scholarly journals Humane Use of Cardiac Puncture for Non-Terminal Phlebotomy of Wild-Caught and Released Peromyscus spp.

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 826
Author(s):  
Scott C. Williams ◽  
Megan A. Linske ◽  
Kirby C. Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Cardiac Puncture ◽  
Operative Care ◽  
Integrated Tick Management ◽  
Intervention Efficacy ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Infection Monitoring

The cardiac puncture technique for obtaining relatively large volume (50–150 µL) blood samples from sedated rodents has been used in research for nearly a century. Historically, its use to phlebotomize and then release live rodents was more common. However, recently its use in a non-terminal capacity frequently imparts negative connotations in part because exsanguination of sedated animals via cardiac puncture is now an American Veterinary Medical Association-approved euthanasia technique. This association has resulted in ethical concerns by manuscript reviewers and in a few instances, outright refusal by some peer-reviewed journals to publish research that utilized the technique. To counter the perceived negative associations with its non-terminal use, we summarized nearly two decades (2001–2019) of capture and handling data throughout Connecticut, resulting in over 7000 cardiac punctures performed on nearly 5000 sedated, live-captured and released Peromyscus spp. We show that our total handling mortality rate (3.7%) was comparable, if not lower, than similar field studies that utilized other phlebotomy techniques. Many public health, integrated tick management, and vector-borne disease ecology studies require samples from individual wild-caught Peromyscus spp. over time to determine intervention efficacy and pathogen infection monitoring, and in such field studies, post-operative care is not an option. Proper execution of cardiac puncture does not increase susceptibility of individuals to predation upon release as can potential ocular abnormalities or infections that can occur as the result of use of other techniques. We posit that neither exsanguination nor resulting euthanasia are requirements of cardiac puncture and that its use is entirely appropriate for obtaining blood samples from live-captured and released Peromyscus spp. Properly performed cardiac puncture is an excellent technique to obtain blood samples from sedated, individual Peromyscus spp. on multiple appropriately-spaced occasions over single trapping seasons while keeping animal welfare a top priority.

scholarly journals Short Communication: Molecular characterization and blood hematology profile of dogs infected by Ehrlichia canis in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yustinus oswin primajuni Wuhan ◽  
Aris Haryanto ◽  
Ida Tjahajati
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Ehrlichia Canis ◽  
Infected Blood ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Glta Gene ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract. Wuhan YOP, Haryanto A, Tjahajati I. 2020. Short Communication: Molecular characterization and blood hematology profile of dogs infected by Ehrlichia canis in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3242-3248. Ehrlichia canis is Gram-negative intracellular obligate bacteria that cause ehrlichiosis, a companion vector-borne disease is a potentially fatal disease that attacks dogs. The purpose of this study was to molecular characterize and determine the features of Ehrlichia-infected blood based on the amplification of the gltA gene in Ehrlichia infected dogs from Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Blood samples were collected from 51 dog patients from the Prof. Dr. Soeparwi Animal Hospital, animal clinics, and pet shops based on the anamnesis, clinical sign, and physical examination, followed by microscopic examination, routine hematology, PCR amplification, and DNA sequencing were carried out on the blood samples. Based on positive PCR amplification and blood hematology profile examination ehrlichiosis-positive in dogs showed that thrombocytopenia case was 82.3%, anemia was 70.5%, eosinopenia was 70.5%, neutropenia was 29.4%, monocytopenia was 23%, leukopenia was 17% and lymphopenia was 11.7%. Morulae of Ehrlichia sp.was not found in microscopic examination. Molecularly, detected of E. canis using the gltA gene showed that 34% of samples were positive results. Then 5 of positive Ehrlichia samples were DNA sequenced, they showed a high homology of 100% with Hat Yai isolates (KU765199.1). There was no genetic diversity between E. canis samples in Yogyakarta.

The dynamics of vector-transmitted diseases in human communities

1988 ◽  
Vol 321 (1207) ◽  
pp. 513-539 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Reservoir Species ◽  
Single Feature ◽  
Trypanosomatid Parasites ◽  
Vector Borne

The development of vector-transmitted disease models and their application to field studies is reviewed. The key concepts of the basic rate of reproduction and disease transmission threshold are explained, and their application to disease control briefly illustrated. The complications involved in producing appropriate models are discussed for the case of the trypanosomatid parasites Leishmania and Trypanosoma that frequently have more than one vertebrate host and are often fatal in the human host. A two-species, vector-borne disease model allows a quantification of the role of animal reservoirs in maintaining human diseases. Human prevalence may be determined more by the parasitological characteristics of wild reservoir species, about which little is generally known, than by any other single feature of the complex interaction between parasites, vectors and hosts. Domestic animals are often ideal reservoirs, maintaining large numbers of vectors and considerably enlarging the parasite pool. When vector-transmitted diseases are fatal to the human host, human and vector dynamics interact in ways which may cause epidemic cycles, low-level endemic equilibria or disease extinction. For both leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis it is suggested that a very small number of chronic human cases can maintain the disease in the human population over long periods of time between epidemic outbreaks. They may also be important in the maintenance of geographically distinct foci, characteristic of human trypanosomiasis in Africa. Finally there is a plea to establish a tradition of field observation leading to, and being directed by, mathematical models which in turn are modified as the observations accumulate. All too often, one-way traffic between the two results in slow, or misguided, progress.

scholarly journals Relationship among bats, parasitic bat flies, and associated pathogens in Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haeseung Lee ◽  
Min-Goo Seo ◽  
Seung-Hun Lee ◽  
Jae-Ku Oem ◽  
Seon-Hee Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Rhinolophus Ferrumequinum ◽  
Bat Flies ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
I Gene

Abstract Background Bats are hosts for many ectoparasites and act as reservoirs for several infectious agents, some of which exhibit zoonotic potential. Here, species of bats and bat flies were identified and screened for microorganisms that could be mediated by bat flies. Methods Bat species were identified on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Bat flies associated with bat species were initially morphologically identified and further identified at the genus level by analyzing the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Different vector-borne pathogens and endosymbionts were screened using PCR to assess all possible relationships among bats, parasitic bat flies, and their associated organisms. Results Seventy-four bat flies were collected from 198 bats; 66 of these belonged to Nycteribiidae and eight to Streblidae families. All Streblidae bat flies were hosted by Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, known as the most common Korean bat. Among the 74 tested bat flies, PCR and nucleotide sequencing data showed that 35 (47.3%) and 20 (27.0%) carried Wolbachia and Bartonella bacteria, respectively, whereas tests for Anaplasma, Borrelia, Hepatozoon, Babesia, Theileria, and Coxiella were negative. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Wolbachia endosymbionts belonged to two different supergroups, A and F. One sequence of Bartonella was identical to that of Bartonella isolated from Taiwanese bats. Conclusions The vectorial role of bat flies should be checked by testing the same pathogen and bacterial organisms by collecting blood from host bats. This study is of great interest in the fields of disease ecology and public health owing to the bats’ potential to transmit pathogens to humans and/or livestock. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Preliminary study on the prevalence of endoparasite infections and vector-borne diseases in outdoor dogs in Bulgaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Iliev ◽  
Z. T. Kirkova ◽  
A. S. Tonev
Keyword(s):  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Linguatula Serrata ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Trichuris Vulpis ◽  
Toxascaris Leonina

SummaryThe present work was designed to evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and some vector-borne pathogens in dogs in Bulgaria. A total of 172 owned dogs, keeping outside, were included in the study. Fecal samples were examined using standard flotation and sedimentation methods. Blood samples were processed by Knott’s technique, SNAP™ 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX) and Angio Detect™ Test (IDEXX). The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 64.5%. Eggs of hookworms (Ancylostoma sp. and Uncinaria sp.) were the most frequently detected (54.1%), followed by Trichuris vulpis (15.1%), Capillaria sp. (11.0%), Toxocara canis (6.4%), Cystoisospora sp. (4.1%), Sarcocystis sp. (2.3%), Toxascaris leonina (1.7%), Taenia sp. (1.2%) and Linguatula serrata (0.6%). In addition, hookworms were the most commonly involved in the cases of single infection (20.3%). Combinations between Capillaria sp./hookworms and T. vulpis/hookworms were the most common co-infections (4.1% and 2.9%, respectively). Blood samples revealed the presence of antibodies against Ehrlichia sp. (13.4%), Anaplasma sp. (13.4%) and Borrelia burgdorferi (1.7%). Antigens of Dirofilaria immitis and Angiostrongylus vasorum were detected in 10.5% and 0.6% of the samples tested, respectively. Microfilariae of Dirofilaria repens were found in 5.8% of the blood samples. Additionally, the prevalence of D. immitis and Ehrlichia sp. was significantly higher in adult than in young dogs (p<0.05). In contrast, the gender was not considered as a risk factor contributing to the occurrence of infections.

scholarly journals VECTOR-BORNE PATHOGENS-TESTING IN A ROMANIAN CANINE BLOOD BANK

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 904-911
Author(s):  
Teodor-Stefan Ionescu ◽  
Sinziana Radulescu ◽  
Ruxandra Florea ◽  
Stelian Baraitareanu ◽  
Doina Danes
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donors ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Blood Bank ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Donor Pool ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Blood Banks ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Positive Results

INTRODUCTION: Canine blood banking in veterinary medicine is an expanding market. Once the demand for blood products increased all over the world, canine blood banks have focused attention on the risk of spreading diseases through blood transfused products. The need to preserve a healthy donor-pool, free of blood-borne infectious diseases, mainly in endemic areas, led to the implementation of appropriate protocols for screening canine blood donors using specific tests.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum/Anaplasmaplatys, Echrlichiacanis/Echrlichiaewingii, Dirofilariaimmitis and Borrelia burgdorferi using the enzyme immunoassay technology (EIA) among the donors of a Romanian canine blood bank, from January 2015 to December 2016.METHODS: Blood samples from 575 donors were collected and 1253 tests were performed with SNAP 4DX Plus® (IDEXX Laboratories, Fremont, CA) to reveal the presence of D. immitis antigens and the antibodies toward A. phagocytophilum and/or A. platys, E. canis and/or E. ewingii and B. burgdorferi.RESULTS: The results of this holistic approach show that all blood samples provided negative results for B. burgdorferi and E.canis/E. ewingii (0/1253), while 0.87% (11/1253) samples provided positive results for A. phagocytophilum/A. platys and 6.94% (87/1253) for D. immitis.CONCLUSION: The next studied topic would be to compare the results provided by the EIA technology with results of real time PCR and qPCR regarding these vector-borne pathogens.

scholarly journals Infection by Trypanosoma spp. in Platydoras armatulus (Siluriformes, Doradidae), in Southwestern Amazon, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucena Rocha Virgilio ◽  
Gabriele Oliveira Texeira ◽  
Henrique Paulo Silva De Melo ◽  
Sérgio Luiz Prolo Junior ◽  
Ricardo Massato Takemoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
First Report ◽  
Cardiac Puncture ◽  
Fish Blood

Abstract Trypanosoma is a hemoflagellate capable of infecting a wide variety of invertebrates and vertebrates, such as Neotropical freshwater fish. Thus, the present study described and morphologically compared Trypanosoma sp., found in Platydoras armatulus, Valenciennes, 1840, in southwestern Amazon. A sampling of fish specimens was carried out in a river located in Guajará, Amazonas, Brazil. Fish blood samples were collected through a cardiac puncture. Thus, smears were made for quantification, morphometric measurements, and morphotyping of trypanosomes found. Prevalence, mean abundance, and intensity of parasitism were estimated in the specimens of parasitized fish. Five fish specimens were collected, showing a 100% prevalence of parasites in the host. We found two Trypanosoma morphotypes, A and B, in which A had the highest infection intensity in host specimens. Thus, the present study showed the first report of Trypanosoma spp. in P. armatulus, besides the probability of two parasitic morphospecies in the blood of these fish specimens.

Disease ecology of wild fish: Opportunities and challenges for linking infection metrics with behaviour, condition, and survival.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline M. Chapman ◽  
Lisa A. Kelly ◽  
Amy K. Teffer ◽  
Kristina M. Miller ◽  
Steven J. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Fish Physiology ◽  
Technological Advances

Surmounting evidence supports that infectious agents play a critical role in shaping fish physiology, behaviour, and survival. The exclusion of disease-causing agents from fisheries research has resulted in major knowledge gaps that may limit the predictive capacity of ecological models. A major barrier in wild fisheries epidemiology is the logistical constraints associated with observing disease and obtaining samples from free-ranging fish, restricting the vast majority of research to laboratory studies or aquaculture facilities. For fisheries ecologists, including infectious agents can provide greater insight into observed phenomena, particularly with respect to fish physiology (e.g. metabolism), movement (e.g. migration rates), behaviour (e.g. habitat selection), personality (e.g. bold vs. shy), and survival. Here we provide a brief introduction to the current understanding of disease ecology in wild fish and describe technological advances in both epidemiology and fisheries and aquatic sciences that can be used in tandem to create comprehensive studies of disease ecology in wild fishes. Combining non-lethal sampling and molecular genetic-based identification methods with field studies creates vast opportunities for innovative study designs that have the potential to address the true complexity of aquatic ecosystems.

scholarly journals Isolation ofBartonella henselae, Bartonella koehleraesubsp.koehlerae, Bartonella koehleraesubsp.bothieriand a new subspecies ofB. koehleraefrom free-ranging lions (Panthera leo) from South Africa, cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) from Namibia and captive cheetahs from California

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (15) ◽  
pp. 3237-3243 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. MOLIA ◽  
R. W. KASTEN ◽  
M. J. STUCKEY ◽  
H. J. BOULOUIS ◽  
J. ALLEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Lynx Rufus ◽  
Panthera Leo ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Acinonyx Jubatus ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
New Subspecies ◽  
Felis Concolor ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Free Ranging

SUMMARYBartonellae are blood- and vector-borne Gram-negative bacteria, recognized as emerging pathogens. Whole-blood samples were collected from 58 free-ranging lions (Panthera leo) in South Africa and 17 cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) from Namibia. Blood samples were also collected from 11 cheetahs (more than once for some of them) at the San Diego Wildlife Safari Park. Bacteria were isolated from the blood of three (5%) lions, one (6%) Namibian cheetah and eight (73%) cheetahs from California. The lionBartonellaisolates were identified asB. henselae(two isolates) andB. koehleraesubsp.koehlerae. The Namibian cheetah strain was close but distinct from isolates from North American wild felids and clustered betweenB. henselaeandB. koehlerae. It should be considered as a new subspecies ofB. koehlerae. All the Californian semi-captive cheetah isolates were different fromB. henselaeorB. koehleraesubsp.koehleraeand from the Namibian cheetah isolate. They were also distinct from the strains isolated from Californian mountain lions (Felis concolor) and clustered with strains ofB. koehleraesubsp.bothieriisolated from free-ranging bobcats (Lynx rufus) in California. Therefore, it is likely that these captive cheetahs became infected by an indigenous strain for which bobcats are the natural reservoir.

scholarly journals Leptospira Infections in Trappers from Ontario

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryna Warshawsky ◽  
L Robbin Lindsay ◽  
Harvey Artsob
Keyword(s):  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Leptospira Interrogans ◽  
Health Unit ◽  
Cardiac Puncture ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
London Health

BACKGROUND: Four trappers presented to the Middlesex-London Health Unit in November, 1997 with similar clinical presentations. All four complained of fever, chills and headache, and three of the four had severe muscle aches. All gave histories of trapping raccoons before the onset of illness. Three of the four men exhibited diagnostic seroconversions toLeptospira grippotyphosa.OBJECTIVE: To describe the four suspected cases of leptospira infections and to determine whether raccoons might serve as a reservoir of infection using field studies.DESIGN: Raccoon serology were undertaken using the microscopic agglutination test against eight serovars ofLeptospira interrogansincludingL grippotyphosa. Raccoons were trapped using Tomahawk live traps, anaesthetized with intramuscular injection of ketamine and acepromazine, bled by cardiac puncture and released.RESULTS: Forty-two raccoons were trapped in Middlesex (n=36) and Kent counties (n=6) from April 25 to May 2, 1998, and 10 (23.8%) of these animals had antibodies toL grippotyphosa.CONCLUSIONS: Infections due toL grippotyphosaor a closely related serovar are a risk for trappers in Ontario, and raccoons are a likely reservoir of this bacterium.

scholarly journals Study on coinfecting vector-borne pathogens in dogs and ticks in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves ◽  
Kilder Dantas Filgueira ◽  
Silvia Maria Mendes Ahid ◽  
Josivânia Soares Pereira ◽  
André Mendes do Vale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Babesia Spp

Since dogs presenting several vector borne diseases can show none or nonspecific clinical signs depending on the phase of infection, the assessment of the particular agents involved is mandatory. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Hepatozoon spp. and Leishmania spp. in blood samples and ticks, collected from two dogs from Rio Grande do Norte showing suggestive tick-borne disease by using molecular techniques. DNA of E. canis, H. canis and L. infantum were detected in blood samples and R. sanguineus ticks collected from dogs. Among all samples analyzed, two showed the presence of multiple infections with E. canis, H. canis and L. infantum chagasi. Here we highlighted the need for molecular differential diagnosis in dogs showing nonspecific clinical signs.

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