Post-anthesis sink size in a high-yielding dwarf wheat: yield response to grain number

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Fischer ◽  
I Aguilar ◽  
DR Laing
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Fertilization ◽  
Sink Size ◽  
The One

Experiments to study the effect of grain number per sq metre on kernel weight and grain yield in a high-yielding dwarf spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Yecora 70) were conducted in three seasons (1971–1973) under high-fertility irrigated conditions in north-western Mexico. Crop thinning, shading and carbon dioxide fertilization (reported elsewhere), and crowding treatments, all carried out at or before anthesis, led to a wide range in grain numbers (4000 to 34,000/m2). Results indicated the response of grain yield to changing sink size (grains per sq metre), with the post-anthesis environment identical for all crops each year, and with all but the thinner crops intercepting most of the post-anthesis solar radiation. Kernel weight fell linearly with increase in grain number over the whole range of grain numbers studied, but the rate of fall varied with the season. Grain yield, however, increased, reaching a maximum at grain numbers well above those of crops grown with optimal agronomic management but without manipulation. It was concluded that the grain yield in normal crops was limited by both sink and post-anthesis source. There was some doubt, however, as to the interpretation of results from crowded crops, because of likely artificial increases in crop respiration on the one hand, and on the other, in labile carbohydrate reserves in the crops at anthesis. Also deterioration in grain plumpness (hectolitre weight) complicates the simple inference that further gains in yield can come from increased grain numbers alone.

scholarly journals Evidence for improved pollen viability as the mechanism for film antitranspirant mitigation of drought damage to wheat yield

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minuka M. Weerasinghe ◽  
Peter S. Kettlewell ◽  
Ivan G. Grove ◽  
Martin C. Hare
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Drought Damage

Application of film antitranspirant to wheat during late stem extension reduces drought damage to yield, but the mechanism is unknown. Field experiments under rain shelters were conducted over 3 years to test the hypothesis that film antitranspirant applied before meiosis alleviates drought-induced losses of pollen viability, grain number and yield. The film antitranspirant di-1-p-menthene was applied at third-node stage, and meiosis occurred at the early boot stage, with a range of 11–16 days after spray application in different years. Irrigated, unsprayed plots were included under the rain-shelters, and pollen viability, measured in 2 years in these plots, averaged 95.3%. Drought reduced pollen viability to 80.1% in unirrigated, unsprayed plots, but only to 88.6% in unirrigated plots treated with film antitranspirant. Grain number and yield of irrigated plots, measured in all years, were 16 529 m–2 and 9.55 t ha–1, respectively, on average. These were reduced by drought to 11 410 m–2 and 6.31 t ha–1 in unirrigated, unsprayed plots, but only to 12 878 m–2 and 6.97 t ha–1 in unirrigated plots treated with film antitranspirant. Thus compared with unirrigated, unsprayed plots, antitranspirant gave a grain yield benefit of 0.66 t ha–1. Further work is needed to validate the pollen viability mechanism in different climatic zones and with a wide range of cultivars.

Adaptation of oilseed crops across Saskatchewan

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 667-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
W E May ◽  
S A Brandt ◽  
Y. Gan ◽  
H R Kutcher ◽  
C B Holzapfel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Large Acreage

Differences in response to nitrogen (N) fertilizer will affect the production economics of field crops. Currently, there is limited information comparing the agronomic and economic performance of juncea canola (Brassica juncea L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to napus canola (Brassica napus L.) and flax (Linum ustitatissimum L.) in Saskatchewan under no-till practices. A study of these species was carried out at five Saskatchewan locations over 3 yr and included eight nitrogen rates. All four species had a curvilinear increase in grain yield as N rate increased with the largest yield response observed in napus canola to as much as 200 kg N ha-1. The majority of the increase in flax grain yield occurred as the N rate increased from 10 to 90 kg ha-1, while most of the increase in grain yield of juncea canola and sunflower occurred as N increased from 10 to 70 kg ha-1. Biplot analysis indicated that grain yield variation was reduced at and above 50 kg N ha-1 in flax, napus canola and juncea canola, but not in sunflower. Analysis indicated that a wide range of N rates would provide a similar adjusted gross return within each crop with the exact N range being determined by crop price and nitrogen cost. The N rate affected the kernel weight of sunflower but not the kernel weight of other crops. The protein concentration of all the species increased as N rate increased. Seed oil concentration tended to decrease as the N rate increased, but this was not consistent. In conclusion, higher yielding cultivars of sunflower and juncea canola are needed before they will replace a large acreage of flax or napus canola; however, in the drier regions of the Saskatchewan there is potential to expand sunflower production.Key words: Brassica juncea, Helianthus annuus, Brassica napus, Linum usitatissimum, nitrogen, economic analysis

The interaction between soil pH and phosphorus for wheat yield and the impact of lime-induced changes to soil aluminium and potassium

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Scanlan ◽  
Ross F. Brennan ◽  
Mario F. D'Antuono ◽  
Gavin A. Sarre
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
The Impact

Interactions between soil pH and phosphorus (P) for plant growth have been widely reported; however, most studies have been based on pasture species, and the agronomic importance of this interaction for acid-tolerant wheat in soils with near-sufficient levels of fertility is unclear. We conducted field experiments with wheat at two sites with acid soils where lime treatments that had been applied in the 6 years preceding the experiments caused significant changes to soil pH, extractable aluminium (Al), soil nutrients and exchangeable cations. Soil pH(CaCl2) at 0–10cm was 4.7 without lime and 6.2 with lime at Merredin, and 4.7 without lime and 6.5 with lime at Wongan Hills. A significant lime×P interaction (P<0.05) for grain yield was observed at both sites. At Merredin, this interaction was negative, i.e. the combined effect of soil pH and P was less than their additive effect; the difference between the dose–response curves without lime and with lime was greatest at 0kgPha–1 and the curves converged at 32kgPha–1. At Wongan Hills, the interaction was positive (combined effect greater than the additive effect), and lime application reduced grain yield. The lime×P interactions observed are agronomically important because different fertiliser P levels were required to maximise grain yield. A lime-induced reduction in Al phytotoxicity was the dominant mechanism for this interaction at Merredin. The negative grain yield response to lime at Wongan Hills was attributed to a combination of marginal soil potassium (K) supply and lime-induced reduction in soil K availability.

scholarly journals Patterns of tillering and grain production of winter wheat at a wide range of plant densities.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Darwinkel
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Densities

The effect of plant density on the growth and productivity of the various ear-bearing stems of winter wheat was studied in detail to obtain information on the pattern of grain production of crops grown under field conditions. Strong compensation effects were measured: a 160-fold increase in plant density (5-800 plants/m2) finally resulted in a 3-fold increase in grain yield (282 to 850 g DM/m2). Max. grain yield was achieved at 100 plants/m2, which corresponded to 430 ears/m2 and to about 19 000 grains/m2. At higher plant densities more ears and more grains were produced, but grain yield remained constant. Tillering/plant was largely favoured by low plant densities because these allowed tiller formation to continue for a longer period and a greater proportion of tillers produced ears. However, at higher plant densities more tillers/unit area were formed and, despite a higher mortality, more ears were produced. The productivity of individual ears, from main stems as well as from tillers, decreased with increasing plant density and with later emergence of shoots. In the range from 5 to 800 plants/m2 grain yield/ear decreased from 2.40 to 1.14 g DM. At 800 plants/m2 nearly all ears originated from main stems, but with decreasing plant density tillers contributed increasingly to the number of ears. At 5 plants/m2, there were 23 ears/plant and grain yield/ear ranged from 4.20 (main stem) to 1.86 g DM (late-formed stems). Grain number/ear was reduced at higher densities and on younger stems, because there were fewer fertile spikelets and fewer grains in these spikelets. At the low density of 5 plants/m2, plants developed solitarily and grain yield/ear was determined by the number of grains/ear as well as by grain wt. Above 400 ears/m2, in this experiment reached at 100 plants/m2 and more, grain yield/ear depended solely on grain number, because the wt. of grains of the various stems were similar. The harvest index showed a max. of about 44% at a moderate plant density; at this density nearly max. grain yield was achieved. At low plant densities the harvest index decreased from 45% in main stems to about 36% in late-formed stems. However, no differences in harvest index existed between the various ear-bearing stems if the number of ears exceeded 400/m2. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Expected genetic gains from mono trait and indexbased selection in advanced bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 9131-9141
Author(s):  
Zine El Abidine Fellahi ◽  
Abderrahmane Hannachi ◽  
Hamenna Bouzerzour
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Selection Of

This study aimed at evaluating the expected gains from selection obtained based upon direct, indirect, and index-based selection in a set of 599 bread wheat lines. The experiment was carried out at the experimental field of INRAA institute, Setif research unit (Algeria), in a Federer augmented block design including three controls. A wide range of genetic variability was observed among lines for the eleven traits assessed. The results indicated that index-based selection and selection based on grain yield expressed higher expected genetic gain than direct and indirect mono-trait-based selection. The best 15 selected lines exhibited higher grain yield than the control varieties, and they were clustered in three groups that contrasted mainly for the flag-leaf area, thousand-kernel weight, biomass, and harvest index. The index-based selection appears as a useful tool for the rapid selection of early filial generations, enriching selected breeding materials with desirable alleles and reducing the number of years required to combine these traits in elite varieties.

Fallowing and wheat production in southern NSW

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Kohn ◽  
RR Storrier ◽  
EG Cuthbertson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

The response of wheat to the length of fallow, to the number of cultivations, and to pre-planting chemical control of weeds on high fertility soils was determined under winter rainfall conditions at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, over four years commencing 1960-61. Length of fallow had little influence on the conservation of rainfall except in 1961-62, when approximately twice the average summer rainfall added 1.8 inches of soil moisture per acre 48 inches. Long fallow increased available nitrogen accumulation, but this did not increase yield over either the mechanically prepared shorter fallows, or pre-planting chemical weed control. This was due to losses during the autumn-winter period of some of the excess mineral nitrogen that accrued during the long fallow. High mineral nitrogen concentrations also occurred during the summer on weed-free, uncultivated soils. Grain yield after a single autumn cultivation was as high as after a long fallow except in 1961-62. In this year the long fallow (September to May) significantly increased yields over all other treatments. The absence of any positive yield response to the application of 60 to 80 lb nitrogen an acre to short fallows suggests that mineral nitrogen concentrations were generally adequate for grain production. The addition of nitrogen to long fallows often depressed yields. The dependence of grain yield on adequate weed control is illustrated by a highly significant negative correlation (r = -0.849 ; P<0.001) of grain yield with weed growth. It is concluded that in the Wagga Wagga environment weed control is more important than moisture conservation and mineral nitrogen accumulation through fallowing.

Responsiveness of barley cultivars to nitrogen fertiliser

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Fathi ◽  
G. K. McDonald ◽  
R. C. M. Lance
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
N Rates

Summary. Genotypic differences in responses to nitrogen (N) fertiliser of 6 cultivars of barley (Clipper, Stirling, Weeah, Schooner, Chebec, Skiff) grown at 8 different rates of N were examined in 2 seasons. Measurements of vegetative growth, N content, grain yield, grain protein concentration (GPC) and yield components were taken to identify traits that may contribute to high yield responsiveness. The optimum rates of N for dry matter production at ear emergence (DMee) were greater than 80 kg N/ha for all cultivars and often growth increased up to 105 kg N/ha. Optimum rates of N for grain yield (Nopt) were lower and ranged, on average, from 50 kg N/ha for Clipper to 96 kg N/ha for Chebec. The initial response to N varied from 13–14 kg/kg N in Chebec, Weeah and Schooner, to 36 kg/kg N in Skiff. The Nopt for the semi-dwarf cultivar Skiff was 71 kg N/ha and it tended to show the greatest yield response to N. It produced 19 kernels/g DMee, compared with 15–17 kernels/g DMee in the other cultivars. Unlike most other cultivars, Skiff’s yield was consistently and positively correlated with ears/m2; Stirling was the only other cultivar to show a similar relationship. However, the average kernel weight of Skiff was up to 5 mg lower than that of Clipper, Weeah and Schooner, and varied more than these cultivars between sites, suggesting that consistent grain size may be a problem in this cultivar. By comparison, Clipper and Schooner had lower Nopt (51 kg/ha) and a less variable kernel weight. There were no signs of differences in GPC of the 6 cultivars used here at 3 N-responsive sites. Adding N increased GPC up to the highest rate of N and the responses were generally linear, but GPC at Nopt exceeded the upper limit for malting quality of 11.8% in all cultivars. Average N rates of between 38 kg N/ha (Schooner) and 58 kg N/ha (Skiff) were sufficient to raise GPC above 11.8%. The experiments showed that the N rates for optimum yields varied considerably among cultivars, but applyi1ng rates to achieve maximum yields may cause GPC to exceed the maximum value for malting barley. The use of semi-dwarf cultivars, such as Skiff, which are very responsive to N, can provide some leeway in the choice of N, but there may be a trade-off in quality associated with reduced grain size.

scholarly journals Diverse responses of old, modern and landraces of Syrian wheat genotypes to common root rot under field conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
M.I.E. Arabi ◽  
E. Al-Shehadah ◽  
M. Jawhar
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Common Root Rot ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Abstract The yield response of widely grown cultivars and landraces of Syrian wheat challenged with common root rot (CRR: Cochliobolus sativus) was measured by comparing plots with and without artificial inoculation under experimental conditions in two consecutive seasons. The results showed that response to CRR differed depending on the susceptibility levels of the wheat cultivars, and that the disease significantly (P<0.05) reduced grain yield, number of tillers and kernel weight. The diseased plants had fewer tillers which consequently reduced grain yield per plant. Yield losses of Triticum durum cultivars were higher than those of Triticum aestivum. In addition, the T. durum landrace Horani exhibited the best level of resistance to the disease, which indicates that this landrace might be a candidate donor for resistance in future breeding programmes. As CRR can dramatically reduce wheat grain yields under favorable conditions, management practices that reduce disease severity are highly recommended.

scholarly journals COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROSIS IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
M. S. Uddin ◽  
M. Amiruzzaman ◽  
S. A. Bagum ◽  
M. A. Hakim ◽  
M. R. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Standard Heterosis ◽  
Low X

A line × tester analysis was conducted in maize involving 12 lines and 3 testers for grain yield and its components to determine the heterosis as well as general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects. Highly significant genotypic differences were observed indicated wide range of variability present among the genotypes. GCA and SCA variance for yield per plant number of kernels per row and 100-kernels weight were observed significant, which indicated importance of additive as type of gene action for these characters. The ratio of SCA and GCA variances were high for the all character studied that revealed the preponderance of non additive type of gene action. Standard heterosis ranged from -28.29 to 28.41%; -12.29 to 24.38%; -1.11 to 24.44%; -14.75 to 6.67%; -17.24 to 11.26% and -10.94 to 20.83% for grain yield per plant, number of grains per row, number of rows per ear, ear length, ear diameter and 100-kernel weight, respectively. The lines IPB 911-16, IPB 911-12, IPB 911-2, IPB 911-18 and IPB 911-47 showed significant positive GCA effect and simultaneously possessed high mean value indicating that the per se performance of the parents could prove as an useful index for combining ability. The crosses exhibited significant SCA effects involved high x high, high x low, low x high, average x low and low x low general combining parents. The cross combinations with significant positive SCA effect having high mean values might be used for obtaining high yielding hybrids. The information on the nature of gene action with respective variety and characters might be used depending on the breeding objectives.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v21i1.17045

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