot fungi also reacted positively in these tests. Further studies on the pathways and mechanisms of dye decolorization by brown-rot fungi are recommended. Key words: brown rot, white rot, polymeric dyes, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase.

Decay of date palm wood by white-rot and brown-rot fungi

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Adaskaveg ◽  
R. A. Blanchette ◽  
R. L. Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Selective Delignification

Wood from trunks of Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) was decayed for 12 weeks with white-rot fungi (Ganoderma colossum, G. zonatum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Scytinostroma galactinum, or Trametes versicolor) or brown-rot fungi (Wolfiporia cocos, Gloeophyllum trabeum, or Fomitopsis pinicola). Using the vermiculite-block assay, white-rot fungi caused significantly more weight loss (63%) than brown-rot fungi (32%). Of the white-rot fungi, G. colossum caused the greatest weight loss (81%), while S. galactinum caused the least (36%). In contrast, weight loss caused by the brown-rot fungi was similar. Chemical analyses indicated that both white-rot and brown-rot fungi caused losses of starch, holocellulose, and lignin. White-rot fungi, however, removed greater amounts of lignin than the brown-rot fungi with three species, S. galactinum, P. chrysosporium, and G. zonatum, causing selective delignification. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that phloem and parenchyma cells were more susceptible to decay than xylem and fiber cells. Starch grains were degraded by all fungi and were nearly removed in wood decayed by G. colossum. In wood decayed by white-rot fungi, cell walls were eroded and middle lamellae were degraded. Selective delignification was observed in fibers adjacent to vascular tissue in wood decayed by the three white-rot fungi. In wood decayed by brown-rot fungi, walls of ground parenchyma and vascular bundle cells were swollen and fragmented when physically disrupted. In wood decayed by F. pinicola, some cell walls were nearly disintegrated. Key words: selective delignification, simultaneous decay, ultrastructure.

scholarly journals Aspects Determining the Dominance of Fomitopsis pinicola in the Colonization of Deadwood and the Role of the Pathogenicity Factor Oxalate

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Gramss
Keyword(s):  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wood Dust ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Steady State Mode ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola

Carbon and mineral cycling in sustainable forest systems depends on a microbiome of basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, litter-degrading saprobes, ectomycorrhizal, and mycoparasitic fungi that constitute a deadwood degrading consortium. The brown rot basidiomycete Fomitopsis pinicola (Swartz: Fr.) P. Karsten (Fp), as an oxalate-producing facultative pathogen, is an early colonizer of wounded trees and fresh deadwood. It replaces basidiomycetous white rot fungi and non-basidiomycetous fungal phyla in the presence of its volatilome, but poorly in its absence. With the goal of determining its dominance over the most competitive basidiomycetes and its role in fungal successions within the forest microbiome in general, Fp was exposed to the white rot fungus Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.: Fr.) Singer & Smith (Km) in aseptic dual culture established on fertilized 100 mm-long wood dust columns in glass tubes with the inclusion of their volatilomes. For the mycelia approaching from the opposite ends of the wood dust columns, the energy-generating systems of laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP), the virulence factor oxalate, and the exhalation of terpenes were determined by spectrophotometry, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Km mycelia perceived the approaching Fp over 20 mm of non-colonized wood dust, reduced the laccase activity to 25%, and raised MnP to 275%–500% by gaining energy and presumably by controlling oxalate, H2O2, and the dropping substrate pH caused by Fp. On mycelial contact, Km stopped Fp, secured its substrate sector with 4 mm of an impermeable barrier region during an eruption of antimicrobial bisabolenes, and dropped from the invasion mode of substrate colonization into the steady state mode of low metabolic and defensive activity. The approaching Fp raised the oxalate production throughout to >20 g kg−1 to inactivate laccase and caused, with pH 1.4–1.7, lethal conditions in its substrate sector whose physiological effects on Km could be reproduced with acidity conditions incited by HCl. After a mean lag phase of 11 days, Fp persisting in a state of high metabolic activity overgrew and digested the debilitated Km thallus and terminated the production of oxalate. It is concluded that the factors contributing to the competitive advantage of F. pinicola in the colonization of wounded trees and pre-infected deadwood are the drastic long-term acidification of the timber substrate, its own insensitivity to extremely low pH conditions, its efficient control of the volatile mono- and sesquiterpenes of timber and microbial origin, and the action of a undefined blend of terpenes and allelopathic substances.

scholarly journals The decomposition of wood mass under conditions of climax spruce stands and related mycoflora in the Krkonoše Mountains

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Janovský ◽  
A. Vágner ◽  
J. Apltauer
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Wood Decomposition ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Spruce Stands

The mycoflora was investigated under the conditions of climax spruce stands in the Krkonoše Mountains in relation to wood decomposition. The areas under observation have been affected more or less by air pollution since the eighties. The average mass of deadwood found on the plots is 124 m<sup>3</sup> per ha – the mass of fallen trunks is about 32 m3 per ha, mean value from total average. About 128 species of macrofungi were identified that besides others included 43 species of wood-decaying fungi. Also 54 mycorrhizal species were identified. Among the mycorrhizal fungi about 10 species were dominant, such as Laccaria laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Cooke, Lactarius helvus Fr., Lactarius mitissimus Fr., Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr., Russula emetica (Schaeff.: Fr.) Pers. and Russula ochroleuca Pers. etc. Concerning the volume of decomposed wood on monitored plots in climax spruce stands, the prevalent wood-decaying fungi are brown rot fungi. The proportion of brown rot fungi in wood decomposition is 60–95% of deadwood mass on the plots of climax spruce stands. A dominant species is Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) P. Karst. causing the brown rot. Concerning the group of white rot fungi, the most important is Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. &amp; Schw.: Fr.) Fr., participating by 17% in wood decomposition on plots damaged by deer.

Revalorizing Lignocellulose for the Production of Natural Pharmaceuticals and Other High Value Bioproducts

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 2475-2484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congqiang Zhang ◽  
Heng-Phon Too
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Thermocellum ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Natural Medicine ◽  
Renewable Natural Resource

Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable natural resource on earth and has been successfully used for the production of biofuels. A significant challenge is to develop cost-effective, environmentally friendly and efficient processes for the conversion of lignocellulose materials into suitable substrates for biotransformation. A number of approaches have been explored to convert lignocellulose into sugars, e.g. combining chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. In nature, there are organisms that can transform the complex lignocellulose efficiently, such as wood-degrading fungi (brown rot and white rot fungi), bacteria (e.g. Clostridium thermocellum), arthropods (e.g. termite) and certain animals (e.g. ruminant). Here, we highlight recent case studies of the natural degraders and the mechanisms involved, providing new utilities in biotechnology. The sugars produced from such biotransformations can be used in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology for the complete biosynthesis of natural medicine. The unique opportunities in using lignocellulose directly to produce natural drug molecules with either using mushroom and/or ‘industrial workhorse’ organisms (Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) will be discussed.

Aliphatic acids as spore germination inhibitors of wood-decay fungi in vitro

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmer L. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Aliphatic Acids ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Influences of eight saturated aliphatic acids (C5–C10, C12, and C16) on basidiospores of four isolates of wood-decay fungi (Poria tenuis and Trametes hispida, white rot fungi, and two isolates of the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum) were observed in vitro. Spore responses after 24 h on malt extract agar containing 10, 102 or 103 ppm of each acid included normal germination, delay of germ tube emergence, vacuolation and degeneration of spore cytoplasm, and prevention of germ tube development without spore destruction. Acids of chain length C5–C10 prevented spore germination and killed spores of all fungi at concentrations of 20–50 ppm in media, whereas other acids tested were less active. Spore germination assay of decay fungi may prove useful as a screening tool to compare potency of wood preservatives.

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