scholarly journals The relevance of probiotics in Caesarean-born neonates

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Hanna E Sidjabat ◽  
Alaa Mohammed Ali Alsaggaf ◽  
Akshatha Gopalakrishna ◽  
Evelyn Nadar ◽  
Adam Irwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Bifidobacterium Breve ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Neonatal Immune System ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp

There is growing interest in the use of probiotics in neonates. In particular, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium breve and B. longum have been well studied. Caesarean-section (CS)-born infants often lack Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., which showed increasing evidence in establishing the neonatal immune system. Furthermore, CS increases the difficulties for mothers in initiating and sustaining breastfeeding. Increasing evidence shows CS-born infants are more susceptible to allergy, infections and chronic inflammatory diseases later in life. The number of CS births has increased continuously, now accounting for 35% of all deliveries Australia wide. In this context, probiotics may have a role in establishing a healthy neonatal gut microbiome.

scholarly journals All disease begins in the (leaky) gut: role of zonulin-mediated gut permeability in the pathogenesis of some chronic inflammatory diseases

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Fasano
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function

Improved hygiene leading to reduced exposure to microorganisms has been implicated as one possible cause for the recent “epidemic” of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) in industrialized countries. That is the essence of the hygiene hypothesis that argues that rising incidence of CIDs may be, at least in part, the result of lifestyle and environmental changes that have made us too “clean” for our own good, so causing changes in our microbiota. Apart from genetic makeup and exposure to environmental triggers, inappropriate increase in intestinal permeability (which may be influenced by the composition of the gut microbiota), a “hyper-belligerent” immune system responsible for the tolerance–immune response balance, and the composition of gut microbiome and its epigenetic influence on the host genomic expression have been identified as three additional elements in causing CIDs. During the past decade, a growing number of publications have focused on human genetics, the gut microbiome, and proteomics, suggesting that loss of mucosal barrier function, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, may substantially affect antigen trafficking, ultimately influencing the close bidirectional interaction between gut microbiome and our immune system. This cross-talk is highly influential in shaping the host gut immune system function and ultimately shifting genetic predisposition to clinical outcome. This observation led to a re-visitation of the possible causes of CIDs epidemics, suggesting a key pathogenic role of gut permeability. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that the zonulin family, a group of proteins modulating gut permeability, is implicated in a variety of CIDs, including autoimmune, infective, metabolic, and tumoral diseases. These data offer novel therapeutic targets for a variety of CIDs in which the zonulin pathway is implicated in their pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Single-Cell Analysis of the Neonatal Immune System Across the Gestational Age Continuum

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S. Peterson ◽  
Julien Hedou ◽  
Edward A. Ganio ◽  
Ina A. Stelzer ◽  
Dorien Feyaerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Single Cell Analysis ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Interferon Α ◽  
Cytotoxic Lymphocytes ◽  
Neonatal Immune System

Although most causes of death and morbidity in premature infants are related to immune maladaptation, the premature immune system remains poorly understood. We provide a comprehensive single-cell depiction of the neonatal immune system at birth across the spectrum of viable gestational age (GA), ranging from 25 weeks to term. A mass cytometry immunoassay interrogated all major immune cell subsets, including signaling activity and responsiveness to stimulation. An elastic net model described the relationship between GA and immunome (R=0.85, p=8.75e-14), and unsupervised clustering highlighted previously unrecognized GA-dependent immune dynamics, including decreasing basal MAP-kinase/NFκB signaling in antigen presenting cells; increasing responsiveness of cytotoxic lymphocytes to interferon-α; and decreasing frequency of regulatory and invariant T cells, including NKT-like cells and CD8+CD161+ T cells. Knowledge gained from the analysis of the neonatal immune landscape across GA provides a mechanistic framework to understand the unique susceptibility of preterm infants to both hyper-inflammatory diseases and infections.

scholarly journals Hundreds of viral families in the healthy infant gut

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Nielsen ◽  
Shiraz Shah ◽  
Ling Deng ◽  
Jonathan Thorsen ◽  
Anders Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Healthy Infant ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Virulent Phage ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level

Abstract The gut microbiome (GM) is shaped through infancy and plays a major role in determining susceptibility to chronic inflammatory diseases later in life. Bacteriophages (phages) are known to modulate bacterial populations in numerous ecosystems, including the gut. However, virome data is difficult to analyse because it mostly consists of unknown viruses, i.e. viral dark matter. Here, we manually resolved the viral dark matter in the largest human virome study published to date. Fecal viromes from a cohort of 647 infants at 1 year of age were deeply sequenced and analysed through successive rounds of clustering and curation. We uncovered more than ten thousand viral species distributed over 248 viral families falling within 17 viral order-level clades. Most of the defined viral families and orders were novel and belonged to the Caudoviricetes viral class. Bacterial hosts were predicted for 79% of the viral species using CRISPR spacers, including those in metagenomes from the same fecal samples. While Bacteroides-infecting Crassphages were present, novel viral families were more predominant, including phages infecting Clostridiales and Bifidobacterium. Phage lifestyles were determined for more than three thousand caudoviral species. Lifestyles were homogeneous at the family level for 149 Caudoviricetes families, including 32 families that were found to be virulent, while 117 were temperate. Virulent phage families were more abundant but temperate ones were more diverse and widespread. Together, the viral families found in this study represent a major expansion of existing bacteriophage taxonomy.

scholarly journals The Central Role of the Gut Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Marcantonio Ferreira ◽  
Angélica Thomaz Vieira ◽  
Marco Aurelio Ramirez Vinolo ◽  
Fernando A. Oliveira ◽  
Rui Curi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Commensal Microbiota

The commensal microbiota is in constant interaction with the immune system, teaching immune cells to respond to antigens. Studies in mice have demonstrated that manipulation of the intestinal microbiota alters host immune cell homeostasis. Additionally, metagenomic-sequencing analysis has revealed alterations in intestinal microbiota in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and obesity. Perturbations in the microbiota composition result in a deficient immune response and impaired tolerance to commensal microorganisms. Due to altered microbiota composition which is associated to some inflammatory diseases, several strategies, such as the administration of probiotics, diet, and antibiotic usage, have been utilized to prevent or ameliorate chronic inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this review is to present and discuss recent evidence showing that the gut microbiota controls immune system function and onset, development, and resolution of some common inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals PECULIARITY of TREATMENT OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF FEMALE GENITALS

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2(8)) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
A.V. Semenyak ◽  
O.A. Andriets ◽  
R.V. Kormush ◽  
T.G. Farmazey
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Hormonal Therapy ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Female Genital

A clinical and laboratory examinationof 60 women with chronic inflammatory diseases ofthe female genital organs was provided. Pathogenicand conditionally pathogenic microorganisms in thevagina and the cervix, in the immune system probablereduction in lymphocytes, changes in the functionalstate of the reproductive system manifested significantdiminishing estrogen and progesterone were found.We suggested a specific antibiotic therapy on abackground of hormonal therapy - combined oralcontraceptives. Probable efficacy in three monthsis noted, which was showed by normalizationmicroorganisms in the vagina, absence of pathogenicorganisms and complaints of patients.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Role of Nutrients: How Can Pulmonary Dysfunctions Improve?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Cristina Gozzi-Silva ◽  
Franciane Mouradian Emidio Teixeira ◽  
Alberto José da Silva Duarte ◽  
Maria Notomi Sato ◽  
Luana de Mendonça Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Lung Health

Nutrition is an important tool that can be used to modulate the immune response during infectious diseases. In addition, through diet, important substrates are acquired for the biosynthesis of regulatory molecules in the immune response, influencing the progression and treatment of chronic lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this way, nutrition can promote lung health status. A range of nutrients, such as vitamins (A, C, D, and E), minerals (zinc, selenium, iron, and magnesium), flavonoids and fatty acids, play important roles in reducing the risk of pulmonary chronic diseases and viral infections. Through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, nutrients are associated with better lung function and a lower risk of complications since they can decrease the harmful effects from the immune system during the inflammatory response. In addition, bioactive compounds can even contribute to epigenetic changes, including histone deacetylase (HDAC) modifications that inhibit the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines, which can contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in the context of infections and chronic inflammatory diseases. These nutrients also play an important role in activating immune responses against pathogens, which can help the immune system during infections. Here, we provide an updated overview of the roles played by dietary factors and how they can affect respiratory health. Therefore, we will show the anti-inflammatory role of flavonoids, fatty acids, vitamins and microbiota, important for the control of chronic inflammatory diseases and allergies, in addition to the antiviral role of vitamins, flavonoids, and minerals during pulmonary viral infections, addressing the mechanisms involved in each function. These mechanisms are interesting in the discussion of perspectives associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and its pulmonary complications since patients with severe disease have vitamins deficiency, especially vitamin D. In addition, researches with the use of flavonoids have been shown to decrease viral replication in vitro. This way, a full understanding of dietary influences can improve the lung health of patients.

scholarly journals Overlaps in the Pathogenesis of Rosacea and Atherosclerosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-159
Author(s):  
Aleksejs Zavorins ◽  
Jūlija Voicehovska ◽  
Jānis Ķīsis ◽  
Aivars Lejnieks
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Disease ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
The Face

Abstract Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterised by transient or persistent erythema, telangiectasia, papules, and pustules that predominantly involve central regions of the face. Recent studies have shown a possible clinical association between rosacea and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Rosacea and atherosclerosis are both known to have alterations in the innate immune system, enhanced oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The aim of this review is to delve deep into the pathogenesis of rosacea and atherosclerosis to uncover possible pathogenic overlaps between these chronic inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals The Effect of Dietary Interventions on Chronic Inflammatory Diseases in Relation to the Microbiome: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3208
Author(s):  
Carlijn A. Wagenaar ◽  
Marieke van de van de Put ◽  
Michelle Bisschops ◽  
Wendy Walrabenstein ◽  
Catharina S. de de Jonge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Fiber Intake ◽  
Diet Change ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
High Fiber

Chronic inflammation plays a central role in the pathophysiology of various non-communicable diseases. Dietary interventions can reduce inflammation, in part due to their effect on the gut microbiome. This systematic review aims to determine the effect of dietary interventions, specifically fiber intake, on chronic inflammatory diseases and the microbiome. It aims to form hypotheses on the potential mediating effects of the microbiome on disease outcomes after dietary changes. Included were clinical trials which performed a dietary intervention with a whole diet change or fiber supplement (>5 g/day) and investigated the gut microbiome in patients diagnosed with chronic inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)). The 30 articles which met the inclusion criteria had an overall moderate to high risk of bias and were too heterogeneous to perform a meta-analysis. Dietary interventions were stratified based on fiber intake: low fiber, high fiber, and supplemental fiber. Overall, but most pronounced in patients with T2DM, high-fiber plant-based dietary interventions were consistently more effective at reducing disease-specific outcomes and pathogenic bacteria, as well as increasing microbiome alpha diversity and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, compared to other diets and fiber supplements.

scholarly journals Butyrate: A Link between Early Life Nutrition and Gut Microbiome in the Development of Food Allergy

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Margherita Di Costanzo ◽  
Nicoletta De Paulis ◽  
Giacomo Biasucci
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Protective Effects

Increased prevalence of food allergies in the last thirty years has been attributed to lifestyle changes in Westernized countries. Among the environmental factors, nutritional factors and their interaction with the gut microbiome in early life are thought to have an important role in the observed epidemiological change. The gut microbiome synthesizes bacterial metabolites, which represent a link among gut microbiome, nutrition, and immune system. The main metabolites produced by gut microbiome are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs have multiple beneficial effects on human health including protective effects in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Among SCFAs, butyrate is essential for maintaining gut immune homeostasis and exerts a pivotal role in immune tolerance with strong anti-inflammatory effects in allergic diseases. Recent findings suggest that butyrate takes part in the development of immunological tolerance to food, especially in the first 1000 days of life. Herein, we provide a critical review of the scientific literature on the role of butyrate for prevention and treatment of food allergies with focus on the complex interplay among early life nutrition, gut microbiome, and immune system.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document