scholarly journals Risk Factors for Gut Dysbiosis in Early Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2066
Author(s):  
Kimberley Parkin ◽  
Claus T. Christophersen ◽  
Valerie Verhasselt ◽  
Matthew N. Cooper ◽  
David Martino
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis

Dysbiosis refers to a reduction in microbial diversity, combined with a loss of beneficial taxa, and an increase in pathogenic microorganisms. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota can have a substantial effect on the nervous and immune systems, contributing to the onset of several inflammatory diseases. Epidemiological studies provided insight in how changes in the living environment have contributed to an overall loss of diversity and key taxa in the gut microbiome, coinciding with increased reports of atopy and allergic diseases. The gut microbiome begins development at birth, with major transition periods occurring around the commencement of breastfeeding, and the introduction of solid foods. As such, the development of the gut microbiome remains highly plastic and easily influenced by environmental factors until around three years of age. Developing a diverse and rich gut microbiome during this sensitive period is crucial to setting up a stable gut microbiome into adulthood and to prevent gut dysbiosis. Currently, the delivery route, antibiotic exposure, and diet are the best studied drivers of gut microbiome development, as well as risk factors of gut dysbiosis during infancy. This review focuses on recent evidence regarding key environmental factors that contribute to promoting gut dysbiosis.

scholarly journals Clinical Significance of Changes in Gut Microbiome Associated with Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-203
Author(s):  
Tae Jun Kim ◽  
Hyuk Lee
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Acid ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Proton Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Inflammatory Microenvironment ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly used for the treatment of gastric acid-related disorders, and are generally well tolerated. However, by reducing the secretion of gastric acid in the long term, PPI can increase the risk of inducing an imbalance in the gut microbiome composition. Moreover, gastric hypochlorhydria that is caused by PPIs favors the survival and migration of oral bacteria in the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract, with a possible induction of pro-inflammatory microenvironment. Therefore, gut dysbiosis that is associated with the use of PPI has been found to cause adverse infectious and inflammatory diseases. In this regard, adverse effects of the PPI-related gut dysbiosis have been reported in different observational studies, but their clinical relevance remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this review was to explore the available data on the PPI-related gut dysbiosis in order to better understand its clinical significance.

scholarly journals Factors affecting male fertility: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-135
Author(s):  
N. A. Litvinova ◽  
A. I. Lesnikov ◽  
T. A. Tolochko ◽  
A. A. Shmelev
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Male Infertility ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Hormonal Imbalance ◽  
Meta Analyses

Male infertility is an urgent medical and demographic threat worldwide, in particular in industrial regions suffering from environmental pollution. Here we performed an analysis of epidemiological studies and meta-analyses of prevalence, causes, and risk factors of male reproductive disorders. Among the well-defined risk factors determining male infertility are hormonal imbalance, sexually transmitted infections, other inflammatory diseases, hereditary mutations, and congenital malformations. Less studied causes of male infertility are acquired mutations and gene polymorphisms, immune disorders, oxidative stress, and chronic conditions. To date, there is no consensus on the contribution of lifestyle, bad habits, working environment, and climatic factors to male infertility. As such, 40-50% male infertility cases are characterized as idiopathic. 

scholarly journals Early Life Microbial Exposure and Immunity Training Effects on Asthma Development and Progression

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andressa Daronco Cereta ◽  
Vinícius Rosa Oliveira ◽  
Ivan Peres Costa ◽  
Letícia Lopes Guimarães ◽  
João Pedro Ribeiro Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Lung Immunity

Asthma is the most common inflammatory disease affecting the lungs, which can be caused by intrauterine or postnatal insults depending on the exposure to environmental factors. During early life, the exposure to different risk factors can influence the microbiome leading to undesired changes to the immune system. The modulations of the immunity, caused by dysbiosis during development, can increase the susceptibility to allergic diseases. On the other hand, immune training approaches during pregnancy can prevent allergic inflammatory diseases of the airways. In this review, we focus on evidence of risk factors in early life that can alter the development of lung immunity associated with dysbiosis, that leads to asthma and affect childhood and adult life. Furthermore, we discuss new ideas for potential prevention strategies that can be applied during pregnancy and postnatal period.

scholarly journals Current Understanding of Lifestyle and Environmental Factors and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: An Epidemiological Update

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan A. Bassig ◽  
Qing Lan ◽  
Nathaniel Rothman ◽  
Yawei Zhang ◽  
Tongzhang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
International Workshop ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
The United States ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma

The incidence rates of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have steadily increased over the last several decades in the United States, and the temporal trends in incidence can only be partially explained by the HIV epidemic. In 1992, an international workshop sponsored by the United States National Cancer Institute concluded that there was an “emerging epidemic” of NHL and emphasized the need to investigate the factors responsible for the increasing incidence of this disease. Over the past two decades, numerous epidemiological studies have examined the risk factors for NHL, particularly for putative environmental and lifestyle risk factors, and international consortia have been established in order to investigate rare exposures and NHL subtype-specific associations. While few consistent risk factors for NHL aside from immunosuppression and certain infectious agents have emerged, suggestive associations with several lifestyle and environmental factors have been reported in epidemiologic studies. Further, increasing evidence has suggested that the effects of these and other exposures may be limited to or stronger for particular NHL subtypes. This paper examines the progress that has been made over the last twenty years in elucidating the etiology of NHL, with a primary emphasis on lifestyle factors and environmental exposures.

scholarly journals Multiple sclerosis epidemiological trends in Italy highlight the environmental risk factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Puthenparampil ◽  
P. Perini ◽  
R. Bergamaschi ◽  
M. Capobianco ◽  
M. Filippi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Genetic Heterogeneity ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Longitudinal Surveys ◽  
Parabolic Curve ◽  
Epidemiological Trends

AbstractItaly is definitely a high-risk country for multiple sclerosis (MS). Over the last 50 years, several epidemiological studies, including longitudinal surveys, have disclosed that MS incidence and prevalence in Italy mainland and Islands (Sardinia and Sicily) have progressively increased, picturing a semi-parabolic curve. Based on the comprehensive scrutiny of 58 papers, we conclude that the latitude risk gradient does not fit to the Italian map of MS. The genetic heterogeneity of the Italian ethnicities, that likely forms the basis of MS predisposition, does not account for the dramatic increase of MS incidence and prevalence observed in Italy over the last half century that, rather, seems better explained by the effect of environmental factors.

Infections and inflammatory diseases as risk factors for venous thrombosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (05) ◽  
pp. 827-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanneke J. C. Kluin-Nelemans ◽  
Karina Meijer ◽  
Y. I. G. Vladimir Tichelaar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Virus Pneumonia ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Tract Infections

SummaryInflammation and venous thrombosis are intertwined. Only in the recent 15 years clinical epidemiological studies have focussed on inflammatory or infectious diseases as risk factors for venous thrombosis. Although a few reviews and many case reports or studies on these topic has been written, a review reporting relative or absolute risks for venous thrombosis has not been published yet. We performed a systematic review using Medline, Pubmed and Embase and found 31 eligible articles. Inflammatory bowel disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis, infections in general and more specifically, human immunodeficiency virus, pneumonia and urinary tract infections are associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Childhood Asthma and Allergies and Their Associations with Perinatal Exposure to Home Environmental Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in Tianjin, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4131
Author(s):  
Agnes S. Ellie ◽  
Yuexia Sun ◽  
Jing Hou ◽  
Pan Wang ◽  
Qingnan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Children's Health ◽  
Children’S Health ◽  
Cross Sectional

Asthma, rhinitis, and eczema are becoming increasingly prevalent among children in China. Studies have shown that the perinatal period is critical and impacts children’s health. However, research on the associations between perinatal factors and childhood allergic diseases in China are few. We investigated 7366 children of ages 0–8 years old. The childhood asthma and allergies were surveyed by distributing questionnaires, modelled after Dampness in Buildings and Health (DBH) study in Sweden and had been validated. To determine the prevalence of the allergic conditions, explore for potential confounders, and analyze the associations between the allergies and the home environmental factors, chi-square test and binary logistic regression models (enter method) were employed. The prevalence of children’s doctor-diagnosed asthma, rhinitis, and eczema were 4.4%, 9.5%, and 39.1%, respectively. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, the negative effect of dampness/humidity on children’s health became more obvious, with odd ratios (aORs) of up to 1.70 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12–2.57) for doctor-diagnosed asthma (DDA), 2.12 (95% CI: 1.38–3.25) for doctor-diagnosed rhinitis (DDR) and 1.79 (95% CI: 1.46–2.21) for doctor-diagnosed eczema (DDE). With parental smoking, aORs of up to 4.66 (95% CI: 1.99–10.92) for DDA and 1.74 (95%: 1.00–3.02) for DDE. Renovation exhibited aORs of up to 1.67 (95% CI: 1.13–2.47) for DDR. Although they showed no significant associations with some of the health outcomes, contact with animals, in general, were risk factors for the allergic conditions. Generally, the indoor environmental factors around the perinatal period were significant risk factors for the doctor-diagnosed allergic conditions discussed in this study.

scholarly journals RISK FACTORS OF DISTROPHIC DISEASES OF VULVAE: CLINICAL-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-158
Author(s):  
Delya F. Porsokhonova ◽  
S. N Rakhmatullaeva ◽  
A. I Yakubovich ◽  
V. S Novoselov ◽  
A. V Novoselov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Urogenital Infections ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Inappropriate Treatment ◽  
Simplex Virus

The results of epidemiological studies of risk factors for the development of dystrophic diseases of the vulva (DDV) in women of reproductive and perimenopausal age are presented. Authors executed the testing of DDV patients according to specially developed questions of the questionnaire, aimed at the obtaining of the most complete information about the lifestyle of patients, social and medical factors, possibly contributing to the occurrence and formation of DDV. Also, the authors performed an examination of patients for the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and urogenital infections in order to clarify the infectious factor in the genesis of dystrophy of the vulva. Direct and indirect factors that contribute to the formation of dystrophic diseases of the vulva in women are established to be as follows: perimenopausal age; endocrine diseases; emotional stress of a social character; more than 3 pregnancies in anamnesis; presence of STIs (herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus) and inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs; presence of Candida fungi, Ureaplasma urealyticum bacteria, human papillomavirus - HPV 16/18, HPV 31/33 and some other infections on the background of DDV; lack of information about the disease; discharge from the genital tract; lack of treatment-effect; inappropriate treatment. The identified factors should be taken into account in the development of therapeutic and preventive measures in relation to DDV in women.

scholarly journals Butyrate: A Link between Early Life Nutrition and Gut Microbiome in the Development of Food Allergy

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Margherita Di Costanzo ◽  
Nicoletta De Paulis ◽  
Giacomo Biasucci
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Protective Effects

Increased prevalence of food allergies in the last thirty years has been attributed to lifestyle changes in Westernized countries. Among the environmental factors, nutritional factors and their interaction with the gut microbiome in early life are thought to have an important role in the observed epidemiological change. The gut microbiome synthesizes bacterial metabolites, which represent a link among gut microbiome, nutrition, and immune system. The main metabolites produced by gut microbiome are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs have multiple beneficial effects on human health including protective effects in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Among SCFAs, butyrate is essential for maintaining gut immune homeostasis and exerts a pivotal role in immune tolerance with strong anti-inflammatory effects in allergic diseases. Recent findings suggest that butyrate takes part in the development of immunological tolerance to food, especially in the first 1000 days of life. Herein, we provide a critical review of the scientific literature on the role of butyrate for prevention and treatment of food allergies with focus on the complex interplay among early life nutrition, gut microbiome, and immune system.

scholarly journals Environmental factors and breast cancer

Medicina ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loreta Strumylaitė ◽  
Kristina Mechonošina ◽  
Šarūnas Tamašauskas
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Reproductive Life

This review summarizes the results of studies on the effects of environment on breast cancer risk. As known risk factors such as reproductive life, inheritance, and socioeconomic status are estimated to explain only about half of the breast cancer cases, it has been thought that environmental factors could also be related to the risk of this disease. It is known that ionizing radiation is an environmental risk factor increasing the risk of breast cancer. The data of experimental studies show that some organochlorines could be associated with breast cancer risk although the data from epidemiological studies are not consistent due to the difficulties to assess exposure and other risk factors. Recent experimental studies show that cadmium is an environmental factor that mimics the effects of estradiol in estrogen-responsive breast cancer cell lines while solar radiation possibly decreases the risk due to protective effect of vitamin D. The data on the effect of electromagnetic fields are not consistent. Although evidence about the effect of environmental factors on the risk of breast cancer is not convincing, some of these factors together with inheritance, reproductive life, and age at exposure could be associated with an increased risk of the disease.

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