Reducing Locomotive Idle Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions by Applying an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Biess ◽  
Ted Stewart ◽  
David Miller ◽  
Steven Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Power Unit ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Auxiliary Power Unit ◽  
Auxiliary Power ◽  
Locomotive Engine

This paper documents results of fuel consumption and exhaust emission tests performed on a 1,500 kW EMD GP38-2 locomotive equipped with an auxiliary power unit (APU) designed to minimize main engine idling time by providing stand-by services normally provided by the main EMD 16-645-E engine at idle. The purpose of these tests was to perform an evaluation of the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of both the EMD 16-645-E engine and the APU. The APU diesel engine was a 2.0L, 4-cylinder, turbocharged, Kubota model V2003-TEBG rated at 30.6 kW. The APU was tested using an external load box over a range of load conditions, ranging from unloaded (0 kW) through 16 kW, which was the maximum APU load expected as installed in the locomotive. Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are compared between an idling EMD 16-645-E engine and the APU engine at a “typical” stand-by condition with the coolant and lubricating oil heaters operating and the locomotive control cab air conditioner turned off. Test results showed that the APU fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are dramatically lower than the idling EMD locomotive engine. Because the APU is designed to automatically start and stop as a function of the locomotive water temperature, and therefore operates only a portion of the time that the EMD engine would otherwise be idling. Reductions in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions over an extended period of time would be even more dramatic.

Technological analysis and fuel consumption saving potential of different gas turbine thermodynamic configurations for series hybrid electric vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (6) ◽  
pp. 1544-1562
Author(s):  
Wissam Bou Nader ◽  
Yuan Cheng ◽  
Emmanuel Nault ◽  
Alexandre Reine ◽  
Samer Wakim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Power Unit ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Auxiliary Power Unit ◽  
Auxiliary Power ◽  
Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Technological Analysis

Gas turbine systems are among potential energy converters to substitute the internal combustion engine as auxiliary power unit in future series hybrid electric vehicle powertrains. Fuel consumption of these auxiliary power units in the series hybrid electric vehicle strongly relies on the energy converter efficiency and power-to-weight ratio as well as on the energy management strategy deployed on-board. This paper presents a technological analysis and investigates the potential of fuel consumption savings of a series hybrid electric vehicle using different gas turbine–system thermodynamic configurations. These include a simple gas turbine, a regenerative gas turbine, an intercooler regenerative gas turbine, and an intercooler regenerative reheat gas turbine. An energetic and technological analysis is conducted to identify the systems’ efficiency and power-to-weight ratio for different operating temperatures. A series hybrid electric vehicle model is developed and the different gas turbine–system configurations are integrated as auxiliary power units. A bi-level optimization method is proposed to optimize the powertrain. It consists of coupling the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm to the dynamic programming to minimize the fuel consumption and the number of switching ON/OFF of the auxiliary power unit, which impacts its durability. Fuel consumption simulations are performed on the worldwide-harmonized light vehicles test cycle while considering the electric and thermal comfort vehicle energetic needs. Results show that the intercooler regenerative reheat gas turbine–auxiliary power unit presents an improved fuel consumption compared with the other investigated gas turbine systems and a good potential for implementation in series hybrid electric vehicles.

Control Oriented Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit for Transportation Applications

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Sorrentino ◽  
Cesare Pianese
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Power Unit ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Oxide Fuel ◽  
Auxiliary Power Unit ◽  
Auxiliary Power

This paper reports on the development of a control-oriented model for simulating a hybrid auxiliary power unit (APU) equipped with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack. Such a work is motivated by the strong interest devoted to SOFC technology due to its highly appealing potentialities in terms of fuel savings, fuel flexibility, cogeneration, low-pollution and low-noise operation. In this context, the availability of a model with acceptable computational burden and satisfactory accuracy can significantly enhance both system and control strategy design phases for APUs destined to a wide application area (e.g., mild-hybrid cars, trains, ships, and airplanes). The core part of the model is the SOFC stack, surrounded by a number of ancillary devices: air compressor/blower, regulating pressure valves, heat exchangers, prereformer, and postburner. Since the thermal dynamics is clearly the slowest one, a lumped-capacity model is proposed to describe the response of SOFC and heat exchangers to load (i.e., operating current) variation. The stack model takes into account the dependence of stack voltage on operating temperature, thus adequately describing the typical voltage undershoot following a decrease in load demand. On the other hand, due to their faster dynamics the mass transfer and electrochemistry processes are assumed instantaneous. The hybridizing device, whose main purpose is to assist the SOFC system (i.e., stack and ancillaries) during transient conditions, consists of a lead-acid battery pack. Battery power dependence on current is modeled, taking into account the influence of actual state of charge on open circuit voltage and internal resistance. The developed APU model was tested by simulating typical auxiliary power demand profiles for a heavy-duty truck in parked-idling phases. Suited control strategies also were developed to avoid operating the SOFC stack under severe thermal transients and, at the same time, to guarantee a charge sustaining operation of the battery pack. In order to assess the benefits achievable by introducing the SOFC-APU on board of a commercial truck, the simulated fuel consumption was compared with the fuel consumed by idling the thermal engine. From the simulation carried out, it emerges how the SOFC-APU allows achieving a potential reduction in fuel consumption of up to 70%.

scholarly journals The effect of applying the eco-driving rules on the exhaust emissions

2013 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
Jerzy MERKISZ ◽  
Maciej ANDRZEJEWSKI ◽  
Jacek PIELECHA
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Power Unit ◽  
Commercial Vehicle ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Driving Style ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Vehicle Engine ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Real Traffic

The article presents the results of measurements of exhaust emissions of commercial vehicle in real traffic conditions. The aim of this study was to initial verification how the driving style affects on the exhaust emissions from vehicle engine and fuel consumption. The determinants were the measurements of the concentration of CO2 and others harmful substances emitted to the atmosphere from the power unit of the tested vehicle. In the measurements a portable exhaust emission analyzer was used (PEMS type).

Approximation of Payback Period of Fuel Cell Auxiliary Power Unit for Large Trucks

2009 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-229
Author(s):  
Noboru Katayama ◽  
Hideyuki Kamiyama ◽  
Yusuke Kudo ◽  
Sumio Kogoshi ◽  
Takafumi Fukada
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Unit ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Auxiliary Power Unit ◽  
Auxiliary Power

Electric auxiliary power unit for Shuttle evolution

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUG MEYER ◽  
KENT WEBER ◽  
WALTER SCOTT
Keyword(s):  
Power Unit ◽  
Auxiliary Power Unit ◽  
Auxiliary Power

scholarly journals Improving EGT sensing data anomaly detection of aircraft auxiliary power unit

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liansheng LIU ◽  
Yu PENG ◽  
Lulu WANG ◽  
Yu DONG ◽  
Datong LIU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anomaly Detection ◽  
Power Unit ◽  
Sensing Data ◽  
Auxiliary Power Unit ◽  
Auxiliary Power

Low-Emissions Technology Development for Auxiliary Power Unit Combustion Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Bronson ◽  
Rudy Dudebout ◽  
Nagaraja Rudrapatna
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Unit ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Auxiliary Power Unit ◽  
Criteria Pollutants ◽  
Auxiliary Power ◽  
Combustion Systems ◽  
Aircraft Application

Abstract The aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) is required to provide power to start the main engines, conditioned air and power when there are no facilities available and, most importantly, emergency power during flight operation. Given the primary purpose of providing backup power, APUs have historically been designed to be extremely reliable while minimizing weight and fabrication cost. Since APUs are operated at airports especially during taxi operations, the emissions from the APUs contribute to local air quality. There is clearly significant regulatory and public interest in reducing emissions from all sources at airports, including from APUs. As such, there is a need to develop technologies that reduce criteria pollutants, namely oxides of nitrogen (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke (SN) from aircraft APUs. Honeywell has developed a Low-Emissions (Low-E) combustion system technology for the 131-9 and HGT750 family of APUs to provide significant reduction in pollutants for narrow-body aircraft application. This article focuses on the combustor technology and processes that have been successfully utilized in this endeavor, with an emphasis on abating NOx. This paper describes the 131-9/HGT750 APU, the requirements and challenges for small gas turbine engines, and the selected strategy of Rich-Quench-Lean (RQL) combustion. Analytical and experimental results are presented for the current generation of APU combustion systems as well as the Low-E system. The implementation of RQL aerodynamics is well understood within the aero-gas turbine engine industry, but the application of RQL technology in a configuration with tangential liquid fuel injection which is also required to meet altitude ignition at 41,000 ft is the novelty of this development. The Low-E combustion system has demonstrated more than 25% reduction in NOx (dependent on the cycle of operation) vs. the conventional 131-9 combustion system while meeting significant margins in other criteria pollutants. In addition, the Low-E combustion system achieved these successes as a “drop-in” configuration within the existing envelope, and without significantly impacting combustor/turbine durability, combustor pressure drop, or lean stability.

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