scholarly journals Increased Night Temperature Negatively Affects Grain Yield, Biomass and Grain Number in Chilean Quinoa

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurka Lesjak ◽  
Daniel F. Calderini
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Grain Number

scholarly journals Spikelet Number, Its Control and Relation to Yield Per Ear in Wheat

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Grain Number

For 12 cultivars of wheat grown under a 21�C day/16�C night temperature regime, spikelet number was closely related to grain number, but not to grain yield per ear as individual grain weights differed considerably between cultivars. However, when spikelet number was varied by day length or vernalization treatment, grain yield per ear was clearly dependent on spikelet number within each cultivar.

scholarly journals Evaluation of salinity tolerance indices in North African barley accessions at reproductive stage

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorsaf Allel ◽  
Anis BenAmar ◽  
Mounawer Badri ◽  
Chedly Abdelly
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
North African ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Selection Indices

Soil salinity is one of the main factors limiting cereal productivity in worldwide agriculture. Exploitation of natural variation in local barley germplasm is an effective approach to overcome yield losses. Three gene pools of North African Hordeum vulgare L. grown in Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt were evaluated at the reproductive stage under control and saline conditions. Assessment of stress tolerance was monitored using morphological, yield-related traits and phenological parameters of reproductive organs showing significant genetic variation. High heritability and positive relationships were found suggesting that some traits associated with salt tolerance could be used as selection criteria. The phenotypic correlations revealed that vegetative traits including shoot biomass, tiller number and leaf number along with yield-related traits such as spike number, one spike dry weight, grain number/plant and grain number/spike were highly positively correlated with grain yield under saline conditions. Hence, these traits can be used as reliable selection criteria to improve barley grain yield. Keeping a higher shoot biomass and longer heading and maturity periods as well as privileged filling ability might contribute to higher grain production in barley and thus could be potential target traits in barley crop breeding toward improvement of salinity tolerance. Multiple selection indices revealed that salt tolerance trait index provided a better discrimination of barley landraces allowing selection of highly salt-tolerant and highly productive genotypes under severe salinity level. Effective evaluation of salt tolerance requires an integration of selection indices to successfully identify and characterize salt tolerant lines required for valuable exploitation in the management of salt-affected areas.  

scholarly journals Evidence for improved pollen viability as the mechanism for film antitranspirant mitigation of drought damage to wheat yield

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minuka M. Weerasinghe ◽  
Peter S. Kettlewell ◽  
Ivan G. Grove ◽  
Martin C. Hare
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Drought Damage

Application of film antitranspirant to wheat during late stem extension reduces drought damage to yield, but the mechanism is unknown. Field experiments under rain shelters were conducted over 3 years to test the hypothesis that film antitranspirant applied before meiosis alleviates drought-induced losses of pollen viability, grain number and yield. The film antitranspirant di-1-p-menthene was applied at third-node stage, and meiosis occurred at the early boot stage, with a range of 11–16 days after spray application in different years. Irrigated, unsprayed plots were included under the rain-shelters, and pollen viability, measured in 2 years in these plots, averaged 95.3%. Drought reduced pollen viability to 80.1% in unirrigated, unsprayed plots, but only to 88.6% in unirrigated plots treated with film antitranspirant. Grain number and yield of irrigated plots, measured in all years, were 16 529 m–2 and 9.55 t ha–1, respectively, on average. These were reduced by drought to 11 410 m–2 and 6.31 t ha–1 in unirrigated, unsprayed plots, but only to 12 878 m–2 and 6.97 t ha–1 in unirrigated plots treated with film antitranspirant. Thus compared with unirrigated, unsprayed plots, antitranspirant gave a grain yield benefit of 0.66 t ha–1. Further work is needed to validate the pollen viability mechanism in different climatic zones and with a wide range of cultivars.

Post-anthesis sink size in a high-yielding dwarf wheat: yield response to grain number

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Fischer ◽  
I Aguilar ◽  
DR Laing
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Fertilization ◽  
Sink Size ◽  
The One

Experiments to study the effect of grain number per sq metre on kernel weight and grain yield in a high-yielding dwarf spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Yecora 70) were conducted in three seasons (1971–1973) under high-fertility irrigated conditions in north-western Mexico. Crop thinning, shading and carbon dioxide fertilization (reported elsewhere), and crowding treatments, all carried out at or before anthesis, led to a wide range in grain numbers (4000 to 34,000/m2). Results indicated the response of grain yield to changing sink size (grains per sq metre), with the post-anthesis environment identical for all crops each year, and with all but the thinner crops intercepting most of the post-anthesis solar radiation. Kernel weight fell linearly with increase in grain number over the whole range of grain numbers studied, but the rate of fall varied with the season. Grain yield, however, increased, reaching a maximum at grain numbers well above those of crops grown with optimal agronomic management but without manipulation. It was concluded that the grain yield in normal crops was limited by both sink and post-anthesis source. There was some doubt, however, as to the interpretation of results from crowded crops, because of likely artificial increases in crop respiration on the one hand, and on the other, in labile carbohydrate reserves in the crops at anthesis. Also deterioration in grain plumpness (hectolitre weight) complicates the simple inference that further gains in yield can come from increased grain numbers alone.

Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and its Interaction with Temperature and Nitrogen on Yield of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): A Meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mekides Woldegiorgis Gardi ◽  
Bettina I.G Haussmann ◽  
Waqas Ahmed Malik ◽  
Petra Högy
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Additional Stress ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
The Mean

Abstract AimsThe general aim of this meta-analysis is to synthesize and summarise the mean response of barley yield variables to elevated CO2 (eCO2) and its interaction with temperature and N fertilization. Methods The present study quantitatively synthesized the response of barley to eCO2 and its interaction with temperature, and Nitrogen (N). A meta-analysis procedure was used to analyse five yield variables of barley extracted from 76 articles to determine the effect size and the magnitude in relation to eCO2 and its interaction with temperature and N. Results CO2 enrichment increased biomass (23.8%), grain number (24.8%), grain yield (27.4%), and thousand-grain weight (5.6%). However, responses to eCO2 were affected by genotype, additional stress, and experimental conditions. In comparison, genotype “Anakin” shows the highest response of biomass (47.1%), while “Genebank accessions” had a higher grain number (46.1%) and grain yield (57.1%) under eCO2. The maximal enhancement of barley yield was observed when plants grow under a combination of eCO2 and higher nitrogen fertilizer (>100 kg ha-1). Nevertheless, biomass (-12%), and grain yield (-17%) responses were lower when eCO2 is combined with high temperature (>25 °C). It was further noted the response of barley yield to eCO2 was higher in the growth chamber than in other CO2 exposure methods. Moreover, comparing pot-rooted versus field-rooted barley plants, a higher response of biomass and grain yield was observed for pot-rooted plants. ConclusionsOverall, results suggest that the maximal barley production under eCO2 will be obtained in combination with high nitrogen fertilizer and optimal temperature (21-25 °C).

scholarly journals Canaryseed (Phalaris canariensis L.) accessions from nineteen countries show useful genetic variation for agronomic traits

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cogliatti ◽  
F. Bongiorno ◽  
H. Dalla Valle ◽  
W J Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Harvest Maturity ◽  
Phalaris Canariensis ◽  
Late Sowing

Fifty-seven accessions of canaryseed (47 populations and 10 cultivars) from 19 countries were evaluated for agronomic traits in four field trials sown over 3 yr in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Genetic variation was found for all traits scored: grain yield and its components (grain weight, grain number per square meter, grain number per head and head number per square meter), harvest index, percent lodging, and phenological characters (emergence to heading, emergence to harvest maturity and heading to harvest maturity). Although genotype × environment interaction was observed for all traits, the additive differences between accessions were sufficient to enable promising breeding materials to be identified. Accessions superior in performance to the local Argentinean population, which in general gave values close to the overall mean of the accessions evaluated, were identified. For example, a population of Moroccan origin gave good yield associated with elevated values of the highly heritable character grain weight, rather than with the more commonly observed grain number per square meter. This population was also of relatively short stature and resistant to lodging, and, although it performed best when sown within the normal sowing date, tolerated late sowing fairly well. Other accessions were also observed with high grain weight, a useful characteristic in itself, since large grains are desirable from a quality point of view. Regarding phenology, the accessions showed a range of 160 degree days (8 calendar days in our conditions) in maturity, which, while not large in magnitude, may be of some utility in crop rotation management. Some accessions were well adapted to late sowing. Grain yield in general was strongly correlated with grain number per square meter. Principal components analysis (PCA) carried out for all characteristics provided indications of accessions combining useful characteristics and identified three components that explained approximately 70% of the phenotypic variation. Furthermore, a second PCA plus regression showed that approximately 60% of the variation in grain yield could be explained by a component associated with harvest index and grain number per square meter. Pointers were provided to possible future breeding targets.Key words: Phalaris canariensis, canaryseed, accessions, yield, phenology, genetics, breeding

scholarly journals Patterns of tillering and grain production of winter wheat at a wide range of plant densities.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Darwinkel
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Densities

The effect of plant density on the growth and productivity of the various ear-bearing stems of winter wheat was studied in detail to obtain information on the pattern of grain production of crops grown under field conditions. Strong compensation effects were measured: a 160-fold increase in plant density (5-800 plants/m2) finally resulted in a 3-fold increase in grain yield (282 to 850 g DM/m2). Max. grain yield was achieved at 100 plants/m2, which corresponded to 430 ears/m2 and to about 19 000 grains/m2. At higher plant densities more ears and more grains were produced, but grain yield remained constant. Tillering/plant was largely favoured by low plant densities because these allowed tiller formation to continue for a longer period and a greater proportion of tillers produced ears. However, at higher plant densities more tillers/unit area were formed and, despite a higher mortality, more ears were produced. The productivity of individual ears, from main stems as well as from tillers, decreased with increasing plant density and with later emergence of shoots. In the range from 5 to 800 plants/m2 grain yield/ear decreased from 2.40 to 1.14 g DM. At 800 plants/m2 nearly all ears originated from main stems, but with decreasing plant density tillers contributed increasingly to the number of ears. At 5 plants/m2, there were 23 ears/plant and grain yield/ear ranged from 4.20 (main stem) to 1.86 g DM (late-formed stems). Grain number/ear was reduced at higher densities and on younger stems, because there were fewer fertile spikelets and fewer grains in these spikelets. At the low density of 5 plants/m2, plants developed solitarily and grain yield/ear was determined by the number of grains/ear as well as by grain wt. Above 400 ears/m2, in this experiment reached at 100 plants/m2 and more, grain yield/ear depended solely on grain number, because the wt. of grains of the various stems were similar. The harvest index showed a max. of about 44% at a moderate plant density; at this density nearly max. grain yield was achieved. At low plant densities the harvest index decreased from 45% in main stems to about 36% in late-formed stems. However, no differences in harvest index existed between the various ear-bearing stems if the number of ears exceeded 400/m2. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Factors Influencing the Rate and Duration of Grain Filling in Wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sofield ◽  
LT Evans ◽  
MG Cook ◽  
IF Wardlaw
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Leaf Photosynthetic Rate

Controlled-environment conditions were used to examine the effects of cultivar and of temperature and illuminance after anthesis on grain setting and on the duration and rate of grain growth. After an initial lag period, which did not differ greatly between cultivars, grain dry weight increased linearly under most conditions until final grain weight was approached. Growth rate per grain depended on floret position within the ear, varied between cultivars (those with larger grains at maturity having a faster rate), and increased with rise in temperature. With cultivars in which grain number per ear was markedly affected by illuminance, light had relatively little effect on growth rate per grain. With those in which grain number was less affected by illuminance, growth rate per grain was highly responsive to it, especially in the more distal florets. In both cases there was a close relation between leaf photosynthetic rate as influenced by illuminance, the rate of grain growth per ear, and final grain yield per ear. The duration of linear grain growth, on the other hand, was scarcely influenced by illuminance, but was greatly reduced as temperature rose, with pronounced effects on grain yield per ear. Cultivars differed to some extent in their duration of linear growth, but these differences accounted for less of the difference in final weight per grain than did those in rate of grain growth. Under most conditions the cessation of grain growth did not appear to be due to lack of assimilates.

Decreased night temperature affects development and grain yield only in cold-susceptible rice (Oryza sativa) plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angie G. S. Rativa ◽  
Bruno B. Navarro ◽  
Rodrigo Gastmann ◽  
Thainá I. Lamb ◽  
Alexsander S. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Night Temperature

scholarly journals Variability of grain yield components of some new winter wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 230-235
Author(s):  
M. Sabo ◽  
M. Bede ◽  
Ž.U. Hardi
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike ◽  
Grain Yield Components

Variability of grain yield components of some new winter wheat genotypes (e.g. Lara, Lenta, Kruna, Fiesta, Perla, and one line of AG-45) was examined. The analysis of grain yield components of these genotypes and the line was undertaken in a two-year research (1997/1998 and 1998/1999) at two different locations. Significant differences among genotypes, locations and research years were established. In the first experimental year (1997/1998) there was a high positive correlation between nearly all components of the grain yield. The most significant correlation was found between the grain number per spike and grain yield. In the second experimental year (1998/1999) the components did not show statistically significant correlation with the grain yield. It seems that the grain yield of examined genotypes depended significantly on the grain number per spike, grain mass per spike, and agroecological conditions during the vegetation period, whereby the potential yield was determined by the interaction among genotypes, location and production year. The biggest differences among examined genotypes of winter wheat were found in the stem height and spike length.

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