scholarly journals Butyrate: A Link between Early Life Nutrition and Gut Microbiome in the Development of Food Allergy

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Margherita Di Costanzo ◽  
Nicoletta De Paulis ◽  
Giacomo Biasucci
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Protective Effects

Increased prevalence of food allergies in the last thirty years has been attributed to lifestyle changes in Westernized countries. Among the environmental factors, nutritional factors and their interaction with the gut microbiome in early life are thought to have an important role in the observed epidemiological change. The gut microbiome synthesizes bacterial metabolites, which represent a link among gut microbiome, nutrition, and immune system. The main metabolites produced by gut microbiome are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs have multiple beneficial effects on human health including protective effects in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Among SCFAs, butyrate is essential for maintaining gut immune homeostasis and exerts a pivotal role in immune tolerance with strong anti-inflammatory effects in allergic diseases. Recent findings suggest that butyrate takes part in the development of immunological tolerance to food, especially in the first 1000 days of life. Herein, we provide a critical review of the scientific literature on the role of butyrate for prevention and treatment of food allergies with focus on the complex interplay among early life nutrition, gut microbiome, and immune system.

scholarly journals Association Between Breastmilk Microbiota and Food Allergy in Infants

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Wang ◽  
Yuan Wei ◽  
Luyan Liu ◽  
Zailing Li
Keyword(s):  
Food Allergy ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Infant Food ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
The Relationship

Regulating the composition of human breastmilk has the potential to prevent allergic diseases early in life. The composition of breastmilk is complex, comprising varying levels of oligosaccharides, immunoactive molecules, vitamins, metabolites, and microbes. Although several studies have examined the relationship between different components of breastmilk and infant food allergies, few have investigated the relationship between microorganisms in breastmilk and infant food allergy. In the present study, we selected 135 healthy pregnant women and their full-term newborns from a cohort of 202 mother–infant pairs. Among them, 69 infants were exclusively breastfed until 6 mo after birth. At follow-up, 11 of the 69 infants developed a food allergy in infancy while 22 showed no signs of allergy. Thirty-three breastmilk samples were collected within 1 mo after delivery, and 123 infant fecal samples were collected at five time points following their birth. These samples were analyzed using microbial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The abundance and evenness of the milk microbiota and the number of differential bacteria were higher in the breastmilk samples from the non-allergy group than in those from the food allergy group. The non-allergy group showed relatively high abundance of Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Clostridium IV, Clostridium XIVa, Veillonella, and butyrate-producing bacteria such as Fusobacterium, Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis, Roseburia, and Ruminococcus. In contrast, the abundance of Proteobacteria, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas in breastmilk was higher in the food allergy group. A comparison of the changes in dominant differential breastmilk microbiota in the intestinal flora of the two groups of infants over time revealed that the changes in Bifidobacterium abundance were consistent with those in the breastmilk flora. Functional pathway prediction of breastmilk microflora showed that the enhancement of the metabolic pathways of tyrosine, tryptophan, and fatty acids was significantly different between the groups. We suggest that changes in the breastmilk microbiota can influence the development of food allergies. Breastmilk contains several microbes that have protective effects against food allergies, both by influencing the colonization of intestinal microbiota and by producing butyrate. This study may provide new ideas for improving infant health through early intervention with probiotics.

scholarly journals Physical Activity Shapes the Intestinal Microbiome and Immunity of Healthy Mice but Has No Protective Effects against Colitis in MUC2−/− Mice

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrbod Estaki ◽  
Douglas W. Morck ◽  
Sanjoy Ghosh ◽  
Candice Quin ◽  
Jason Pither ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Murine Colitis ◽  
Intestinal Mucus ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Perturbation in the gut microbial ecosystem has been associated with various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Habitual physical activity, through its ability to modulate the gut microbiome, has recently been shown to prophylactically protect against chemically induced models of murine colitis. Here, we (i) confirm previous reports that physical activity has limited but significant effects on the gut microbiome of mice and (ii) show that such changes are associated with anti-inflammatory states in the gut, such as increased production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids and lower levels of proinflammatory immune markers implicated in human colitis; however, we also show that (iii) these physical activity-derived benefits are completely lost in the absence of a healthy intestinal mucus layer, a hallmark phenotype of human colitis.

scholarly journals Interaction of early diet and the development of the immune system

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel Gil ◽  
Ricardo Rueda
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Area Of Interest

AbstractThe present review focuses on the specific effects of nutrients on the development of the immune system in early life. There is a big gap regarding the specific mechanisms that regulate immunity at the intestinal level and their impact in the systemic immune function. For this reason, during the last few years there has been great interest in ascertaining the mechanisms that regulate the intestinal immune function, as well as to understand how specific nutrients interact with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. We have reviewed this topic with special emphasis on how human milk, and its components, influence the early development of intestinal immunity in breast-fed infants compared with formula-fed infants. Interactions between nutrients and intestinal microbiota have also been reviewed. Some micronutrients such as nucleotides and gangliosides, which are present in human milk and also in most foods, are able to influence immune functionality at very low concentrations. The specific action of these micronutrients on some parameters of immunity, as well as their potential mechanisms of action, have been considered in detail. However, there are limited data on how other specific nutrients, namely protein and non-protein N-containing compounds, lipids, carbohydrates, and others, such as minerals, vitamins, fibre, non-nutritional dietary compounds (flavonoids, carotenoids, phyto-oestrogens, etc), influence immunity. In the present review we have provided data regarding the potential effects of these compounds on the immune response in early life. The increasing use of functional foods by the public to improve their general health and prevent the incidence of chronic diseases has become a major area of interest within the nutrition community. Of the many functional foods available, probiotics have been most studied in infancy and childhood, particularly with regard to the prevention of allergic diseases. Infant formulae and fermented milks containing large quantities of probiotics are produced and consumed by Europeans and in other industrialized countries. In the present review we cover the clinical effects of probiotics in preventing disease during early life, as well as the potential mechanisms of interaction between probiotics and the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between the Gut Microbiome-Immune System-Brain Axis and Major Depressive Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane A. Foster ◽  
Glen B. Baker ◽  
Serdar M. Dursun
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Signaling Systems ◽  
Full Remission

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prominent cause of disability worldwide. Current antidepressant drugs produce full remission in only about one-third of MDD patients and there are no biomarkers to guide physicians in selecting the best treatment for individuals. There is an urgency to learn more about the etiology of MDD and to identify new targets that will lead to improved therapy and hopefully aid in predicting and preventing MDD. There has been extensive interest in the roles of the immune system and the gut microbiome in MDD and in how these systems interact. Gut microbes can contribute to the nature of immune responses, and a chronic inflammatory state may lead to increased responsiveness to stress and to development of MDD. The gut microbiome-immune system-brain axis is bidirectional, is sensitive to stress and is important in development of stress-related disorders such as MDD. Communication between the gut and brain involves the enteric nervous system (ENS), the autonomic nervous system (ANS), neuroendocrine signaling systems and the immune system, and all of these can interact with the gut microbiota. Preclinical studies and preliminary clinical investigations have reported improved mood with administration of probiotics and prebiotics, but large, carefully controlled clinical trials are now necessary to evaluate their effectiveness in treating MDD. The roles that several gut microbe-derived molecules such as neurotransmitters, short chain fatty acids and tryptophan play in MDD are reviewed briefly. Challenges and potential future directions associated with studying this important axis as it relates to MDD are discussed.

scholarly journals Early Life Microbial Exposure and Immunity Training Effects on Asthma Development and Progression

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andressa Daronco Cereta ◽  
Vinícius Rosa Oliveira ◽  
Ivan Peres Costa ◽  
Letícia Lopes Guimarães ◽  
João Pedro Ribeiro Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Lung Immunity

Asthma is the most common inflammatory disease affecting the lungs, which can be caused by intrauterine or postnatal insults depending on the exposure to environmental factors. During early life, the exposure to different risk factors can influence the microbiome leading to undesired changes to the immune system. The modulations of the immunity, caused by dysbiosis during development, can increase the susceptibility to allergic diseases. On the other hand, immune training approaches during pregnancy can prevent allergic inflammatory diseases of the airways. In this review, we focus on evidence of risk factors in early life that can alter the development of lung immunity associated with dysbiosis, that leads to asthma and affect childhood and adult life. Furthermore, we discuss new ideas for potential prevention strategies that can be applied during pregnancy and postnatal period.

scholarly journals Food allergies in children – aspects of epidemiology and diet management

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-259
Author(s):  
Marcelina Walczak ◽  
Teresa Grzelak ◽  
Marta Kramkowska ◽  
Krystyna Czyżewska
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Elimination Diet ◽  
Food Hypersensitivity ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

For many years there has been a steady increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases, especially in developed countries. Scientists expect that in the year 2020, atopic diseases will be present in 50% of the population worldwide. Determining the actual scale of the food allergy problem is extremely difficult due to differences in genetic and environmental factors, as well as inconsistent methodology for population and epidemiological research. Treatment of food hypersensitivity is primarily done by excluding a particular food from the diet, while introducing nutritionally equivalent alternatives. An elimination diet should be determined independently for each individual, taking into account the cause, nature, severity and symptoms of the disease. Placing food restrictions on children can interfere with their normal development. The prevailing opinion is that only a properly formulated and followed elimination diet does not endanger the health of the patient. Numerous dietary errors committed, knowingly or unknowingly, by parents can lead to malnutrition and its consequences in their children, such as rickets, anemia, and immune disorders. Therefore, in the long-term treatment of food allergies it is recommended that the caregivers fully cooperate with a doctor, nutritionist and psychotherapist. Due to the ever-increasing incidence of allergic diseases, researchers are looking for effective methods of prevention. Recent scientific reports suggest protective effects from such substances like probiotics, polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, antioxidants as well as, certain vegetables and fruits.

The Immune System: A Very Short Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
System A ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Chemical Messengers

The Immune System: A Very Short Introduction describes the immune system and how it works in health and disease. It focuses on the human immune system, considering how it evolved, and the basic rules that govern its behaviour. The immune system comprises a series of organs, cells, and chemical messengers that work together as a team to provide defence against infection. These components are discussed along with the critical signals that trigger them and how they exert their protective effects, including innate and adaptive responses. The consequences of too little immunity (immunodeficiency), caused for example by HIV/AIDS, and too much, leading to auto-immune and allergic diseases, are also considered.

scholarly journals Early exposure to a nonhygienic environment alters pulmonary immunity and allergic responses

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (3) ◽  
pp. L512-L522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline L. S. George ◽  
Misty L. White ◽  
Katarina Kulhankova ◽  
Aditya Mahajan ◽  
Peter S. Thorne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis ◽  
Cell Analysis ◽  
Serum Ige ◽  
Cellular Inflammatory Response

The hygiene hypothesis suggests that early life exposure to a nonhygienic environment that contains endotoxin reduces the risk of developing allergic diseases. The mechanisms underlying the hygiene hypothesis are unclear and may involve subtle immune system interactions that occur during maturation. Experimental objectives of this study were to use a novel animal model to test the hygiene hypothesis and to characterize early life immune system responses to a nonhygienic environment. Mice were reared in corn dust, a grain-processing byproduct with a high-endotoxin content and microbial products or in a low-endotoxin environment. The influence of early or later life exposure to corn dust on a subsequent allergen stimulus (ovalbumin) was assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell analysis, lung histology, serum IgE, and BAL cytokine measurements. The influence of the corn dust environment on the developing pulmonary immune system was assessed by BAL cell analysis and immunostaining of lung tissue. The corn dust environment contained significantly more endotoxin ( P < 0.001), and the dust exposures attenuated the cellular inflammatory response to ovalbumin in the adult mouse ( P < 0.01) but did not reduce serum IgE levels or alter baseline BAL fluid proinflammatory cytokine levels. The corn dust environment did not induce significant neutrophilia in lavage fluid but significantly increased the number of antigen-presenting cells in alveolar walls early in life by ∼37%. In conclusion, exposure to a nonhygienic environment did not induce significant airway neutrophilia, yet altered the population of immunologically active cells in the lung and reduced subsequent allergic inflammation.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Gut Dysbiosis in Early Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2066
Author(s):  
Kimberley Parkin ◽  
Claus T. Christophersen ◽  
Valerie Verhasselt ◽  
Matthew N. Cooper ◽  
David Martino
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis

Dysbiosis refers to a reduction in microbial diversity, combined with a loss of beneficial taxa, and an increase in pathogenic microorganisms. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota can have a substantial effect on the nervous and immune systems, contributing to the onset of several inflammatory diseases. Epidemiological studies provided insight in how changes in the living environment have contributed to an overall loss of diversity and key taxa in the gut microbiome, coinciding with increased reports of atopy and allergic diseases. The gut microbiome begins development at birth, with major transition periods occurring around the commencement of breastfeeding, and the introduction of solid foods. As such, the development of the gut microbiome remains highly plastic and easily influenced by environmental factors until around three years of age. Developing a diverse and rich gut microbiome during this sensitive period is crucial to setting up a stable gut microbiome into adulthood and to prevent gut dysbiosis. Currently, the delivery route, antibiotic exposure, and diet are the best studied drivers of gut microbiome development, as well as risk factors of gut dysbiosis during infancy. This review focuses on recent evidence regarding key environmental factors that contribute to promoting gut dysbiosis.

scholarly journals The relevance of probiotics in Caesarean-born neonates

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Hanna E Sidjabat ◽  
Alaa Mohammed Ali Alsaggaf ◽  
Akshatha Gopalakrishna ◽  
Evelyn Nadar ◽  
Adam Irwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Bifidobacterium Breve ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Neonatal Immune System ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp

There is growing interest in the use of probiotics in neonates. In particular, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium breve and B. longum have been well studied. Caesarean-section (CS)-born infants often lack Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., which showed increasing evidence in establishing the neonatal immune system. Furthermore, CS increases the difficulties for mothers in initiating and sustaining breastfeeding. Increasing evidence shows CS-born infants are more susceptible to allergy, infections and chronic inflammatory diseases later in life. The number of CS births has increased continuously, now accounting for 35% of all deliveries Australia wide. In this context, probiotics may have a role in establishing a healthy neonatal gut microbiome.

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