scholarly journals Design of Compact Branch Line Coupler

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Jutru ◽  
Maheswari S
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Return Loss ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Branch Line ◽  
S Parameters ◽  
Microwave Applications ◽  
Simulation Results

The objective is to design a compact branch line coupler to operate at a 2.4GHz frequency. The branch line coupler focuses on -3dB power division with 900 phase difference. T-shaped structure is used to construct the compact branch line coupler. Conventional branch line coupler is also designed and counterfeit using ADS software along with the compact branch line coupler for comparison. The S-parameters for the both coupler are counterfeit and compared. The simulation results of compact branch line coupler had Better return loss, isolation, amplitude and phase difference are all accomplished. Using the proposed method 44% size reduction is achieved. Many microwave applications and integrated circuits, such as amplifier, phase shifters and balanced mixers use branch line couplers.

scholarly journals Flexible Phase Difference of 4 × 4 Butler Matrix without Phase-Shifters and Crossovers

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ke Han ◽  
Wuyu Li ◽  
Yibin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Return Loss ◽  
Phase Mismatch ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Butler Matrix ◽  
Arbitrary Phase ◽  
Form Design ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Phase Differences

This paper proposes a new Butler matrix topology. The proposed Butler matrix consists of only four couplers without phase shifters and crossovers. The output phase difference is relatively flexible. Compared with the phase differences (±45° and ±135°) generated by the conventional Butler matrix, the proposed design can generate different sets of phase differences, which can be realized from −180° to 180°. The proposed new Butler matrix replaces the traditional 90° coupler with arbitrary phase-difference couplers. In this paper, closed-form design equations are derived and presented. A 4 × 4 Butler matrix with output phase differences of −30°, +150°, −120°, and +60° is designed according to equations. The 4 × 4 Butler is meant to operate at 2 GHz. The simulation results show that the amplitude unbalance is less than 0.1 dB, the phase mismatch is within 1°, the return loss is higher than 29 dB, and the isolation is higher than 32 dB.

scholarly journals Wideband Branch Line Coupler with Open Circuit Coupled Lines

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 888
Author(s):  
Muataz Watheq Sabri ◽  
N A Murad ◽  
M K A Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Phase Difference ◽  
Return Loss ◽  
Coupling Factor ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Fractional Bandwidth ◽  
Wide Bandwidth ◽  
Branch Line ◽  
Coupled Lines ◽  
Simulation Results

This paper focuses on the design of a Wideband Branch Line Coupler by using open circuits coupled lines technique. The design is implemented by adding four open circuits coupled lines to the structure of the Conventional Branch Line Coupler. The proposed design of Wideband Branch Line Coupler is simulated using CST microwave software. The simulation results show that the coupler is operated at 3.8 GHz with coupling factor of -3dB and 90̊ phase difference between the two output ports. The prototype is fabricated and measured to validate the simulated results. A similar Wide Bandwidth is observed on simulation and measurement. The structure achieved a fractional bandwidth of 42.63%, and return loss of 21 dB compared to the Conventional Branch Line Coupler (BLC).

scholarly journals 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1311
Author(s):  
Noorlindawaty Md Jizat ◽  
Zubaida Yusoff ◽  
Arevinthran A/L Nallasamy ◽  
Yoshihide Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Phase Difference ◽  
Return Loss ◽  
Phase Shifter ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Substrate Integrated Waveguide ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Transmission Amplitude ◽  
Wireless Signal ◽  
Hybrid Coupler

Beamforming is a key element of 5G that uses advanced antenna technologies to focus a wireless signal to a defined direction. Butler Matrix (BM) as a beamforming network is used to control the beam direction by utilizing the amplitude and the output phase. A particular technique for designing BM is through substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), which is used to realize the bilateral edge wall vias where the waveguide mode propagates through to support the current flow and reduce the loss of surface wave. Unlike conventional BM, the proposed design requires only hybrid couplers and phase shifter without any crossover. In this BM structure, the SIW hybrid coupler is designed, with two phase shifters of -90°, and one phase shifter of -180° to control the amplitude and phase shifting. This results in an optimized transmission amplitude and output phase difference. The BM also circumvents any crossover, to provide minimal losses. The hybrid coupler exhibits Sii and Sij characteristics at 28 GHz, with values of -27.35 dB for return loss, -3.9 dB for insertion loss, -3.2 dB for coupling, and -26.54 dB for the isolation. In the BM design, high transmission efficiency is observed where the return loss is less than -10 dB, while minimal transmission amplitudes are obtained within the values of ‒6 ± 3 dB. The three-port BM is designed using SIW with minimal loss and the phase difference at each respective output port of the BM shows values of 0°, -120°, and 120°. The three consecutive beams with the gains of 11.1 dBi for port 1 excitation, 9.06 dBi for port 2 excitation and 10.4 dBi for port 3 excitation is achieved when the antenna array is fed to the BM, and each of the radiated beams has beam angles of 0, -27 and 27 degrees.

Research and Design of Novel Fractal Reader Antenna

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
Zu Jue Chen ◽  
Zhi Hui Zhong ◽  
Shu Yan
Keyword(s):  
Patch Antenna ◽  
Return Loss ◽  
Microstrip Patch Antenna ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Maximum Gain ◽  
Microstrip Patch ◽  
Reader Antenna ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Research And Design ◽  
Minkowski Fractal

This paper researches how the various iterations affect the characteristics of Minkowski fractal microstrip patch antenna. A 2-itration Minkowski fractal reader antenna is designed. In order to increase antenna bandwidth, the structure of a novel modified antenna is presented to operate at 2.45GHz with the return loss of -35.15dB and bandwidth of 180MHz, the maximum gain of which is 7.83dB. Besides, with its size of 30mm ×30mm, this antenna area is decreased by 43.75% and the width is decreased by 25% compared to normal square patch antenna. The simulation results show that it has a good size-reduction feature that can well meet the requirement for handheld RFID reader under certain size and characteristics.

scholarly journals Design of Compact BranchlineBalun

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indhumathi J ◽  
Maheswari S
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Branch Line ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Shape Structure ◽  
Phase Differences

This paper present the compact branch line balun to operate at the frequency range of 2.4GHz. The compact branchlinebalun is designed using the substrate material with the dielectric constant of FR4 material. The proposed balun is designed using different transmission lines. Thus the balun should achieves -3dB power division and 1800 phase differences between the outputs. The main objective of this design focuses on size reduction. To reduce the size, A balun is realized using the equivalent T-shape structure. After the reduction techniques the implemented size of the balun is 29.41x44.32 mm2 achieves 35% of size reduction. Thus the measured S11 are -23 dB and the S21,S31 remains -3dB and provide 1790 phase difference between the outputs at the frequency of 2.4GHz.

Microstrip Balun Design Based on Metamaterial

2014 ◽  
Vol 1049-1050 ◽  
pp. 2153-2156
Author(s):  
Sheng Hua Xu ◽  
Wei Zhu ◽  
Jin Cui Guo
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Magnetic Permeability ◽  
Insertion Loss ◽  
Return Loss ◽  
Dielectric Substrate ◽  
Unique Aspect ◽  
Simulation Results

Proposed of a model of microstrip balun based on metamaterial ,it uses the unique aspect of negative dielectric constant and negative magnetic permeability of metamaterial in the microwave , and designs the dielectric substrate , based on which we constructed a microstrip balun which can translate unbalanced 50 ohm signal to 120 ohm balanced .Simulation results show that it can perform well at reducing the size of balun , at the return loss (s11) ,insertion loss (s21) from 2G to 6G. As well as it can effectively meet the two-ports phase difference about 180 degrees.

scholarly journals Size Reduction of A Microstrip Antenna using Loading Circuit Method for UHF Band

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
akuwan saleh
Keyword(s):  
Circular Polarization ◽  
Microstrip Antenna ◽  
Return Loss ◽  
Axial Ratio ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Shorting Pin ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Uhf Band

This paper presents a process and result of reduction of the dimensions of microstrip square antenna shorting pins or loading circuit inserted to the antenna comparing to the conventional one. The slits applied to the antenna to generate the circular polarization properties of the antenna. This antenna is called as a Loading Circuit Microstrip Slit (an LCMS) antenna. The antenna is designed to work at a frequency of 435.9 MHz. This frequency is a part of UHF band of nano-satellite operation. From the simulation results, by adding a loading circuit of chip resistor 1 Ohm instead of the shorting pin, the overall size of an LCMS antenna will be reduced and the bandwidth of antenna becomes wider. For frequency of 435.9 MHz, the return loss of antenna is -21.445 dB, the bandwidth is 44.13 MHz, axial ratio is 2.9 dB, and the total size reduction of an LCMS antenna is equal to 338.46%.

scholarly journals The Effect of Parasitic Rings and Ground Plane on Helix Strip Antenna

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Muchammad Rofiq Fajar Setiawan ◽  
Aryo Baskoro Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Pattern ◽  
Return Loss ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Antenna Gain ◽  
Wide Bandwidth ◽  
Directional Radiation ◽  
Simulation Results

Strip helix antennas offer better performance at wide bandwidth and more compact in size than conventional helix antennas. However, strip helix antennas have a relatively low gain compared to conventional helix antennas. In this paper, a strip helix antenna with 2.4 GHz frequency was designed, simulated, fabricated, and measured. This strip helix antenna was added with several parasitic rings, and its ground plane size was reduced to increase the gain value and its performance. The best simulation results according to the desired parameters were with return loss < -10 dB of -10.366 dB, VSWR < 2 of 1.8702, and directional radiation pattern of 66.5° beamwidth angle. However, the gain did not match with the desired parameters > 12 dB with the result of 8.9612 dB. Measured results showed that the helix strip antenna has a return loss of -10.37 dB and VSWR of 1.870. The parasitic rings addition can increase the strip helix antenna gain of 0.0201 dB and improves performances of return loss, VSWR, and bandwidth. Despite that, the ground plane size reduction actually decreases the gain value.

scholarly journals Electrostatic Discharge Characteristics of SiGe Source/Drain PNN Tunnel FET

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
You Wang ◽  
Yu Mao ◽  
Qizheng Ji ◽  
Ming Yang ◽  
Zhaonian Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Field Effect ◽  
Electrostatic Discharge ◽  
Field Effect Transistors ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Current Path ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Current Characteristics ◽  
Aided Design

Gate-grounded tunnel field effect transistors (ggTFETs) are considered as basic electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection devices in TFET-integrated circuits. ESD test method of transmission line pulse is used to deeply analyze the current characteristics and working mechanism of Conventional TFET ESD impact. On this basis, a SiGe Source/Drain PNN (P+N+N+) tunnel field effect transistors (TFET) was proposed, which was simulated by Sentaurus technology computer aided design (TCAD) software. Simulation results showed that the trigger voltage of SiGe PNN TFET was 46.3% lower, and the failure current was 13.3% higher than Conventional TFET. After analyzing the simulation results, the parameters of the SiGe PNN TFET were optimized. The single current path of the SiGe PNN TFET was analyzed and explained in the case of gate grounding.

scholarly journals Current-Mode Third-Order Quadrature Oscillator Using CDTAs

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiun-Wei Horng
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Oscillation Frequency ◽  
Current Mode ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Quadrature Oscillator ◽  
Oscillation Condition ◽  
Transconductance Amplifiers ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
A Current

This paper describes a current-mode third-order quadrature oscillator based on current differencing transconductance amplifiers (CDTAs). Outputs of two current-mode sinusoids with90°phase difference are available in the quadrature oscillator circuit. The oscillation condition and oscillation frequency are orthogonal controllable. The proposed circuit employs only grounded capacitors and is ideal for integration. Simulation results are included to confirm the theoretical analysis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document