scholarly journals METHODS OF PERSONNEL EVALUATION AT TOURISM AND HOTEL ENTERPRISES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Pohuda
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Personnel Evaluation ◽  
Management By Objectives ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Assessment Centre ◽  
The Individual

The article is devoted to the research and comparison of modern methods of personnel evaluation at the enterprises of tourism and hotel sphere. The role of personnel as a key resource, the effectiveness of which depends on the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity is defined. The study provides a comparative assessment of the main innovative methods of personnel evaluation, which are actively implemented in practice among both foreign and domestic enterprises in the service sector. Strengths, weaknesses, expediency and frequency of introduction of such methods as Grading, Balanced scorecard, Assessment Centre, Management by Objectives, «360°» and Key Performance Indicators were compared and assessed. An example of the use of KPI was provided as the most progressive method of assessment, which aims at enhancing personal motivation of each employee and achieving the goals of the enterprise. This method is based, as a rule, on a three-level assessment of the enterprise and consists of general indicators of the enterprise (corporate level), indicators of the department (team level) and individual level. Moreover, KPI is aimed at achieving results, costs and efficiency, which should be optimally distributed in the ratio of 10, 80 and 10%, respectively. The KPI method has two significant shortcomings that can be offset in the process of building an evaluation system. First, the KPI is more focused on achieving specific indicators, i.e. the performance of a larger range of responsibilities by the initiative employee is not expected. Second, an individual KPI that exceeds the baseline and will be at maximum contributes to efficiency gains. However, if the employee already exceeds the maximum level by 5 or 50%, it will no longer be reflected in the financial reward. That is, the individual KPI must change dynamically in accordance with the efficiency of staff. The key indicators, which form the basis for building an effective system of personnel evaluation at the hotel and restaurant business, are considered. It is determined that selection of indicators for evaluation by the KPI method is depends on the specific character of the business, the size and the goals of the enterprise.

COUNTRY ENTREPRENEURIAL PROFILES: ASSESSING THE INDIVIDUAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ACROSS COUNTRIES

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 169-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUDE MARCOTTE
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Corporate Entrepreneurship ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Nascent Entrepreneurship ◽  
Business Ownership ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Country Rankings ◽  
The Individual

Up to now, the focus in comparative international entrepreneurship has been on individual-level indicators of entrepreneurial activity, such as nascent entrepreneurship and small business ownership. However, measuring only the individual component of entrepreneurship appears conceptually incomplete, as it leaves out other important ones, the most obvious being the organizational component. Countries may have different entrepreneurship profiles, depending on the allocation of entrepreneurial endeavors across various levels and dimensions. To augment the content validity of current measurements, this paper aims to integrate and compare individual and organizational indicators of entrepreneurial activity in 22 member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The inclusion of corporate entrepreneurship indicators, derived from the entrepreneurial orientation concept, modified substantially the country rankings based only on small business ownership rates. A significant negative relationship was found between individual and corporate indicators.

Ochratoxin A in food and urine: a nationwide Portuguese two-year study

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Duarte ◽  
C.M. Lino ◽  
A. Pena
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
The Individual

Several toxic effects have been described after exposure to ochratoxin A (OTA), which can enter the human diet directly through food or through animal products via carry-over from contaminated feed. To assess the exposure of the Portuguese population to OTA, a study over a two-year period was conducted. It involved analysis of 472 morning urine samples from inhabitants of four regions, together with a survey of regional bread (738) and pork (254) samples. These foodstuffs are two staple foods in the Portuguese and Mediterranean diet that present a high and widespread consumption by the majority of the population. The bread samples analysed showed a low level of contamination, although the contamination range was broad and some of the samples exceeded the maximum level established in the European Union. Maize bread (broa), especially when made by mixing with rye, was the most contaminated, followed by whole grain-, rye- and wheat-based bread. However, the latter contributed more to OTA exposure, because they were more commonly consumed. Even though the occurrence was rather low, the average OTA amount in pork was relatively high compared to previous national and other surveys. The observed high within-subject variability of OTA in urine limited the use of this biomarker of exposure at the individual level, but not on a population or subgroup of subjects scale. Among the studied population, a widespread exposure was confirmed by the high frequency of OTA contamination in urine, although characterised by a low average contamination level. Independent of region or population, pork appears to be the main contributor to the daily OTA intake in Portugal. These data were clearly in contrast with previous studies showing that cereals and their derived products were the major contributors, while food of animal origin only contributed a small part to the total human dietary OTA exposure.

scholarly journals Examining Institutional Content of the Balanced Scorecard: Logics and Translations in Ukrainian Business Environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-164
Author(s):  
Svitlana Firsova
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Institutional Logics ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
The Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
Local Logic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

This study examines institutional definitions and meanings Ukrainian managers attach to one of the most popular management concepts – the Balanced Scorecard. Socially constructed discourses, that is, beliefs, understandings, expectations, interpretations, collective cognitions and meanings beyond initial technical purposes of the BSC are treated as an institutional content that infuses and distorts technical aspects of the practice. Results confirm that technical foundations of this practice have been infused with institutionally constructed meanings and understandings generated from the local dominant institutional order, constructing the meaning of the BSC as a coercive, command-and control management system. Gathering information from local sources of information and strengthening them with collective understandings, the BSC has been infused with new meanings and beliefs, dramatically changing the original technical core of the concept. The study shows how the meaning of the management concept changed in the new institutional context under the dominance of the local logic. Specifically, the study contributes to the individual-level research on the impact of institutional logics on actors’ actions by showing the process of individuals’ responses to two macro-level meaning systems materialized in the BSC – prototypical and home institutional logics.  

scholarly journals Analysis Of Determinants Of Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity In Russia

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Pawęta ◽  
Yuri Kirillov
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Attitudes And Perceptions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Monitor Data

Entrepreneurial activity is very important for the economic development of any country. The question often asked by researchers is: what causes growth in the level of entrepreneurial activity? In this paper we focused on the individual-level determinants of entrepreneurial activity – the attitudes and perceptions of entrepreneurship by individuals in the society. The objective of this research is to define how individual-level variables concerning opinions and beliefs in the society influence the early-stage entrepreneurship level in Russia. The research is based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data, which we employ using the method of least squares in order to find linear relationships between variables. The results show that two out of presented four hypotheses have been proven. The data presented show that the entrepreneurship activity in the country is positively related to individual-level perceptions of entrepreneurship in the society. These findings may be useful for further research on entrepreneurial intentions.

scholarly journals The employment and income performance of immigrants in Sweden, 1970-1990

1996 ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Pieter Bevelander ◽  
Kirk Scott
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Employment Patterns ◽  
Industrial Employment ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
The Individual

In recent decades, Sweden has suffered from a relatively low growth rate, while undergoing a transformation towards increased service sector employment and decreased industrial employment. Simultaneously with the economic changes, the constitution of immigration to Sweden has also changed significantly, shifting from European labor migrants to non-European refugees and tied movers. This Paper discusses the forces behind the decreasing labor market attachment among immigrants to Sweden in the period 1970-1990. Points of special interest here are employment rates and relative incomes of various immigrant nationalities. This is accomplished through the charting of labor force Participation rates and employment patterns of different immigrant groups over the period in question. The statistics in this paper are based on the five most recent Swedish censuses, from which we have data at the individual level regarding age, sex, country of origin, employment status, sector of employment, and immigration year.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34
Author(s):  
Edward C. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Level I ◽  
Dance Educators ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

Exploring the effect of weight loss on food reward at the individual level

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Oustric ◽  
Kristine Beaulieu ◽  
Nuno Casanova ◽  
Francois Husson ◽  
Catherine Gibbons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Personality change and environmental concerns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher James Hopwood ◽  
Ted Schwaba ◽  
Wiebke Bleidorn
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
German Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sustainable Behavior ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Personal concerns about climate change and the environment are a powerful motivator of sustainable behavior. People’s level of concern varies as a function of a variety of social and individual factors. Using data from 58,748 participants from a nationally representative German sample, we tested preregistered hypotheses about factors that impact concerns about the environment over time. We found that environmental concerns increased modestly from 2009-2017 in the German population. However, individuals in middle adulthood tended to be more concerned and showed more consistent increases in concern over time than younger or older people. Consistent with previous research, Big Five personality traits were correlated with environmental concerns. We present novel evidence that increases in concern were related to increases in the personality traits neuroticism and openness to experience. Indeed, changes in openness explained roughly 50% of the variance in changes in environmental concerns. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the individual level factors associated with changes in environmental concerns over time, towards the promotion of more sustainable behavior at the individual level.

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