scholarly journals Real-World Fuel Consumption, Fuel Cost and Exhaust Emissions of Different Bus Powertrain Technologies

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Rodman Oprešnik ◽  
Tine Seljak ◽  
Rok Vihar ◽  
Marko Gerbec ◽  
Tomaž Katrašnik
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real World ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Hybrid Topology ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fuel Costs ◽  
Pm10 Mass

Air quality in urban areas is strongly influenced by exhaust emitted by the public transport fleet. The aim of this study was to analyze benefits in the fuel consumption, fuel costs and exhaust emissions when replacing baseline diesel fueled EURO III city buses by the compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled EURO V buses and by hydraulic series hybrid diesel-fueled EURO V buses. Real-world measurements were performed on the regular bus route to access realistic energy consumption and exhaust emissions. Instantaneous gaseous emission (CO2, CO, NOx and THC) were measured together with the instantaneous PM10 mass emission. Innovativeness of the presented approach thus arises from the systematic comparison of different powertrain technologies under real-world drive cycles and measuring time traces of not only gaseous but also of PM10 mass emissions. Furthermore, lumped cycle averaged emissions are interpreted and explained by typical powertrain performance parameters and exhaust emission time traces. Cumulative results indicate that application of the CNG fueled buses does not necessary reduce CO2 emissions compared to diesel-fueled buses whereas reduction in fuel costs is evident. Additionally, it is shown that hybrid operation of the hydraulic series hybrid diesel-fueled bus resulted in higher fuel consumption due to poorly optimized hybrid topology and control strategy. Furthermore, analyses of the time traces point out inadequate lambda control of CNG-fueled buses and nucleation mode-based particle number emissions during deceleration.

scholarly journals Analysis of exhaust emission measurements in rural conditions from heavy-duty vehicle

2020 ◽  
Vol 182 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Andrzej Ziółkowski ◽  
Paweł Fuć ◽  
Piotr Lijewski ◽  
Łukasz Rymaniak ◽  
Paweł Daszkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicle ◽  
Emission Norm ◽  
Test Route

Road transport holds for the largest share in the freight transport sector in Europe. This work is carried out by heavy vehicles of various types. It is assumed that, in principle, transport should take place on the main road connections, such as motorways or national roads. Their share in the polish road infrastructure is not dominant. Rural and communal roads roads are the most prevalent. This fact formed the basis of the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption tests of heavy vehicles in real operating conditions. A set of vehicles (truck tractor with a semi-trailer) meeting the Euro V emission norm, transporting a load of 24,800 kg, was selected for the tests. The research was carried out on an non-urban route, the test route length was 22 km. A mobile Semtech DS instrument was used, which was used to measure the exhaust emissions. Based on the obtained results, the emission characteristics were determined in relation to the operating parameters of the vehicles drive system. Road emission, specific emission and fuel consumption values were also calculated.

Real-world exhaust emissions and fuel consumption for diesel vehicles fueled by waste cooking oil biodiesel blends

2018 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 249-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianbao Shen ◽  
Jiacheng Shi ◽  
Xinyue Cao ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real World ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Blends ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Diesel Vehicles

Inherent Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emission of the CNG–Petrol Bi–Fuel Engine Based at Non–Loaded Operation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmat Mohsin ◽  
Zulkefli Yaacob ◽  
Zulkifli Abdul Majid ◽  
Shameed Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Ratio ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Natural Gas Vehicle

Gas asli termampat (CNG) merupakan bahan api alternatif yang paling berjaya dan digunakan dengan meluas bagi kenderaan terkini yang berada di pasaran. Kenderaan pacuan petrol bagi tujuan ini biasanya dilengkapkan dengan kit penukar gas asli bagi membolehkan operasian dwi-bahan api di antara CNG dan petrol. Pendekatan secara uji kaji ini difokuskan ke atas penggunaan bahan api, emisi ekzos dan kos bahan api di antara operasian gas asli dan petrol. Rig ujian terdiri dari sebuah sistem enjin teksi dwi-bahan api menggunakan 1500 cc dengan 12 injap sistem karburetor adalah dibina khusus. Penggunaan bahan api dan emisi ekzos yang setara diperolehi pada kelajuan putaran seminit (rpm) enjin yang berbeza ketika operasian menggunakan bahan api CNG dan petrol secara berasingan. Pengoperasian rpm enjin tanpa bebanan diubahsuai dari kedudukan pegun kepada kedudukan melebihi 5000 rpm untuk memperolehi profil penggunaan bahan api dan emisi ekzos. Kedua-dua data yang diperolehi ini kemudiannya digunakan bagi mengira kadar udara bahan api enjin. Kesemua ketiga-tiga parameter yang diperolehi digunakan untuk membuat perbandingan terhadap operasian gas asli dan petrol. Pemerhatian yang dibuat menunjukkan kadar udara bahan api bermula dari 19 ke 16.3 bagi operasian petrol dan dari 40 ke 18.7 untuk operasian menggunakan gas asli. Emisi ketika operasian menggunakan CNG jelas menunjukkan penurunan ketara ke atas keluaran hidrokarbon (HC), karbon monoksida (CO), karbon dioksida (CO2) dan nitrogen oksida (NOx) dibandingkan dengan operasian menggunakan petrol. Dari segi kos, penggunaan CNG memberikan keuntungan melebihi 50% terhadap kesemua kelajuan rpm enjin jika dibandingkan dengan operasian menggunakan petrol. Kata kunci: NGV, enjin dwi–bahan api, pengunaan bahan api, emisi ekzos, CNG, gas asli Compressed natural gas (CNG) is the most successful and widely used alternative fuel for vehicles in the market today. Petrol fuelled vehicles are fitted with natural gas vehicle (NGV) conversion kit to enable bi-fuel operation between CNG and petrol. This experimental approach is focused on the fuel consumption, exhaust emission and fuel cost between natural gas and petrol operations. The specially constructed test rig comprises of the bi-fuel fuel system employed in the 1500 cc 12 valves carburettor engine NGV taxis. The inherent fuel consumption and corresponding exhaust emission are acquired at different engine revolution per minute (rpm) during petrol and CNG operation separately. The engine rpm operating without load is varied from idle to more than 5000 rpm to acquire the fuel consumption and exhaust emission profile. These two acquired data are then used to calculate the engine’s air fuel ratio. All three parameters acquired are used to conduct comparisons between petrol and natural gas operation. It is seen that the bi-fuel system operates with air fuel ratio ranging from 19 to 16.3 for petrol operation and ranges from 40 to 18.7 for natural gas operations. The emission during CNG operation clearly shows significant decrease in hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) over the use of petrol. In terms of cost, the use of CNG provides savings exceeding 50% through all engine rpm compared to petrol non-loaded operations. Key words: NGV, bi–fuel engine, fuel consumption, exhaust emission, CNG, natural gas

Engine Induction Developments - Economic and Reduced Exhaust Emissions: Fuel Vapourization - Economy with Reduced Exhaust Emission

1976 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Hughes ◽  
J. R. Goulburn
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Nitric Oxides ◽  
Ignition Timing ◽  
Inlet System ◽  
Lean Limit ◽  
Engine Power

SYNOPSIS This paper describes a simple system of controlling exhaust emissions from gasoline engined vehicles, using a coolant-heated fuel vaporiser in the inlet system. The object of complete vaporisation of the fuel is to create a homogeneous inlet charge, giving improved cylinder-to-cylinder distribution and permitting operation with very lean mixtures. This leads to low exhaust emissions of Carbon Monoxide, Hydrocarbons and Nitric Oxides. The effects of vaporisation on the lean limit of operation, exhaust emissions, power output, fuel consumption and optimum spark ignition timing have been investigated, and are discussed in the paper. Results of tests on a 1.6 litre car are also presented. It was found that exhaust emissions were effectively controlled, while vehicle driveability remained acceptable. Engine power was reduced by 25-30%, although fuel consumption was not increased.

Comparative analysis of engine running performance with and without thermostat

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 047-053
Author(s):  
Albert K. Arkoh ◽  
Esther B. Kyere ◽  
Isaac Edunyah
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Ic Engine ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Engine Condition

The rate of removal of internal combustion (IC) engine thermostat when engines are imported to Ghana and other part of African continent is alarming. Such phenomenon calls for an experiment to compare the performance of IC engines imported here in Ghana running with and without engine thermostat. The analysis was done by determine engine performance characteristic such as engine torque, indicated power (Ip), brake power (bp), frictional power (fp), fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature (EGT) as well as exhaust emission at engine speed of 1500 rpm for engine running with thermostat (WT) and without thermostat (WOT). Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were done using GenStat software (VSN International, 2021). Statistical significance was carried out at p≤0.05. The best fuel mean value of 103 ml was recorded for engine condition WT at EGT of 283.2 °C while fuel consumed for engine condition WOT was 170 ml at EGT of 155.4 °C. The recorded mean exhaust emission gases for Ex, O2, CO, H2S were 13.2%, 16.2%, 1000 ppm and 35.2 ppm and 0%, 18.38%, 393.2 ppm and 0.4 ppm for engine condition WOT and WT respectively. There was significant difference (p≤0.05) in mean values of EGT, Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions for engine condition WOT with the exception of O2. The removal of engine thermostat affect engine working temperature which result in incomplete combustion, high fuel consumption and high exhaust emissions.

EFFECTS OF AIR INTAKE TEMPERATURE ON THE FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF NATURAL ASPIRATED GASOLINE ENGINE

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nik Rosli Abdullah ◽  
Hazimi Ismail ◽  
Zeno Michael ◽  
Asiah Ab. Rahim ◽  
Hazim Sharudin
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Air Intake

Improving fuel consumption with lower exhaust emissions give more focused to all car manufactures. A higher engine performance with lower exhaust emissions requires a complete mixing process resulted in ultra-lean high combustion efficiency. Air intake temperature is one of the alternative strategies to improve fuel consumption and reduced exhaust emissions. This is due to the cold air is denser and contain higher oxygen availability. Air intake temperature will affect to the oxygen concentration in the charged air that influence the combustion process through ignition delay and fuel burning rate. The objective of this experiment is to investigate the effects of air intake temperature to the fuel consumption and exhaust emission at variation of engine speeds and constant load by using 1.6L gasoline engine. Air intake temperature was changed from 20 °C to 30 °C. The DaTAQ Pro V2 software was used to measure the engine fuel consumption while gas analyzer (MRU Gas Analyzer) was used to measure the exhaust emission such as Unburned hydrocarbons (UHCs) and carbon monoxide (CO). The results showed that fuel consumption, UHCs and CO emissions increased with the increase of air intake temperature. The increase of air intake temperature resulted in advanced and shorter combustion duration. Higher oxygen concentration at lower air intake temperature leads to the complete mixing process and complete combustion.  Therefore, the experimental results can be concluded that the lower air intake temperature resulted in improved fuel consumption and reduced UHCs and CO emissions.

The On-Road Exhaust Emissions from Vehicles Fitted with the Start-Stop System

2013 ◽  
Vol 390 ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Pawel Fuc ◽  
Piotr Lijewski ◽  
Andrzej Ziolkowski
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Utility Vehicle

The paper describes the influence of the start-stop system on the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. The tests were performed for two vehicles. The first one was a vehicle designed specifically to operate in city conditions. It was fitted with a gasoline engine of the displacement of 0.9 dm3 and maximum power output of 63.7 kW. The other vehicle was an SUV (Sports Utility Vehicle) fitted with a diesel engine of the displacement of 3.0 dm3. The measurements of the exhaust emission were carried out on the same route under actual traffic conditions. For the tests a portable exhaust emissions analyzer from the PEMS group SEMTECH DS was used (PEMS Portable Emissions Measurement System).

scholarly journals TRACTOR’S ENGINE EFFICIENCY AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS’ RESEARCH IN DRILLING WORK

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antanas Juostas ◽  
Algirdas Janulevičius
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Engine Load

Tis paper provides an overview of possibilities for determining tractor’s engine load, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions in real operating conditions. Theuse of accumulated database in tractor’s electronic control modules for the analysis of engine load, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions is analysed. The methodology for analysis of engine power, speed and exhaust emissions’ dependencies, also for analysis of engine exhaust emissions is presented. Tis paper presents testing results of the unit combined of tractor “Massey Ferguson MF 6499” and drilling machine “Vaderstad Rapid” by engine load, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Drilling process time, engine load, fuel consumption and exhaust emission components’ distribution are presented in different engine speed and cyclic fuel injection modes. Test results are analysed separately for technological drilling and work processes at the headland. In the technological process of drilling, if the tractor engine speed and, correspondingly, the transmission gear ratio were reduced to get the set working speed, fuel consumption decreased, CO and CO2 emissions varied slightly, but the NOx increased significantly. Significant part of exhaust emissions occurred at headlands. The conclusion is that the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, including harmful components, can be reduced only by complex optimization of technological processes and tractor operating modes.

Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions From a 1,125 kW Multiple Genset Switcher Locomotive

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randell L. Honc ◽  
Steven G. Fritz ◽  
Michael B. Schell ◽  
Andrew Tarnow ◽  
Adam Bennett
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Large Displacement ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Generator Sets

Conventional switcher or shunting locomotives in North America are powered by a single Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) 12 or 16 cylinder 645E engine which operate at eight distinct power levels, plus idle, at engine speeds ranging from 250 to 900 rpm, and power ratings of 1125 to 1500 kW. The individual power (notch) settings are weighted according to an established duty cycle to obtain overall fuel consumption and exhaust emission rates. Recently introduced locomotive power systems utilize multiple smaller displacement non-road diesel engines packaged as individual generator sets to obtain a cleaner and more efficient locomotive. This paper compares exhaust emissions and fuel consumption from a conventional switcher locomotive with a single large displacement engine to that of a repowered locomotive utilizing three 345 kW generators.

Reducing Locomotive Idle Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions by Applying an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Biess ◽  
Ted Stewart ◽  
David Miller ◽  
Steven Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Power Unit ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Auxiliary Power Unit ◽  
Auxiliary Power ◽  
Locomotive Engine

This paper documents results of fuel consumption and exhaust emission tests performed on a 1,500 kW EMD GP38-2 locomotive equipped with an auxiliary power unit (APU) designed to minimize main engine idling time by providing stand-by services normally provided by the main EMD 16-645-E engine at idle. The purpose of these tests was to perform an evaluation of the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of both the EMD 16-645-E engine and the APU. The APU diesel engine was a 2.0L, 4-cylinder, turbocharged, Kubota model V2003-TEBG rated at 30.6 kW. The APU was tested using an external load box over a range of load conditions, ranging from unloaded (0 kW) through 16 kW, which was the maximum APU load expected as installed in the locomotive. Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are compared between an idling EMD 16-645-E engine and the APU engine at a “typical” stand-by condition with the coolant and lubricating oil heaters operating and the locomotive control cab air conditioner turned off. Test results showed that the APU fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are dramatically lower than the idling EMD locomotive engine. Because the APU is designed to automatically start and stop as a function of the locomotive water temperature, and therefore operates only a portion of the time that the EMD engine would otherwise be idling. Reductions in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions over an extended period of time would be even more dramatic.

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