scholarly journals The employment and income performance of immigrants in Sweden, 1970-1990

1996 ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Pieter Bevelander ◽  
Kirk Scott
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Employment Patterns ◽  
Industrial Employment ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
The Individual

In recent decades, Sweden has suffered from a relatively low growth rate, while undergoing a transformation towards increased service sector employment and decreased industrial employment. Simultaneously with the economic changes, the constitution of immigration to Sweden has also changed significantly, shifting from European labor migrants to non-European refugees and tied movers. This Paper discusses the forces behind the decreasing labor market attachment among immigrants to Sweden in the period 1970-1990. Points of special interest here are employment rates and relative incomes of various immigrant nationalities. This is accomplished through the charting of labor force Participation rates and employment patterns of different immigrant groups over the period in question. The statistics in this paper are based on the five most recent Swedish censuses, from which we have data at the individual level regarding age, sex, country of origin, employment status, sector of employment, and immigration year.

Children’s Height and Parental Unemployment: A Large-Scale Anthropometric Study on Eastern Germany, 1994–2006

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Baten ◽  
Andreas Böhm
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Panel Analysis ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Parental Unemployment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Anthropometric Study

Abstract The average height of children is an indicator of the quality of nutrition and healthcare. In this study, we assess the effect of unemployment and other factors on this variable. In the Eastern German Land of Brandenburg, a dataset of 253,050 preschool height measurements was compiled and complemented with information on parents’ schooling and employment status. Unemployment might have negative psychological effects, with an impact on parental care. Both a panel analysis of districts and an assessment at the individual level yield the result that increasing unemployment, net out-migration and fertility were in fact reducing height.

scholarly journals LOCAL ECONOMIC VOTING AND RESIDENCE-BASED REGIONALISM IN SOUTH KOREA: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2007 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo Chang Kang
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Economic Voting ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Regional Parties ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Individual

AbstractRegional bloc voting in South Korea has been ascribed to voters’ psychological attachments to birthplace. This article seeks to expand the existing discussion of regionalism by showing that economic conditions in voters’ places of residence affect vote choices at the individual level and produce clustering of votes at the aggregate level in South Korea. While the idea of residence-based regionalism has previously been suggested, empirical scrutiny of the idea has been limited. Exploiting a Bayesian multilevel strategy, this article provides evidence that short-term economic changes at the province level affected voters’ choices in the 2007 presidential election in South Korea, independent of the long-term political affiliation between regional parties and their constituents. The positive association between local economic conditions and vote choices remains significant, controlling for perceptions of national economic conditions and other individual level covariates such as age and political attitudes.

scholarly journals The Cyclicality of Skill Acquisition: Evidence from Panel Data

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Méndez ◽  
Facundo Sepúlveda
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Quarterly Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

This paper presents new empirical evidence regarding the cyclicality of skill acquisition activities. The paper studies both training and schooling episodes at the individual level using quarterly data from the NLSY79 for a period of 19 years. We find that aggregate schooling is strongly countercyclical, while aggregate training is acyclical. Several training categories, however, behave procyclically. The results also indicate that firm-financed training is procyclical, while training financed through other means is countercyclical; and that the cyclicality of skill acquisition investments depends significantly on the educational level and the employment status of the individual. (JEL E24, E32, I20, J24)

scholarly journals How Many Children? A Comparison of the Influence of Individual and Country-Level Predictors on Female Childbearing Behavior in 25 OECD Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
MANDY BOEHNKE ◽  
MICHAEL FELDHAUS
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
World Value Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Utilizing a multi-level analytic approach (HLM), the present study analyzes reasons for variations in the number of children among 4069 25- to 34-year old women in 25 OECD countries, surveyed in the World Value Survey (WVS). Educational attainment, household income, age, and pro-child attitudes were included as individual-level predictors, whereas on the country-level, individualism and masculinity (as conceptualized by Hofstede), the Human Development Index (HDI), marriages rates, female employment rates, and early childcareenrolment rates were used as predictors. On the individual level, pro-child attitudes and age covaried positively with number of children, educational attainment did so negatively, whereas household incomewas unrelated. Beyond the overall finding that more highly educated women have fewer children, analyses revealed that the impact of education on fertility varies significantly between countries. Of the macro-level indicators, HDI had the strongest impact in that women in countries higher on HDI have fewer children. Country-specific individualism predicted individual number of children positively after partialing for HDI. This result was, however, not sustained, once female employment rates were included in the prediction model: Against age-old folklore convictions, 25- to 34-year-old woman in countries with a high female employment rate have more not fewer children.

scholarly journals METHODS OF PERSONNEL EVALUATION AT TOURISM AND HOTEL ENTERPRISES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Pohuda
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Personnel Evaluation ◽  
Management By Objectives ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Assessment Centre ◽  
The Individual

The article is devoted to the research and comparison of modern methods of personnel evaluation at the enterprises of tourism and hotel sphere. The role of personnel as a key resource, the effectiveness of which depends on the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity is defined. The study provides a comparative assessment of the main innovative methods of personnel evaluation, which are actively implemented in practice among both foreign and domestic enterprises in the service sector. Strengths, weaknesses, expediency and frequency of introduction of such methods as Grading, Balanced scorecard, Assessment Centre, Management by Objectives, «360°» and Key Performance Indicators were compared and assessed. An example of the use of KPI was provided as the most progressive method of assessment, which aims at enhancing personal motivation of each employee and achieving the goals of the enterprise. This method is based, as a rule, on a three-level assessment of the enterprise and consists of general indicators of the enterprise (corporate level), indicators of the department (team level) and individual level. Moreover, KPI is aimed at achieving results, costs and efficiency, which should be optimally distributed in the ratio of 10, 80 and 10%, respectively. The KPI method has two significant shortcomings that can be offset in the process of building an evaluation system. First, the KPI is more focused on achieving specific indicators, i.e. the performance of a larger range of responsibilities by the initiative employee is not expected. Second, an individual KPI that exceeds the baseline and will be at maximum contributes to efficiency gains. However, if the employee already exceeds the maximum level by 5 or 50%, it will no longer be reflected in the financial reward. That is, the individual KPI must change dynamically in accordance with the efficiency of staff. The key indicators, which form the basis for building an effective system of personnel evaluation at the hotel and restaurant business, are considered. It is determined that selection of indicators for evaluation by the KPI method is depends on the specific character of the business, the size and the goals of the enterprise.

Twenty Years Socioeconomic Trajectories in Older Adults with Varying Alcohol Use: A Register-Based Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-314
Author(s):  
Anna Mejldal ◽  
Kjeld Andersen ◽  
Silke Behrendt ◽  
Randi Bilberg ◽  
Anne Illemann Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
National Register Data ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Aims The objective of this paper was to examine 20-year trends of the socioeconomic status (SES) measures income and employment and their association with current alcohol use behaviors in Danish adults aged 60–70. Methods Data from The Danish National Health Survey 2013 and the baseline assessment of the Elderly Study (2013–2016) were combined to form four groups from the general population with various drinking patterns, but with no recent treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD), and one group seeking treatment: Abstinent (n = 691), low- (n = 1978), moderate- (n = 602), and high-risk (HR) drinkers (n = 467), and DSM-5 AUD seeking treatment (n = 262). For all groups, Danish national register data were linked at the individual level obtain find annual information on income and employment during the 20 years prior to interview. Mixed effects models were utilized to model trajectories of income and employment for the five groups. Results Lower income and employment status was observed from middle-aged adulthood when comparing 12-month abstinence or AUD to individuals with low or moderate alcohol consumption. At the end of the study period, moderate-risk drinkers experienced an increase, and HR drinkers a decrease, in income and rate of employment relative to the low-risk drinkers. Conclusions Alcohol use behaviors observed in older adults are related to distinct long-term trajectories regarding income and employment status, which are observable already in middle-aged adulthood.

scholarly journals The effects of terrorism on happiness: Evidence from Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jülide Yildirim ◽  
Tekin Kose ◽  
Gizem Tanrivere
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Individual

The economic effects of terror attacks have been extensively examined in the literature. Yet there is a paucity of empirical research investigating their effect on welfare. Existing studies suggest that, in addition to economic costs, terror also imposes social costs. Using both micro-level data at the individual level and macro-level data at the provincial level, this article examines the association of terror and happiness in Turkey. To address income endogeneity, the conditional mixed process estimation method is employed. The results indicate that while a bidirectional relationship between happiness and income level exists, terror negatively affects happiness. Additional factors such as perceived relative income, gender, employment status, and household size have significant effects on individual wellbeing as well. The findings suggest that measuring only the economic costs of terror fails to capture the full extent of the costs imposed on society.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34
Author(s):  
Edward C. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Level I ◽  
Dance Educators ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

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