scholarly journals Analysis Of Determinants Of Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity In Russia

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Pawęta ◽  
Yuri Kirillov
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Attitudes And Perceptions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Monitor Data

Entrepreneurial activity is very important for the economic development of any country. The question often asked by researchers is: what causes growth in the level of entrepreneurial activity? In this paper we focused on the individual-level determinants of entrepreneurial activity – the attitudes and perceptions of entrepreneurship by individuals in the society. The objective of this research is to define how individual-level variables concerning opinions and beliefs in the society influence the early-stage entrepreneurship level in Russia. The research is based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data, which we employ using the method of least squares in order to find linear relationships between variables. The results show that two out of presented four hypotheses have been proven. The data presented show that the entrepreneurship activity in the country is positively related to individual-level perceptions of entrepreneurship in the society. These findings may be useful for further research on entrepreneurial intentions.

scholarly journals Cross-country differences in drivers of female necessity entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pau Sendra-Pons ◽  
Sara Belarbi-Muñoz ◽  
Dolores Garzón ◽  
Alicia Mas-Tur
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Post Secondary Education ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Necessity Entrepreneurship ◽  
Cross Country

AbstractThis paper analyzes the drivers of female necessity entrepreneurship using a sample of 59 countries, with data sourced from the 2018–2019 global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM). It develops a theoretical framework describing how post-secondary education, startup skills, fear of failure, knowing another entrepreneur, entrepreneurial intentions, and hiring expectations act as drivers of female necessity entrepreneurship. Using qualitative comparative analysis, two models are tested to explain the presence and absence of female necessity entrepreneurship. This outcome is measured using the GEM indicator of total early-stage entrepreneurial activity.

ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN AMERICAN INDIAN NATIONS: EXTENDING THE GEM METHODOLOGY

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 1350009
Author(s):  
REBECCA J. FRANKLIN ◽  
MICHAEL H. MORRIS ◽  
JUSTIN W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Nascent Entrepreneurship ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
Indian Nations

Drawing on institutional theory and using a methodology adapted from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), early stage entrepreneurial activities are examined within American Indian nations. Examining a context within a larger institutional context, comparisons are made between three American Indian nations and the United States. Patterns are identified regarding total entrepreneurial activity (TEA), nascent entrepreneurship, business discontinuation and new and established business rates. Additional analyses are conducted of individual-level variables within American Indian nations including location, self-efficacy and other variables in relation to nascent entrepreneurship and business ownership. Implications are drawn for tribal entrepreneurship development and further extension of the GEM methodology.

scholarly journals Women Entrepreneurship in Visegrad Region and its Drivers

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1899-1910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Holienka ◽  
Zuzana Jančovičová ◽  
Zuzana Kovačičová
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Women Entrepreneurship ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
Visegrád Countries

The aim of our paper is to analyze the quantitative aspects of entrepreneurial activity among female population, and to investigate for drivers of women involvement in early‑stage entrepreneurial activities in Visegrad countries (i.e. Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland). We employ Global Entrepreneurship Monitor national and individual level data for four consecutive years 2011 – 2014 (altogether 16,036 respondents). First, we analyze the main indicators of female entrepreneurial activity, including the inclusivity index, using the descriptive statistics methods. Second, we execute logistic regression analysis and look for the factors related to entering the entrepreneurial path among women in our region, while considering the opportunity and necessity motive dichotomy. Our results show that women in V4 region exhibit more sceptic attitudes towards entrepreneurship as well as low inclusion in entrepreneurial activity in all stages, compared to their male counterparts. Further in our analysis, we have identified the most important factors that act as women entrepreneurship drivers, considering its motivation. Our findings therefore unveil the problematic aspects of women entrepreneurship in Visegrad countries and point out the potential solutions. In our paper we further discuss these findings and their implications.

scholarly journals Interactive effects between travel behaviour and COVID-19: a questionnaire study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinbao Zhang ◽  
Jaeyoung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Passenger Volume ◽  
Spatial Autoregressive ◽  
Railway Passenger ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

Abstract This study has two main objectives: (i) to analyse the effect of travel characteristics on the spreading of disease, and (ii) to determine the effect of COVID-19 on travel behaviour at the individual level. First, the study analyses the effect of passenger volume and the proportions of different modes of travel on the spread of COVID-19 in the early stage. The developed spatial autoregressive model shows that total passenger volume and proportions of air and railway passenger volumes are positively associated with the cumulative confirmed cases. Second, a questionnaire is analysed to determine changes in travel behaviour after COVID-19. The results indicate that the number of total trips considerably decreased. Public transport usage decreased by 20.5%, while private car usage increased by 6.4%. Then the factors affecting the changes in travel behaviour are analysed by logit models. The findings reveal significant factors, including gender, occupation and travel restriction. It is expected that the findings from this study would be helpful for management and control of traffic during a pandemic.

Exploring entrepreneurial orientation and intentions among technical university students

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 718-736
Author(s):  
Swagatika Sahoo ◽  
Rajeev Kumar Panda
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the impact of the contextual antecedents on the individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) of university graduates, which, in turn, affects their entrepreneurial intentions (EIs). Design/methodology/approach Primary data were collected in the form of 510 valid responses from engineering students across two technical universities in India, through a structured questionnaire consisting of scales adapted from the extant literature, and the data were empirically validated in this study. The reliability and validity measures of the constructs were validated through the confirmatory factor analysis, and the proposed hypotheses were validated using structural equation modelling. Findings The results of this empirical analysis validate that the contextual antecedents have a significant positive impact on students’ entrepreneurial orientation (EO), which, in turn, has a significant positive influence on EIs. Research limitations/implications This analysis depicts the significance of EO as a perceptual driver at the individual level and substantiates that the availability of resources such as startup capital, access to business information, social networks and supportive university context significantly affects the decision-making process of an individual to venture into an otherwise uncertain occupation of entrepreneurship. Practical implications The study has the likely potential to help university administrators and policymakers to allocate resources, develop strategies and provide effective entrepreneurial learning in entrepreneurship-oriented courses aimed at honing entrepreneurial skills and self-confidence of the university students. This holistic model can be used as a tool for resource planning and prioritising in order to provide the desired contextual support essential for fostering the IEO of the university students towards adopting entrepreneurial career, thereby assisting them to achieve their career goals and the broader objective of nation-building. Originality/value This study adopts an innovative approach to empirically validate the EO construct at the individual level, which has been studied at the organisation (firm) level till today. This research explores the relevant contextual antecedents and analyses their impact on IEO as well as the explanatory capacity of IEO to explain students’ EIs in the contextual backdrop of universities in a fast transitioning economy like India.

Cultural configurations and entrepreneurial realisation

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Torres ◽  
Mário Augusto
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antecedent Conditions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Behaviour

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to better understand the connection between culture and entrepreneurship in proposing and testing complex configurations of culturally endorsed implicit leadership theories (CLTs) and cultural practices that lead to entrepreneurial behaviour by studying entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) separately. Design/methodology/approach Using data from Globe Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) studies, a sample of 44 countries, and a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, several models for EI and TEA were developed. Findings The main findings provide a way of distinguishing between complex antecedent conditions that are required for each stage of the entrepreneurial realisation. The results empirically show that there is no ideal context – the path to stimulate entrepreneurship that works best for one country does not necessarily works the same for other countries. There are multiple paths to achieve the desired outcome. Research limitations/implications The data from the GLOBE study were not completely up to date, the effect of which was minimised by considering data from GEM that respects temporal ordering. Nevertheless, data from GEM suggest that there is a degree of stability in the data over time. Future research could replicate this study with a larger selection of countries and with new data, collected in a different way. Additionally, the inclusion of CLTs proposed in this study opens new opportunities for future research, by providing a new angle to look at the entrepreneurial realisation process. Practical implications This study advances research into the association of culture and entrepreneurship, and develops testable models using a configurational approach, thus confirming the suitability of asymmetric configuration analysis for entrepreneurial research. The results expand an understanding of the entrepreneurial process by showcasing the different complex antecedent conditions for EI and TEA. Depending on a country’s cultural profile, policy-makers should invest in the dimensions that enable their society to align with the model that best suits their own culture. The obtained models offer a framework for evaluating new interventions that aim to develop entrepreneurial behaviour in a specific country. Originality/value Different configurations showcase that there are alternative paths to achieving high levels of EI and TEA. The differences among the possible configurations for each stage of the entrepreneurial realisation are uncovered. Country profiles are identified, quantified, and then compared providing guidance for policy-makers.

Do informal institutions affect entrepreneurial intentions?

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Ostapenko
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
The Individual

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically define the ways in which informal institutions influence entrepreneurial intentions. It tests the statement that informal institutions can have an impact on people’s decisions, directly and indirectly, by affecting their perceptions of the external world. Design/methodology/approach The paper develops a theoretical model of the probability of starting a business by a potential entrepreneur. The model takes into account a comparison of current wages and future profits. The empirical analysis is based on European social survey data at the individual level. Three-stage least squares regression helps to overcome the endogeneity problem since perceptions of government actions are individual specific. Findings Informal institutions can affect expectations about future activities in a person’s lifetime utility maximisation problem. The paper empirically concludes that these institutions are connected with a person’s satisfaction with government and can indirectly affect the probability to be self-employed. Research limitations/implications Research limitations are related to employing proxies for informal institutions, using only the “satisfaction with government” as a perceptions indicator, and cross-sectional data while defining the causal effect. Practical implications Policymakers should consider that institutional settings affect people in a different manner when developing their policies. Originality/value The paper makes a novel contribution by analysing the effect of informal institutions on the probability to start a business by using both theoretical arguments and empirical tests. Building upon insights from a broader informal institutions’ effect on entrepreneurial intentions, this paper is the first to study a linkage between informal institutions and their indirect effect on people’s profit expectations.

scholarly journals The value of entrepreneurship by gender on regional behaviour

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Crecente ◽  
María Sarabia ◽  
María Teresa del Val
Keyword(s):  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Regional Convergence ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Entrepreneurial Organization ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper examines how the value of entrepreneurship by gender is related to regional behaviour. Researchers have traditionally defined entrepreneurial organization as separate to gender and to economic growth. Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) we complete a dataset of 50 countries using variables such as total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) and opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity (OPP). The methodology used proposes an analysis of regional convergence, comparing the evolution over time of both the rate of entrepreneurial activity and the ratios of opportunity-driven and need-driven entrepreneurial activity, distinguishing by gender. On the other hand, a regression model is proposed that explains the greater presence of female entrepreneurship. The results show that entrepreneurship by gender is an important factor to define different cluster of countries according to how men and women entrepreneurs create new economic opportunities.

COUNTRY ENTREPRENEURIAL PROFILES: ASSESSING THE INDIVIDUAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ACROSS COUNTRIES

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 169-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUDE MARCOTTE
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Corporate Entrepreneurship ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Nascent Entrepreneurship ◽  
Business Ownership ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Country Rankings ◽  
The Individual

Up to now, the focus in comparative international entrepreneurship has been on individual-level indicators of entrepreneurial activity, such as nascent entrepreneurship and small business ownership. However, measuring only the individual component of entrepreneurship appears conceptually incomplete, as it leaves out other important ones, the most obvious being the organizational component. Countries may have different entrepreneurship profiles, depending on the allocation of entrepreneurial endeavors across various levels and dimensions. To augment the content validity of current measurements, this paper aims to integrate and compare individual and organizational indicators of entrepreneurial activity in 22 member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The inclusion of corporate entrepreneurship indicators, derived from the entrepreneurial orientation concept, modified substantially the country rankings based only on small business ownership rates. A significant negative relationship was found between individual and corporate indicators.

scholarly journals METHODS OF PERSONNEL EVALUATION AT TOURISM AND HOTEL ENTERPRISES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Pohuda
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Personnel Evaluation ◽  
Management By Objectives ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Assessment Centre ◽  
The Individual

The article is devoted to the research and comparison of modern methods of personnel evaluation at the enterprises of tourism and hotel sphere. The role of personnel as a key resource, the effectiveness of which depends on the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity is defined. The study provides a comparative assessment of the main innovative methods of personnel evaluation, which are actively implemented in practice among both foreign and domestic enterprises in the service sector. Strengths, weaknesses, expediency and frequency of introduction of such methods as Grading, Balanced scorecard, Assessment Centre, Management by Objectives, «360°» and Key Performance Indicators were compared and assessed. An example of the use of KPI was provided as the most progressive method of assessment, which aims at enhancing personal motivation of each employee and achieving the goals of the enterprise. This method is based, as a rule, on a three-level assessment of the enterprise and consists of general indicators of the enterprise (corporate level), indicators of the department (team level) and individual level. Moreover, KPI is aimed at achieving results, costs and efficiency, which should be optimally distributed in the ratio of 10, 80 and 10%, respectively. The KPI method has two significant shortcomings that can be offset in the process of building an evaluation system. First, the KPI is more focused on achieving specific indicators, i.e. the performance of a larger range of responsibilities by the initiative employee is not expected. Second, an individual KPI that exceeds the baseline and will be at maximum contributes to efficiency gains. However, if the employee already exceeds the maximum level by 5 or 50%, it will no longer be reflected in the financial reward. That is, the individual KPI must change dynamically in accordance with the efficiency of staff. The key indicators, which form the basis for building an effective system of personnel evaluation at the hotel and restaurant business, are considered. It is determined that selection of indicators for evaluation by the KPI method is depends on the specific character of the business, the size and the goals of the enterprise.

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