scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene: Additive Manufacturing by Multi Jet Fusion Technology

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2165
Author(s):  
Jiří Šafka ◽  
Michal Ackermann ◽  
Filip Véle ◽  
Jakub Macháček ◽  
Petr Henyš
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Fusion Technology ◽  
Hewlett Packard ◽  
The Given

Multi jet fusion (MJF) technology has proven its significance in recent years as this technology has continually increased its market share. Recently, polypropylene (PP) was introduced by Hewlett-Packard for the given technology. To our knowledge, little is known about the mechanical properties of polypropylene processed by MJF technology. During this study, standardised specimens were printed under all of the major orientations of the machine’s build space. Each of these orientations were represented by five samples. The specimens then underwent tensile, bending and Charpy impact tests to analyse their mechanical properties. The structural analysis was conducted to determine whether PP powder may be reused within the MJF process. The mechanical tests showed that the orientation of the samples significantly influences their mechanical response and must be carefully chosen to obtain the optimal mechanical properties of PP samples. We further showed that PP powder may be reused as the MJF process does not significantly alter its thermal and structural properties.

scholarly journals Mechanical Response of Ni-Based CU5MCuC Alloy to Different Stabilization Thermal Treatments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Gruttadauria ◽  
Silvia Barella ◽  
Claudia Fiocchi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Intergranular Corrosion ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Stabilization Treatment ◽  
Cr System

Abstract The Ni–Fe–Cr system is the basis of a series of commercial alloys featuring chemical–physical characteristics that allow them to be used in a variety of fields where excellent resistance to aggressive environments is required. In this scenario, the CU5MCuC alloy, the foundry counterpart of Alloy 825, is proving successful in the petrochemical field thanks to its good corrosion resistance in acidic and highly oxidizing environments. Intergranular corrosion resistance, critical for this material, is ensured by the stabilization treatment that allows precipitation of Nb carbides. Strengthening of this alloy takes place only via a solid solution. Therefore, its mechanical properties depend on the solution annealing treatment: often this treatment alone does not make it possible to reach the UTS imposed by the ASTM-A494 standard. In this work, the possibility of using stabilization treatment to increase mechanical strength as well was considered. Treatments, with different combinations of time and temperature, were carried out in order to modify the material’s microstructure. After the thermal treatments, microstructural analyses, mechanical tests and (pitting and intergranular) corrosion and resistance tests were carried out to identify optimal treatment parameters in order to promote the evolution of microstructural constituents capable of improving mechanical strength without decreasing corrosion resistance. The treatment that achieves the best compromise between mechanical properties and corrosion resistance is stabilization at 970 °C for 4 h.

scholarly journals Effects of Silicon Content and Tempering Temperature on the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of HT-9 Steels

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junkai Liu ◽  
Wenbo Liu ◽  
Zhe Hao ◽  
Tiantian Shi ◽  
Long Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Microstructural Evolution ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Martensitic Steels ◽  
Microscopic Mechanism ◽  
Tempering Temperature

Two kinds of experimental ferritic/martensitic steels (HT-9) with different Si contents were designed for the fourth-generation advanced nuclear reactor cladding material. The effects of Si content and tempering temperature on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of these HT-9 steel were studied. The microstructure of experimental steels after quenching and tempering were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); the mechanical properties were investigated by means of tensile test, Charpy impact test, and hardness test. The microscopic mechanism of how the microstructural evolution influences mechanical properties was also discussed. Both XRD and TEM results showed that no residual austenite was detected after heat treatment. The results of mechanical tests showed that the yield strength, tensile strength, and plasticity of the experimental steels with 0.42% (% in mass) Si are higher than that with 0.19% Si, whereas hardness and toughness did not change much; when tempered at 760 °C, the strength and hardness of the experimental steels decreased slightly compared with those tempered at 710 °C, whereas plasticity and toughness increased. Further analysis showed that after quenching at 1050 °C for 1 h and tempering at 760 °C for 1.5 h, the comprehensive mechanical properties of the 0.42% Si experimental steel are the best compared with other experimental steels.

scholarly journals Investigation of a Short Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polyamide and Comparison of Two Manufacturing Processes: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) and Polymer Injection Moulding (PIM)

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Verdejo de Toro ◽  
Juana Coello Sobrino ◽  
Alberto Martínez Martínez ◽  
Valentín Miguel Eguía ◽  
Jorge Ayllón Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Injection Moulding ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Polymer Injection ◽  
Fused Deposition

New technologies are offering progressively more effective alternatives to traditional ones. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is gaining importance in fields related to design, manufacturing, engineering and medicine, especially in applications which require complex geometries. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is framed within AM as a technology in which, due to their layer-by-layer deposition, thermoplastic polymers are used for manufacturing parts with a high degree of accuracy and minimum material waste during the process. The traditional technology corresponding to FDM is Polymer Injection Moulding, in which polymeric pellets are injected by pressure into a mould using the required geometry. The increasing use of PA6 in Additive Manufacturing makes it necessary to study the possibility of replacing certain parts manufactured by injection moulding with those created using FDM. In this work, PA6 was selected due to its higher mechanical properties in comparison with PA12. Moreover, its higher melting point has been a limitation for 3D printing technology, and a further study of composites made of PA6 using 3D printing processes is needed. Nevertheless, analysis of the mechanical response of standardised samples and the influence of the manufacturing process on the polyamide’s mechanical properties needs to be carried out. In this work, a comparative study between the two processes was conducted, and conclusions were drawn from an engineering perspective.

Electron and Laser Beam Additive Manufacturing with Wire - Comparison of Processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 799 ◽  
pp. 294-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Stanisław Węglowski ◽  
Sylwester Błacha ◽  
Robert Jachym ◽  
Jan Dutkiewicz ◽  
Łukasz Rogal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Laser Beam ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Metallographic Examination

Electron beam (EBAM) and laser beam (LBAM) additive manufacturing processes with a deposited material in the form of a wire are an efficient methods enabling the making of component parts. The scope of the presented work was to investigate the influence of technological process on microstructure and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, microhardness and elongation of the fabricated components. The achieved results and gained knowledge will enable the production of a whole structure from stainless steel in the future. The metallographic examination revealed that the microstructure is not fully homogenies, the cell-dendritic areas occurred. Moreover, the microhardness profiles indicated that some fluctuation in the microstructure as well as mechanical properties can be observed on the cross section of deposited components. However, the mechanical tests showed that the tensile strength as well as elongation fulfil the requirement of producer of deposited wire.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Evaluations of Heat Treated Dissimilar Metal Joint Weldment between API 5CT C90 and ASTM A182 F22

2012 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 335-340
Author(s):  
Mokhtar Awang ◽  
Mohd Hafiz Othman ◽  
Ku Zilati Ku Shaari ◽  
Mohd Noorfahmi Wichi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Charpy Impact Test ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Welded Pipe ◽  
Crucial Part ◽  
Hardness Values

In this research, post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of dissimilar API 5CT C90 and ASTM A182 F22 welded pipe was carried out at temperatures of 500, 600, 700 and 800°C. The effects of PWHT on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weldment were investigated. The mechanical tests and microstructure examinations were focused on the fusion line area of API 5CT C90 as this area is the most crucial part of the weldment. The main objective of this research is to assess the microstructure and mechanical properties of the dissimilar weldment. The results were then compared with NACE MR0175/ISO15156 code which requires hardness values below 275 Hv10 at a cap, below 250 Hv10 at a root and an average value 42 Joules at-20°C for charpy impact test [. The experimental results show that PWHT reduces the hardness value and increase the toughness of the weldment. Meanwhile, the optical microscopic examination shows that the higher the PWHT temperature, the coarser the grain size. The results showed that the 800°C PWHT specimen complied with the code.

Determination and Analysis of the Dynamic Loaded Screws by Structural Analysis, Fractography and Numerical Simulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 814 ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Kutin ◽  
Milan Prokolab ◽  
Marko Ristic ◽  
Ana Alil ◽  
Bojan Gligorijevic
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Testing ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Paper Analysis ◽  
Materials Testing ◽  
Dynamically Loaded ◽  
Light Optical Microscope

This paper analysis the causes dynamically loaded screws failure, using the structural analysis of mechanical properties and numerical simulation. The comparison with the new unbroken screws, which were not in use, has been done to determine the condition of the broken (dynamically loaded) ones. Analysis was performed, according to the following test methods and activities: non-destructive testing, visual inspection, radiographic testing, chemical analysis of screws sample materials, mechanical properties of screws' materials. Structure analysis of screws materials: Testing macrostructure (light optical microscope, SEM-EDS) examination of the microstructure (light optical microscope, SEM-EDS), fractographic examination. Numerical simulation of the stress state of the dynamically loaded screws was done in CATIA software package, and it was identical to the bolt loads, during service exploitation. The results between numerical simulation and structural analysis were quite coinciding - the difference is about 8-10%, which is pretty good for these types of experiments. Such an overlap, says that the stress value at the very screws is reliable and give us a true picture of loadings. Structural mechanical tests have shown a very pronounced effect of dynamic loads, that large shear stress shows also as a good agreement, where between the stresses, obtained by numerical simulation and structural mechanical testing. Analysing the results, obtained by numerical simulation and structural mechanical testing were performed with the redistribution of critical stresses, and proposal for the structure optimization. The comparative analysis methods have been provided the precise prediction of fracture appearance and made possible to define the preventive measures.

scholarly journals Effect of Stacking Sequence and Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment on Quasi-Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Flax/Jute Epoxy-Based Composites

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Fiore ◽  
Luigi Calabrese
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate Solution ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical

The present paper deals with the investigation of quasi-static and dynamic mechanical response of epoxy-based composites reinforced with flax and/or jute plain weave fabrics. In order to evaluate the influence of the stacking sequence, two monolithic laminates reinforced with flax or jute fibers and two hybrid flax/jute laminates were manufactured through the vacuum infusion technique. Furthermore, an eco-friendly and cost-effective surface treatment based on fiber soaking in a sodium bicarbonate solution was employed to improve the fiber-matrix adhesion. The mechanical characterization (by means of quasi-static flexural, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and Charpy impact tests) allowed to evidence that the sodium bicarbonate treatment leads to noticeable improvement of the mechanical performances of flax reinforced composites, whereas jute composites experience a slight decrease of their mechanical properties. Overall, the hybridization allows to achieve intermediate mechanical properties among those of monolithic composites. Furthermore, the coupled action of hybridization and surface treatment does not lead to a beneficial and reliable effect on the mechanical response of the resulting composites.

scholarly journals Implementation of a Recycled Polypropylene Homopolymer Material for Use in Additive Manufacturing

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4990
Author(s):  
Jozef Dobránsky ◽  
Martin Pollák ◽  
Luboš Běhálek ◽  
Jozef Svetlík
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
New Material ◽  
Flexural Tests ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Percentage Ratio ◽  
Recycled Material

The main objective of the presented scientific article is to define the mechanical properties of polypropylene homopolymer with a prescribed percentage ratio of recycled granulate. The chosen material is intended for injection molding and especially for the production of products made by additive technologies. Experimental verification of the mechanical properties was realized by testing samples produced with various concentrations of the recycled material. Experimental samples underwent tests to obtain the mechanical properties of the produced new material. These tests included rheological tests, tensile and flexural tests as well as and Charpy impact toughness tests. These mechanical tests were conducted according to ISO standards valid for the individual testing method. Testing methods were carried out using prescribed numbers of testing samples. The presented scientific article is also focused on changes in microstructures of testing materials in relation to the percentage ratio of recycled granulate. Recycled granulate of thermoplastic was not necessity for additional modifications.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of specimens produced using the wire-arc additive manufacturing process

2019 ◽  
pp. 095440621988332
Author(s):  
A Astarita ◽  
G Campatelli ◽  
P Corigliano ◽  
G Epasto ◽  
F Montevecchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
Layer Stacking ◽  
Static Tensile ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

The additive manufacturing technique is becoming popular and promising in recent years. Some steel ER70S-6 specimens were produced by wire arc additive manufacturing. Before the tensile tests, 3D X-ray computed tomography was applied to detect the presence of internal defects due to the production process. Static tensile tests were performed in order to analyze the influence of the different directions (deposition and layer stacking directions) on the mechanical properties. The digital image correlation technique was applied during the tests for detecting the displacement and strain fields, while infrared thermography was applied for detecting the temperature field of the specimen surface. After the mechanical tests, scanning electron microscopy was employed to analyze the fracture surfaces of the specimens. The results showed the presence of small defects that did not affect the mechanical properties of the specimens and no significant anisotropy was detected in the two directions (deposition and layer stacking directions).

scholarly journals Additive Manufacturing and Characterization of Metal Particulate Reinforced Polylactic Acid (PLA) Polymer Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 3545
Author(s):  
Ved S. Vakharia ◽  
Lily Kuentz ◽  
Anton Salem ◽  
Michael C. Halbig ◽  
Jonathan A. Salem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reinforced Polymers ◽  
Tensile Response ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Polymer Microstructures

Affordable commercial desktop 3-D printers and filaments have introduced additive manufacturing to all disciplines of science and engineering. With rapid innovations in 3-D printing technology and new filament materials, material vendors are offering specialty multifunctional metal-reinforced polymers with unique properties. Studies are necessary to understand the effects of filament composition, metal reinforcements, and print parameters on microstructure and mechanical behavior. In this study, densities, metal vol%, metal cross-sectional area %, and microstructure of various metal-reinforced Polylactic Acid (PLA) filaments were characterized by multiple methods. Comparisons are made between polymer microstructures before and after printing, and the effect of printing on the metal-polymer interface adhesion has been demonstrated. Tensile response and fracture toughness as a function of metal vol% and print height was determined. Tensile and fracture toughness tests show that PLA filaments containing approximately 36 vol% of bronze or copper particles significantly reduce mechanical properties. The mechanical response of PLA with 12 and 18 vol% of magnetic iron and stainless steel particles, respectively, is similar to that of pure PLA with a slight decrease in ultimate tensile strength and fracture toughness. These results show the potential for tailoring the concentration of metal reinforcements to provide multi-functionality without sacrificing mechanical properties.

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