Factors Influencing the Rate and Duration of Grain Filling in Wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sofield ◽  
LT Evans ◽  
MG Cook ◽  
IF Wardlaw
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Leaf Photosynthetic Rate

Controlled-environment conditions were used to examine the effects of cultivar and of temperature and illuminance after anthesis on grain setting and on the duration and rate of grain growth. After an initial lag period, which did not differ greatly between cultivars, grain dry weight increased linearly under most conditions until final grain weight was approached. Growth rate per grain depended on floret position within the ear, varied between cultivars (those with larger grains at maturity having a faster rate), and increased with rise in temperature. With cultivars in which grain number per ear was markedly affected by illuminance, light had relatively little effect on growth rate per grain. With those in which grain number was less affected by illuminance, growth rate per grain was highly responsive to it, especially in the more distal florets. In both cases there was a close relation between leaf photosynthetic rate as influenced by illuminance, the rate of grain growth per ear, and final grain yield per ear. The duration of linear grain growth, on the other hand, was scarcely influenced by illuminance, but was greatly reduced as temperature rose, with pronounced effects on grain yield per ear. Cultivars differed to some extent in their duration of linear growth, but these differences accounted for less of the difference in final weight per grain than did those in rate of grain growth. Under most conditions the cessation of grain growth did not appear to be due to lack of assimilates.

scholarly journals Effects of Soil Moisture, NPK Fertilizers and Varieties on Grain Growth of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
MSI Mollah ◽  
MH Rashid ◽  
MS Hossain ◽  
M Khalekuzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Relative Growth

The experiments are conducted in the experimental field of the Department of Botany, Rajshahi University during the winter season of 2005-2006 to study the effects of soil moisture and NPK fertilizers on grain growth of four barley varieties (Hordeum vulgare L.) following split-split plot design. The highest grain growth parameters like, spikelet number, spike dry weight, grain number and grain dry weight, spike relative growth rate and grain relative growth rate were observed in the I2 treatment at different days after anthesis. F3 treatment produced the highest spikelet number, spike dry weight, grain number, grain dry weight, spike relative growth rate and grain relative growth rate but the control produced the lowest values. BHL-3 produced higher spikelet number and grain relative growth rate. BL-1 produced higher spike dry weight, grain number, grain dry weight and spike relative growth rate.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.16985 Progress. Agric. 19(1): 13 - 21, 2008 

Development of yield in two grain-sorghum hybrids. I. Dry weight and carbon-14 studies

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Chamberlin ◽  
GL Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Data

Growth and development of two grain-sorghum hybrids (De Kalb E57 and Texas 610) were examined under glasshouse conditions by sequential harvesting and the use of I4C. The grain yield per plant of Texas 610 was higher than that of E57, with higher total biological yield and similar harvest indices. The contribution to grain weight at maturity, of carbon assimilated prior to anthesis, was about 10% for each hybrid. The leaves were the main source of this material. After anthesis, dry weight data indicated that temporary storage of assimilates before retranslocation to the grain was of greater importance in Texas 610 than E57. This storage was largely in the leaves (including sheaths), upper internodes, and roots. A high grain-growth rate was maintained for longer by Texas 610 than by E57. Total dry weight production after anthesis in both hybrids was, at all stages examined, more than sufficient to maintain grain growth.

Growth and yield of sorghum lines extracted from a population for differences in osmotic adjustment

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Tangpremsri ◽  
S Fukai ◽  
KS Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
The Difference

From 47 S2 lines which had been extracted from a random mated population of sorghum, eight lines for a glasshouse experiment and four lines for a field experiment were divergently selected for variation in osmotic adjustment, and were grouped into two, High and Low osmotic adjustment (OA). Both the glasshouse and field experiments examined whether osmotic adjustment modified the plants' response to soil water deficit and also whether grain sink demand for assimilates, varied by removal of 50% spikelets, affected osmotic adjustment. In each experiment, there were well-watered control and water stress treatments. In both experiments, the dawn osmotic potential in the High OA group was always lower than in the Low OA group under water limiting conditions, and the difference was significant after anthesis. The difference in osmotic potential was about 0.1 MPa in the field and up to 0.25 MPa in the glasshouse. In the glasshouse experiment, removal of 50% spikelets at anthesis significantly decreased osmotic potential during grain filling, suggesting that osmotic adjustment is influenced by the availability of assimilates in the leaves. Under well-watered conditions, the two groups behaved very similarly in terms of maximum leaf area, green leaf area retention during grain filling, total dry matter production, grain yield and grain number in both experiments. Under water-limiting conditions, the High OA group produced larger maximum leaf area and had better leaf retention during grain filling. Despite similar water use, total dry matter was also significantly higher in the High OA group though the difference was small. Grain number was also greater in this group in both experiments, whereas grain yield was significantly higher in the High OA group in the field, but not in the glasshouse where severe water stress developed more rapidly. It is concluded that the adverse effect of water stress can be reduced by adopting sorghum genotypes with high osmotic adjustment. However, selection for high osmotic adjustment needs to ensure that osmotic adjustment is not solely due to small head size.

Ear branching as a means of increasing grain uniformity in wheat

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson ◽  
KN Ruwali
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Size At Maturity ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Photosynthetic System ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
The Relationship

Grain growth was compared in two field-grown wheats, Kalyan Sona, a high-yielding, seinidwarf line with few spikelets per ear and many grains per spikelet, and a branched-eared cultivar with many spikelets, each with few grains. The basis of comparison was the spikelet in Kalyan Sona and the branch in the branched material. Within the central spikelets of the main ear in Kalyan Sona, grain growth rates for the greater part of filling were b > a = c > d > e; final weights per grain for these florets were 42, 40, 37,26, and 12 mg respectively. The gradation in growth rate for the eight grains along the branch in the branched-eared cultivar was relatively small with the consequence that all grains were similar in size at maturity (range 39–43 mg); peak growth rates for all positions were at least as high as for grains a, b, and c in Kalyan Sona. In another cultivar, Triple Dirk, increasing competition for assimilates by reducing the light intensity during grain filling had a differential effect on grains within the spikelet but scarcely on the pattern between spikelets. The relationship between all grains was unaffected by temperature changes. The results are discussed in relation to competition for assimilates between grains, and the suggestion made that a high number of grains per spikelet may not use the available assimilates most efficiently. Ear branching is proposed as a preferable alternative, as this also provides abundant grain sites to utilize assimilates to the potential of the photosynthetic system, yet ensures grain uniformity per ear, regardless of grain number, by having few grains in each spikelet.

Growth and yield of highland maize in Mexico

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Goldsworthy ◽  
M. Colegrove
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Highland Maize ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Tropical Varieties

SUMMARYThe growth and yield of five highland varieties of tropical maize were studied. Grain yields were between 4·7 and 8·8 t/ha. Crop growth rates (C) increased to a maximum of between 25 and 35 g/m2/day at silking and then declined. Grain growth rates (maximum 21 g/m2/day) exceeded current C during most of the grain-filling period.After silking, when C exceeded grain growth rate, dry matter accumulated in the stem and husk, resulting in an increase of from 200 to 600 g/m2. Later, as grain growth rate increased and exceeded current C, some of this accumulated material was incorporated into the grain, and stem weight decreased. A comparison of the dry weight changes after flowering in these varieties with those reported for a hybrid that yielded 12 t grain/ha indicates that the smaller yield of the Mexican varieties was associated with smaller grain growth rates and the incorporation into the grain of a smaller fraction of the dry weight produced after flowering. These results suggest that the capacity of the grain ‘sink’ to utilize assimilates limited yields in the tropical varieties.

scholarly journals Influence of Irrigation, Fertilizer and Variety on Grain Growth of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
MSI Mollah ◽  
NK Paul
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Relative Growth

An experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Rajshahi University Campus (AEZ-11) to study the influence of soil moisture and NPK fertilizers on grain growth of four varieties of barley (Hordeum velgare L.). Spikelet number (SN), spike dry weight (SDW), grain number (GN), grain dry weight (GDW), spike relative growth rate (spike RGR) and grain relative growth rate (grain RGR) were observed highest in the highest level of irrigation (40 mm). The highest amount of fertilizer (120N 75P 45K) produced the highest SN, SDW, GN, GDW, spike RGR and grain RGR. BHL-3 produced the highest SN, BARI Barley -2 produced the highest spike RGR, BARI Barley -1 produced the highest grain RGR and BL-1 produced the highest SDW, GN, and GDW. Key words: Irrigation, soil moisture, fertilizers, barley, grain growth.   doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2205 J. bio-sci. 15: 69-75, 2007

scholarly journals Effect of Time of Tiller Separation on Grain Growth and Seed Yield of Transplant Aman Rice

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Alam ◽  
MS Sheuly
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of time of tiller separation on grain growth and yield of transplant aman rice. The experiment consisted of 3 times of tiller separation viz. tiller separation at 25 (T1), 35 (T2) and 45 (T3) days after transplanting (DAT); and 5 levels of number of tillers kept hill-1 viz. intact hills (K0), 1 tiller kept hill-1 (K1), 2 tillers kept hill-1 (K2), 3 tillers kept hill-1 (K3) and 4 tillers kept hill-1 (K4). The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. The unit plot size was 4 m 2.5 m. With a few exceptions, the highest grain growth parameters like number of panicles hill-1, dry weight panicle-1, number of grains panicle-1, dry weight grain-1 and grain growth rate were observed when tillers were separated at 25 DAT but the lowest values were found at 45 DAT. The grain growth rate decreased with the advance of time. The highest grain yield (5.25 t ha-1) was obtained from tillers separated at 25 days after transplanting (DAT) but the lowest values (4.13 t ha-1) were recorded when tillers were separated at 45 DAT. The maximum grain yield (5.88 t ha-1) was found in intact hills, while the lowest values (2.64 t ha-1) were obtained when 1 tiller kept hill-1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v10i1.16274 J Sci Foundation, January-June 2012;10(1):12-19

Genotypic diversity in sorghum inbred lines for grain-filling patterns and other related agronomic traits

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda L. Gambín ◽  
Lucas Borrás
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Maximum Water Content

Opportunities for genetic improvement on specific traits require information on available diversity, together with knowledge on heritability estimates and possible trade-off relations among traits. Sixty-five sorghum inbred lines were evaluated for grain filling and other agronomic traits during 2008 and 29 re-evaluated in 2009. Time to anthesis, final grain weight (GW), grain growth rate, duration of grain filling, maximum water content, grain desiccation rate, moisture concentration at physiological maturity, plant height, panicle length, grain number per plant and final yield per plant were measured both years. Results highlighted the available variability for grain-filling patterns in sorghum, and genotypic differences (P < 0.05) for all traits were evident. Final GW variation (16–44 mg grain–1 in 2008, and 20–40 mg grain–1 in 2009) was achieved through different combinations of rate (3.27–9.78 mg degree-days grain–1 10−2) and duration of grain filling (413–853 degree-days). Calculated heritability for grain-filling traits ranged from 0.43 to 0.95, showing GW and maximum water content had the highest values. Grain number showed consistent negative associations with grain growth rate but not with GW due to grain-filling duration variability. This suggests selecting longer grain filling can increase GW (and yield) without negative trade-off relations with grain number.

A Model of Wheat Grain Growth and Its Applications to Different Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Levels

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
YP Wang ◽  
RM Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Carbon Supply ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Levels ◽  
Kernel Growth

Kernel growth after anthesis is simulated as a function of the potential kernel growth rate, current photosynthate production and mobilisation of stored reserves. The potential growth rate of the kernel is simulated as two temperature-sensitive processes, cell production and cell growth. The difference between the potential and actual growth rates of the kernel depends on the carbon supply to the free space of the kernel endosperm, while the carbon supply is itself affected by the actual kernel growth rate. Sensitivity analysis showed that the growth rate of the grain per plant is most sensitive to the potential growth rate of the kernel and number of kernels per plant. This model is able to simulate the observed rates of grain growth and leaf senescence from anthesis to physiological maturity for wheat plants grown in two CO2 concentrations. The simulated temperature response of grain growth agrees well with the experimenal observations.

Characteristics of the canopy, root system and grain yield of a crop of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Unicrop

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
EAN Greenwood ◽  
P Farrington ◽  
JD Beresford
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plant Parts

The time course of development of a lupin crop was studied at Bakers Hill, Western Australia. The aim was to gain insight into the crop factors influencing yield. Weekly measurements were made of numbers and weights of plant parts, and profiles of roots, leaf area and light interception. A profile of carbon dioxide in the crop atmosphere was taken at the time of maximum leaf area, and the net carbon dioxide exchange (NCE) of pods was estimated for three successive weeks. The crop took 10 weeks to attain a leaf area index (LAI) of 1 and a further 9 weeks to reach a maximum LAI of 3.75, at which time only 33% of daylight reached the pods on the main axis. Once the maximum LAI was attained at week 19, leaf fall accelerated and rapid grain filling commenced almost simultaneously on all of the three orders of axes which had formed pods. Measurements of NCE between pods on the main axis and the air suggest that the assimilation of external carbon dioxide by the pods contributed little to grain filling. Grain dry weight was 2100 kg ha-1 of which 30%, 60% and 10% came from the main axis, first and second order apical axes respectively. Only 23% of the flowers set pods and this constitutes an important physiological limitation to grain yield.

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