scholarly journals Effects of Two-Week Betaine Supplementation on Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, and Aerobic Capacity after Exhaustive Endurance Exercise

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1189
Author(s):  
Ming-Ta Yang ◽  
Xiu-Xin Lee ◽  
Bo-Huei Huang ◽  
Li-Hui Chien ◽  
Chia-Chi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Lymphocyte Apoptosis ◽  
Placebo Trial ◽  
Sports Beverage ◽  
Betaine Supplementation

This study evaluated the effects of 2 weeks of betaine supplementation on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and aerobic capacity after exhaustive endurance exercise (EEE). A double-blind, crossover, and counterbalanced design was adopted, with 10 healthy male participants asked to consume betaine (1.25 g of betaine mixed with 300 mL of sports beverage, twice per day for 2 weeks) or placebo (300 mL of sports beverage). All participants performed a graded exercise test on a treadmill to determine the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) before supplementation and then performed the EEE test at an intensity of 80% VO2max after 2 weeks of supplementation. The time to exhaustion, peak oxygen consumption, maximal heart rate, and average heart rate were recorded during the EEE test. Venous blood samples were drawn before, immediately after, and 3 h after the EEE test to assess apoptosis and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) decline of lymphocytes as well as the concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and protein carbonyl. The results indicated that lymphocyte apoptosis was significantly higher immediately after and 3 h after EEE than before exercise in participants in the placebo trial. However, lymphocyte apoptosis exhibited no significant differences among the three time points in participants in the betaine trial. Moreover, apoptosis in the betaine trial was significantly lower immediately after and 3 h after exercise compared with the placebo trial. No differences were noted for other variables. Thus, 2 weeks of betaine supplementation can effectively attenuate lymphocyte apoptosis, which is elevated by EEE. However, betaine supplementation exhibited no effects on MTP decline, oxidative stress, or aerobic capacity.

scholarly journals Low-Osmolality Carbohydrate–Electrolyte Solution Ingestion Avoid Fluid Loss and Oxidative Stress after Exhaustive Endurance Exercise

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Wen-Ching Huang ◽  
Yu-Tang Tung ◽  
Mai-Szu Wu ◽  
Ming-Che Liu ◽  
Tsai-Jung Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Electrolyte Solution ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Low-osmolality carbohydrate–electrolyte solution (LCS) ingestion can replace losses from exercise-induced dehydration, but the benefits of LCS ingestion strategy after exhaustive endurance exercise (EEE) remain unknown. The present study evaluated the effects of LCS ingestion on dehydration, oxidative stress, renal function, and aerobic capacity after EEE. In our study with its double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced design, 12 healthy male participants were asked to consume LCS (150 mL four times per hour) or placebo (water) 1 h before and 1 h after EEE. All participants completed a graded exercise test to exhaustion on a treadmill for the determination of maximal oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O 2 max ), applied to further intensity calibration, and then completed the EEE test. The average heart rate, maximal heart rate, running time to exhaustion, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were recorded during the exercise period. The participants’ body weight was recorded at different time points before and after the EEE to calculate the dehydration rate. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 2 h after EEE to determine indicators of oxidative stress and renal function. The results indicated that the dehydration rates in participants with LCS ingestion at 15 min, 30 min, and 45 min after EEE were significantly lower than in participants with placebo ingestion (−1.86 ± 0.47% vs. −2.24 ± 0.72%; −1.78 ± 0.50% vs. −2.13 ± 0.74%; −1.54 ± 0.51% vs. −1.94 ± 0.72%, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of catalase in participants with LCS ingestion immediately after EEE was significantly higher than in participants with placebo ingestion (2046.21 ± 381.98 nmol/min/mL vs. 1820.37 ± 417.35 nmol/min/mL; p < 0.05). Moreover, the concentration of protein carbonyl in participants with LCS ingestion immediately after EEE was slightly lower than in participants with placebo ingestion (2.72 ± 0.31 nmol carbonyl/mg protein vs. 2.89 ± 0.43 nmol carbonyl/mg protein; p = 0.06). No differences were noted for other variables. Our findings conclude that LCS ingestion can effectively avoid fluid loss and oxidative stress after EEE. However, LCS ingestion had no benefits for renal function or aerobic capacity.

scholarly journals Sex-Related Differences in the Maximal Lactate Steady State

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Hafen ◽  
Pat Vehrs
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Maximal Lactate Steady State ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females

The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is one of the factors that differentiates performance in aerobic events. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sex differences in oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at the MLSS in well-trained distance runners. Twenty-two (12 female, 10 male) well-trained distance runners (23 ± 5.0 years) performed multiple 30-min steady-state runs to determine their MLSS, during which blood lactate and respiratory gas exchange measures were taken. To interpret the MLSS intensity as a training tool, runners completed a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) run at their MLSS. The relative intensity at which the MLSS occurred was identical between males and females according to both oxygen consumption (83 ± 5 %O2max) and heart rate (89 ± 7 %HRmax). However, female runners displayed a significantly lower RER at MLSS compared to male runners (p < 0.0001; 0.84 ± 0.02 vs. 0.88 ± 0.04, respectively). There was not a significant difference in TTE at MLSS between males (79 ± 17 min) and females (80 ± 25 min). Due to the observed difference in the RER at the MLSS, it is suggested that RER derived estimates of MLSS be sex-specific. While the RER data suggest that the MLSS represents different metabolic intensities for males and females, the relative training load of MLSS appears to be similar in males and female runners.

scholarly journals Aerobic capacity and respiratory patterns are better in recreational basketball-engaged university students than age-matched untrained males

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
Mladen Mikić ◽  
Marko D.M. Stojanović ◽  
Aleksandra Milovančev ◽  
Tatjana Miljković ◽  
Marija Bjelobrk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
University Students ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Recreational Basketball

Abstract Study aim: To asses and compare the aerobic capacity and respiratory parameters in recreational basketball-engaged university students with age-matched untrained young adults. Material and methods: A total of 30 subjects were selected to took part in the study based on recreational-basketball activity level and were assigned to a basketball (BG: n = 15, age 22.86 ± 1.35 yrs., body height 185.07 ± 5.95 cm, body weight 81.21 ± 6.15 kg) and untrained group (UG: n = 15, age 22.60 ± 1.50 yrs., body height 181.53 ± 6.11 cm, body weight 76.89 ± 7.30 kg). Inspiratory vital capacity (IVC), forced expiration volume (FEV1), FEV1/IVC ratio, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), ventilatory threshold (VO2VT) and time to exhaustion, were measured in all subjects. Student T-test for independent Sample and Cohen’s d as the measure of the effect size were calculated. Results: Recreational basketball-engaged students (EG) reached significantly greater IVC (t = 7.240, p < 0.001, d = 1.854), FEV1 (t = 10.852, p < 0.001, d = 2.834), FEV1/IVC ratio (t = 6.370, p < 0.001, d = 3.920), maximal oxygen consumption (t = 9.039, p < 0.001, d = 3.310), ventilatory threshold (t = 9.859, p < 0.001, d = 3.607) and time to exhaustion (t = 12.361, p < 0.001, d = 4.515) compared to UG. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to recreational basketball leads to adaptive changes in aerobic and respiratory parameters in male university students.

In-season Changes In Heart Rate Recovery Are Related To Time To Exhaustion, But Not Aerobic Capacity In Collegiate Rowers

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 292
Author(s):  
Kristin Haraldsdottir ◽  
Stacey Brickson ◽  
Jennifer Sanfilippo ◽  
Warren Dunn ◽  
Andrew Watson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Time To Exhaustion

In-season changes in heart rate recovery are inversely related to time to exhaustion but not aerobic capacity in rowers

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Haraldsdottir ◽  
S. Brickson ◽  
J. Sanfilippo ◽  
W. Dunn ◽  
A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Time To Exhaustion

scholarly journals Emperor penguin oxygen consumption, heart rate and plasma lactate levels during graded swimming exercise.

1994 ◽  
Vol 195 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
G L Kooyman ◽  
P J Ponganis
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Swimming Exercise ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Emperor Penguin ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Average Maximum

Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate and blood chemistry were measured in four emperor penguins, Aptenodytes forsteri (Gray), during graded swimming exercise. The maximum VO2 obtained, 52 ml O2 kg-1 min-1, was 7.8 times the measured resting VO2 of 6.7 ml O2 kg-1 min-1 and 9.1 times the predicted resting VO2. As the swimming effort rose, a linear increase in surface and submerged heart rates (fH) occurred. The highest average maximum surface and submersion heart rates of any bird were 213 and 210 beats min-1, respectively. No increase in plasma lactate concentrations occurred until VO2 was greater than 25 ml O2 kg-1 min-1. At the highest VO2 values measured, plasma lactate concentration reached 9.4 mmol l-1. In comparison with other animals of approximately the same mass, the aerobic capacity of the emperor penguin is less than those of the emu and dog but about the same as those of the seal, sea lion and domestic goat. For aquatic animals, a low aerobic capacity seems to be consistent with the needs of parsimonious oxygen utilization while breath-holding.

scholarly journals Correlation matrix for revealing informative indicators of functional state estimation, anaerobic working capacity and physical readiness of highly qualified athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-159
Author(s):  
T M Brook ◽  
P A Terekhov ◽  
A A Nikolaev
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Relative Level

The possibility of revealing informative markers for assessing the functional state and special working capacity of highly skilled multihorts by means of correlation analysis is considered. It is established that the values of the relative and explosive strength of most muscle groups have prognostic significance as a criterion for their physical fitness. The priority of extensor musculature for achieving high sports results in athletics decathlon is proved. It was found that the parameters of the anaerobic threshold, determined by the heart rate, are more related to the athletic result than the anaerobic threshold values determined by the amount of oxygen consumed. Five groups of indicators were distinguished, which had a strong relationship with the athletic result in the decathlon. The first group included markers that characterize the aerobic capacity of the body: the relative level of maximum oxygen consumption, anaerobic threshold, pulmonary ventilation, respiratory coefficient and vital capacity of the lungs. The second group consisted of parameters reflecting the rate of recovery of aerobic capacity of the body within 2 minutes after the end of physical activity: heart rate, respiratory, oxygen consumption and pulmonary ventilation. The third group included the values of energy metabolism in the central, right and left temporal regions of the brain, where the higher centers of the motor and sensory systems are located, as well as the centers of the descending pyramidal tract responsible for performing arbitrary movements. The fourth group included indicators characterizing the background mental state, speed and accuracy of the attentional set-shifting, psycho-emotional stability. The fifth group consisted of parameters of the analysis of the heart rate, which reliably correlated with the sum of points in the decathlon.

scholarly journals The Effects of Music Intensity on Performance and Cardiovascular Responses in Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-232
Author(s):  
Paria Torkamandi ◽  
◽  
Ali Akbarnejad ◽  
Abbas Ali Gaeini ◽  
Ali Gharecheshmei Ghahremanloo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Pressure Maximum

Introduction: The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of different musical intensities on performance and cardiovascular responses after incremental exercise in male athletes. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with a cross-over design, 15 male athletes were voluntarily selected. The study subjects performed Bruce protocol, along with listening to progressive music, slow music, and without music until exhaustion. Results: This study indicated that systolic and diastolic blood pressure, maximum oxygen consumption, maximum heart rate, and time to exhaustion insignificantly decreased while listening to slow music, compared to the no music (P=0.134, P=0.993, P=0.999, P=0.160, P=0.819, respectively). Furthermore, while listening to progressive music, compared to no music, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as maximum heart rate insignificantly increased (P=0.735, P=0.999, P=0.496, respectively); the maximum oxygen consumption and the time of exhaustion significantly increased in the study subjects (P=0.043, P=0.008 respectively). Moreover, while listening to progressive music, compared to slow music, the systolic blood pressure, maximum oxygen consumption, maximum heart rate, and the time of exhaustion significantly increased (P=0.004, P=0.009, P=0.002, P=0.001 respectively); however, diastolic blood pressure presented an insignificant decrease (P=0.253). Conclusion: The obtained findings revealed that listening to progressive music can affect physiological factors and performance during exercising. It increases the athlete’s motivation and postpones the time to exhaustion to continue exercising; however, listening to slow music creates a state of relaxation during exercise and reduces heart rate. As a result, individuals with hypertension can decline their blood pressure during endurance exercise by listening to soft music.

Effects of garlic consumption on physiological variables and performance during exercise in hypoxia

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Morris ◽  
Reid K. Beloni ◽  
Hannah E. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Blood Pressures

Exposure to hypoxia results in vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vasculature (HPV) leading to pulmonary hypertension (HPH) and reductions in blood oxygen saturation and exercise performance. Alleviation of HPV and HPH via vasodilators has been shown to improve blood oxygen saturation and exercise performance in hypoxia. Garlic has been shown to reduce HPV and HPH in rats and has been suggested to have ergogenic effects in hypoxic exercise. We compared the effects of 7 days of supplementation with garlic and placebo on peripheral blood pressures, blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, oxygen consumption, and time to exhaustion during a progressive exercise test to exhaustion in humans under hypoxia (PIO2 ∼ 88 Torr). No significant differences were observed between treatments regarding oxygen consumption, exercise or resting peripheral blood pressures, blood oxygen saturation, heart rates, or exercise time to exhaustion. These results do not support garlic consumption as a method for improving peripheral blood pressure, maximal oxygen consumption, blood oxygen saturation, exercising heart rate, heart rate response, or exercise performance in hypoxia.

COUNTERPOINT: Theoretical and Empirical Basis for Equating Heart Rate Reserve with V̇o2 Reserve

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
David P. Swain ◽  
Barry A. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Heart Rate Reserve ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT In 1998, the American College of Sports Medicine recommended the use of % heart rate reserve (HRR) and % oxygen consumption reserve (V̇o2R) for providing equivalent exercise intensities based on limited research regarding the relationship of HR and V̇o2 from rest to maximal exercise. It further emphasized that the percentage of aerobic capacity, or %V̇o2max, does not provide equivalent intensities to %HRR and that this discrepancy is greater for individuals with lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, especially at low exercise intensities. This point/counterpoint examines additional research to evaluate these relationships.

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