scholarly journals Edge-of-Field Technologies for Phosphorus Retention from Agricultural Drainage Discharge

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lipe Renato Dantas Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Phosphorus Retention ◽  
Buffer Strips ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Agricultural Catchments ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Phosphorus Form ◽  
Subsurface Drains

Agriculture is often responsible for the eutrophication of surface waters due to the loss of phosphorus—a normally limiting nutrient in freshwater ecosystems. Tile-drained agricultural catchments tend to increase this problem by accelerating the transport of phosphorus through subsurface drains both in dissolved (reactive and organic phosphorus) and particulate (particle-bound phosphorus) forms. The reduction of excess phosphorus loads from agricultural catchments prior to reaching downstream surface waters is therefore necessary. Edge-of-field technologies have been investigated, developed and implemented in areas with excess phosphorus losses to receive and treat the drainage discharge, when measures at the farm-scale are not able to sufficiently reduce the loads. The implementation of these technologies shall base on the phosphorus dynamics of specific catchments (e.g., phosphorus load and dominant phosphorus form) in order to ensure that local retention goals are met. Widely accepted technologies include constructed wetlands, restored wetlands, vegetated buffer strips and filter materials. These have demonstrated a large variability in the retention of phosphorus, and results from the literature can help targeting specific catchment conditions with suitable technologies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the currently used edge-of-field technologies for phosphorus retention in tile-drained catchments, with great focus on performance, application and limitations.

scholarly journals Erosion and Subsequent Transport State of Escherichia coli from Cowpats

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 2875-2879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard William Muirhead ◽  
Robert Peter Collins ◽  
Philip James Bremer
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Buffer Strips ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Unattached Fraction ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Processes by which fecal bacteria enter overland flow and their transportation state to surface waters are poorly understood, making the effectiveness of measures designed to intercept this pathway, such as vegetated buffer strips, difficult to predict. Freshly made and aged (up to 30 days) cowpats were exposed to simulated rainfall, and samples of the cowpat material and runoff were collected. Escherichia coli in the runoff samples were separated into attached (to particles) and unattached fractions, and the unattached fraction was analyzed to determine if the cells were clumped. Within cowpats, E. coli grew for 6 to 14 days, rather than following a typical logarithmic die-off curve. E. coli numbers in the runoff correlated with numbers inside the cowpat. Most of the E. coli organisms eroded from the cowpats were transported as single cells, and only a small percentage (about 8%) attached to particles. The erosion of E. coli from cowpats and the state in which the cells were transported did not vary with time within a single rainfall event or over time as the cowpats aged and dried out. These findings indicate that cowpats can remain a significant source of E. coli in overland flow for more than 30 days. As well, most of the E. coli organisms eroded from cowpats will occur as readily transportable single cells.

Characterization of Organic Phosphorus Form and Bioavailability in Lake Sediments using 31 P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Enzymatic Hydrolysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 882-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney D. Giles ◽  
Lydia G. Lee ◽  
Barbara J. Cade-Menun ◽  
Jane E. Hill ◽  
Peter D. F. Isles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Lake Sediments ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Form ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic

Can industrial by-products enhance phosphorus retention within vegetated buffer strips?

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Habibiandehkordi ◽  
J. N. Quinton ◽  
B. W. J. Surridge
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Retention ◽  
Buffer Strips ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals A trait-based approach to assess climate change sensitivity of freshwater invertebrates across Swedish ecoregions

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Sandin ◽  
Astrid Schmidt-Kloiber ◽  
Jens-Christian Svenning ◽  
Erik Jeppesen ◽  
Nikolai Friberg
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Species Traits ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Buffer Strips

Abstract Freshwater habitats and organisms are among the most threatened on Earth, and freshwater ecosystems have been subject to large biodiversity losses. We developed a Climate Change Sensitivity (CCS) indicator based on trait information for a selection of stream- and lake-dwelling Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera taxa. We calculated the CCS scores based on ten species traits identified as sensitive to global climate change. We then assessed climate change sensitivity between the six main ecoregions of Sweden as well as the three Swedish regions based on Illies. This was done using biological data from 1, 382 stream and lake sites where we compared large-scale (ecoregional) patterns in climate change sensitivity with potential future exposure of these ecosystems to increased temperatures using ensemble-modelled future changes in air temperature. Current (1961~1990) measured temperature and ensemble-modelled future (2100) temperature showed an increase from the northernmost towards the southern ecoregions, whereas the predicted temperature change increased from south to north. The CCS indicator scores were highest in the two northernmost boreal ecoregions where we also can expect the largest global climate change-induced increase in temperature, indicating an unfortunate congruence of exposure and sensitivity to climate change. These results are of vital importance when planning and implementing management and conservation strategies in freshwater ecosystems, e.g., to mitigate increased temperatures using riparian buffer strips. We conclude that traits information on taxa specialization, e.g., in terms of feeding specialism or taxa having a preference for high altitudes as well as sensitivity to changes in temperature are important when assessing the risk from future global climate change to freshwater ecosystems.

Triazine herbicide contamination of Tasmanian streams: Sources, concentrations and effects on biota

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Davies ◽  
LSJ Cook ◽  
JL Barton
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Invertebrate Drift ◽  
Triazine Herbicide ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Agricultural Catchments ◽  
Stream Communities ◽  
Forestry Industry ◽  
Forestry Plantations

Concentrations of the triazine herbicides atrazine, simazine, cyanazine, metribuzin and propazine were determined in streams draining forestry and agricultural catchments in Tasmania, Australia, between 1989 and 1992. Atrazine and simazine were used extensively by the forestry industry in a winter spraying programme, and applications of the other herbicides occurred in cropped agricultural catchments during spring and summer. Of 29 streams sampled intensively for triazines, 20 contained detectable residues. Median contaminations over all samples were 2.85, 1.05, <0.05, <0.05 and <0.05 �g L-1 for atrazine, simazine, cyanazine, metribuzin and propazine, respectively. All herbicide concentrations ranged over several orders of magnitude up to 53 mg L-1, with atrazine and simazine having significantly higher concentrations than the others. Atrazine concentrations were examined in streams draining forestry plantations for periods of up to two years. A decline in concentration was observed with time, but this was strongly influenced by rainfall events. Atrazine contamination from single spraying events persisted at a low level for up to 16 months. Contamination of Big Creek with atrazine to 22�g L-1 after aerial spraying led to an increase in stream invertebrate drift only on the day of spraying and to a short-term increase in movement of brown trout. On examination of biological effects of triazines in surface waters reported in the literature, it was concluded that the observed frequent contamination of Tasmanian streams with triazines may cause occasional minor short-term disturbance to stream communities.

scholarly journals Vertical transport of sediment-associated metals and cyanobacteria by ebullition in a stratified lake

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 3135-3147
Author(s):  
Kyle Delwiche ◽  
Junyao Gu ◽  
Harold Hemond ◽  
Sarah P. Preheim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Freshwater Lakes ◽  
Cell Recruitment ◽  
Stratified Lake ◽  
Marine Systems ◽  
Stratified Lakes ◽  
Transport Particle ◽  
Arsenic Transport

Abstract. Bubbles adsorb and transport particulate matter in a variety of natural and engineered settings, including industrial, freshwater, and marine systems. While methane-containing bubbles emitted from anoxic sediments are found widely in freshwater ecosystems, relatively little attention has been paid to the possibility that these bubbles transport particle-associated chemical or biological material from sediments to surface waters of freshwater lakes. We triggered ebullition and quantified transport of particulate material from sediments to the surface by bubbles in Upper Mystic Lake, MA, and in a 15 m tall experimental column. Particle transport was positively correlated with the volume of gas bubbles released from the sediment, and particles transported by bubbles appear to originate almost entirely in the sediment, rather than being scavenged from the water column. Concentrations of arsenic, chromium, lead, and cyanobacterial cells in bubble-transported particulate material were similar to those of bulk sediment, and particles were transported from depths exceeding 15 m, implying the potential for daily average fluxes as large as 0.18 µg arsenic m−2 and 2×104 cyanobacteria cells m−2 in the strongly stratified Upper Mystic Lake. Bubble-facilitated arsenic transport currently appears to be a modest component of total arsenic cycling in this lake. Although more work is needed to reduce uncertainty in budget estimates, bubble-facilitated cyanobacterial transport has the potential to contribute substantially to the cyanobacteria cell recruitment to the surface of this lake and may thus be of particular importance in large, deep, stratified lakes.

A model-based sediment connectivity assessment for patchy agricultural catchments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Velloso Gomes Batista ◽  
Peter Fiener ◽  
Simon Scheper ◽  
Christine Alewell
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Landscape Patterns ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Agricultural Catchments ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Sediment Connectivity

&lt;p&gt;Sediment connectivity is highly influenced by landscape patchiness. In particular, linear features such as roads, ditches, and terraces, modify landscape patterns and affect sediment transport from hillslopes to surface waters. Connectivity patterns are commonly assessed by spatially-distributed models, which rely on semi-qualitative indices or numerical simulations of soil erosion and sediment transport. However, model-based connectivity assessments are hindered by the uncertainty in model structure and parameter estimation. Moreover, representing linear landscape features is often limited by the spatial resolution of the model input data. Here we demonstrate how a global sensitivity analysis of the WaTEM/SEDEM model can be used to improve our understanding of sediment connectivity in patchy agricultural catchments of the Swiss Plateau. Specifically, we explored model structural connectivity assumptions regarding road drainage and the presence of edge-of-field buffer strips, as well as the uncertainty in the input data, by means of a Monte Carlo simulation and a high resolution 2 m x 2 m DEM. Our results showed that roads are the main regulators of sediment connectivity in ameliorated Swiss landscapes. That is, our sensitivity analysis revealed that assumptions about how the road network (dis)connects sediment transport from cropland to water courses had a much higher impact on modelled sediment loads than the uncertainty in model parameters. These results illustrate how a high-density road network combined with an effective drainage system increases sediment connectivity from arable land to surface waters in Switzerland. Additionally, our approach underlines the usefulness of sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for identifying relevant processes in model-based sediment connectivity assessments.&lt;/p&gt;

Effectiveness of Unfertilized Buffer Strips for Reducing Nitrogen Loads from Agricultural Lowland to Surface Waters

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignatius G. A. M. Noij ◽  
Marius Heinen ◽  
Hanneke I. M. Heesmans ◽  
Jac T. N. M. Thissen ◽  
Piet Groenendijk
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Buffer Strips ◽  
Nitrogen Loads

Diversifying Agricultural Catchments by Incorporating Tallgrass Prairie Buffer Strips

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Hirsh ◽  
C. M. Mabry ◽  
L. A. Schulte ◽  
M. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Buffer Strips ◽  
Agricultural Catchments
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