Determination of control actions and energy consumption during programmed motion of the manipulator

The paper presents the modeling of the solution to one of the problems of mechanics - the automated control of the manipulator used in the forestry industry for moving operations at various stages of the technological process. A unified model has been developed that allows generating control actions and energy consumption of the object under study. As a result of solving the problem, a system of equations was obtained for determining the control moment and control force, which allow the manipulator to be set in motion, as well as to determine the energy consumption for the implementation of the program motion, in which the load moves at a given speed from point a to point b along a straight line inclined at a given angle to the horizon. The proposed algorithm is generalized for solving computer-aided design problems and is a simulation experiment. The software solution is implemented in two forms. In the first module, the database is filled with the initial metric, angular and physical and mathematical characteristics of the manipulator. In the second, according to the unified model described above, the indicators are calculated that are necessary for the movement of the object and characterize the dynamics of movement, as well as the necessary energy consumption for performing the operations performed. The possibility of converting the calculated values from the database into an MS Excel table is provided.

Using artificial neural networks to determine the prospects of using hybrid tree clones for plantation reforestation

Оценка перспективности использования клонов гибридных пород древесины является одной из актуальных задач для повышения эффективности плантационного лесовыращивания. Одним из перспективных путей решения данной задачи является применение искусственных нейронных сетей (ИНС). Настоящая научная работа является одной из немногих, где применяется ИНС для решения подобных задач в лесном хозяйстве. Для обучения нейронных сетей и определения перспективности использования клонов гибридных пород древесины для плантационного лесовыращивания были взяты биометрические данные клонов гибридной осины 2018 г. В ходе выполнения работы были построены две ИНС, где архитектура первой сети включает входной слой из 3 нейронов, 1 скрытый слой с 6 нейронами и выходной слой из 1 нейрона; архитектура второй сети включает в себя входной слой из 3 нейронов, 2 скрытых слоя по 6 нейронов и выходной слой из 1 нейрона, в которые были загружены нормализованные исходные биометрические данные для обучения определения перспективности использования клонов гибридных пород древесины для плантационного лесовыращивания. По результатам данного исследования была составлена сравнительная характеристика точности ИНС 1 и ИНС 2, которая показала, что ИНС 1 более точная, так как её отклонение на 3,49% меньше ИНС 2. Результаты настоящей работы подтвердили перспективность применения ИНС для оценки использования клонов гибридных пород древесины для плантационного лесовыращивания. По оценке расчётной перспективности ИНС 1 для плантационного лесовыращивания были выявлены клоны гибридных пород древесины VTI, ESCH3, ESCH5. Внедрение ИНС в отрасль лесного хозяйства упрощает оценку результатов биометрических показателей древесины, особенно для начинающих специалистов, что обеспечивает последующую точную оценку перспективности пород древесины. Assessing the prospects of using hybrid wood clones is one of the urgent tasks to improve the efficiency of plantation silviculture. One of the promising ways to solve this problem is the use of artificial neural networks (ANN). This research work is one of the few where ANN are used to solve such problems in forestry. Biometric data from 2018 hybrid aspen clones were taken to train neural networks and determine the potential use of hybrid wood clones for plantation silviculture. During this work, two ANNs were constructed where the architecture of the first network includes an input layer of 3 neurons, 1 hidden layer with 6 neurons and an output layer of 1 neuron, the architecture of the second network includes an input layer of 3 neurons, 2 hidden layers of 6 neurons and an output layer of 1 neuron, into which the normalized input biometric data were loaded for learning to determine the prospective use of hybrid wood species clones for plantation silviculture. Based on the results of this study, a comparison of the accuracy of ANN 1 and ANN 2 was made, which showed that ANN 1 was more accurate because its bias was 3,49% less than ANN 2. The results of this work confirmed the promise of using ANN to evaluate the use of hybrid wood clones for plantation reforestation. According to the evaluation of the calculated promisingness of ANN 1 for plantation silviculture, VTI, ESCH3 and ESCH5 hybrid wood clones were identified. The introduction of ANN in the forestry industry simplifies the evaluation of wood biometric results, especially for beginners, which provides a subsequent accurate assessment of the perspective of wood species.

Materiality Assessment of Natural Capital Risks in Australian Forestry

Purpose of Review Natural capital is a term for the stocks of natural assets (e.g. natural resources and ecosystems) that yield flows of ecosystem services that benefit the economy and human well-being. Forestry is one of the industries with the greatest dependencies on natural capital, as well as having the potential for substantial positive or negative impacts on natural capital. These dependencies and impacts create direct risks to a forestry enterprise’s ongoing financial viability, which translate into indirect risks for investors and society. There are growing demands from a variety of stakeholders for more reliable information to assess such risks, but at present, these risks are not always well understood, assessed or communicated in a consistent and comparable way. This paper addresses this problem by applying a standardized methodology to develop the first systematic, evidence-based review and financial materiality assessment of natural capital risks for the Australian forestry sector. Recent Findings The vast potential scope of forestry impacts and dependencies on natural capital can be reduced to twenty key areas of relevance to Australian forestry, of which only seven to nine have been assessed as highly financially material for each of the sub-sectors of softwood plantations, hardwood plantations and native forestry. The majority of risks assessed as highly financially material are related to dependencies on natural capital. This is in part due to the fact that current regulations and certification schemes focus on managing impacts, but tend to overlook dependencies. Nearly all of the natural capital risks rated as highly material are likely to be exacerbated by climate change. Summary An improved understanding of natural capital risks is an important input to better decision-making by forestry enterprises, as well as their lenders and investors, forestry regulators and other relevant stakeholders. This paper contributes to the preparedness of the forestry industry and its stakeholders to address questions about vulnerability to future changes and declining trends in natural capital.

ESPDS

In this paper, we introduce a Microsoft Excel Workbook containing the software Equipment Selection Problem DS (ESPDS) that recognizes the special structure of the equipment selection problem. The ESPDS approach is based on the context of the Brazilian forestry sector using detailed equipment maintenance schedules. No special restrictions are needed on cost inputs over time or technologies. The output is an equipment schedule that can be used to project equipment investment needs, operational costs, and tree harvesting costs. ESPDS can be applied to support companies and contractors in order to choose the best option for their operations, as well as to achieve better equipment purchase agreements. We will show how ESPDS will also be useful in providing longer term estimates of production costs. The sensitivity analysis shows how different inputs and maintenance polices can affect the best alternative. A numerical example is included considering the entrance of a specific technology that increases the equipment productivity in order to examine whether it can change the solution. ESPDS is intuitive, flexible, and easy to calculate. Although designed for the forestry industry, the approach is readily transferable to other sectors. ESPDS may be found on the web at the following URL: <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350811380_ESPDS_workbook">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350811380_ESPDS_workbook</a>.

A Talk between Flavonoids and Hormones to Reorient the Growth of Gymnosperms

Plants reorient the growth of affected organs in response to the loss of gravity vector. In trees, this phenomenon has received special attention due to its importance for the forestry industry of conifer species. Sustainable management is a key factor in improving wood quality. It is of paramount importance to understand the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying wood formation, together with the hormonal and environmental factors that affect wood formation and quality. Hormones are related to the modulation of vertical growth rectification. Many studies have resulted in a model that proposes differential growth in the stem due to unequal auxin and jasmonate allocation. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that in auxin distribution, flavonoids act as molecular controllers. It is well known that flavonoids affect auxin flux, and this is a new area of study to understand the intracellular concentrations and how these compounds can control the gravitropic response. In this review, we focused on different molecular aspects related to the hormonal role in flavonoid homeostasis and what has been done in conifer trees to identify molecular players that could take part during the gravitropic response and reduce low-quality wood formation.

The formation of a system of Cossack and mountain forest services in the territory of modern Karachay-Cherkessia in the pre-revolutionary period

В статье освещается один из важных аспектов экономической истории, связанный с отраслью лесного хозяйства на территории современной Карачаево-Черкесской республики. Хищническая эксплуатация лесных богатств региона во второй половине XIX в. со стороны местного горского и казачьего населения детерминировала государственное и общественное вмешательство в данную сферу, главной целью которого было не только желание предотвратить экологическую катастрофу и упорядочить пользование лесами, но и учесть потребности населения, сохранить рентабельность лесного хозяйства. В центре внимания автора находятся аспекты, относящиеся к возникновению системы войсковых и общественных лесничеств в имперский период. Рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с финансовой деятельностью данных структур, отмечается динамика их расходов и доходов, указывается штатный состав лесничеств, акцентируется внимание на проблемах кадрового состава и существовании коррупционных схем. Данная работа впервые освещает возникновение в нагорной части Верхней Кубани природоохранных структур, их правовые виды, комплекс их функций (административных, защитных, надзорных, технических, хозяйственных и др.), нормативную основу, содержание и ареал их деятельности. Автор отмечает основные проблемы отрасли, характер и динамику освоения лесных ресурсов региона, эффективность деятельности службы охраны лесов. The article highlights one of the important aspects of economic history related to the forestry industry in the territory of the modern Karachay-Cherkess Republic. The predatory exploitation of the region's forest wealth in the second half of the 19th century on the part of the local mountain and Cossack population determined state and public intervention in this area. Its main goal was not only the desire to prevent an environmental disaster and streamline the use of forests, but also to take into account the needs of the population, to preserve the profitability of forestry. The author focuses on aspects related to the emergence of a system of military and public forest services during the imperial period. The paper deals with the issues related to the financial activities of these structures, the dynamics of their expenses and income, the staff of forest services, attention is focused on the problems of personnel composition and the existence of corruption schemes. This work for the first time highlights the emergence of environmental protection structures in the upland part of the Upper Kuban, their legal types, the complex of their functions (administrative, protective, supervisory, technical, economical etc.), the normative basis, content and range of their activities. The author notes the main problems of the industry, the nature and dynamics of the development of forest resources in the region, the effectiveness of the forest protection service.

Spiral dynamics in the management of sustainable development of society

The article discusses issues related to the implementation of the concept of sustainable development through the prism of the spiral dynamics approach. An example of sustainable models for the implementation of activities in the forestry area and considered inconsistencies in conceptual attitudes necessary to implement such an approach and in the vMems of today. The purpose of this study is consideration of the applied aspects management on the value-based change. As part of the study, an information and management scheme for the forestry industry has been developed, which allows you to see information in the process relationships. General recommendations for the management of values have been developed on a specific example of the forestry industry. Modern society requires specialists of a new formation, able to integrate spiral movements, ready to design new businesses and projects, taking into account the requirements of the 2nd level vMems.