scholarly journals Design of Compact BranchlineBalun

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indhumathi J ◽  
Maheswari S
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Branch Line ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Shape Structure ◽  
Phase Differences

This paper present the compact branch line balun to operate at the frequency range of 2.4GHz. The compact branchlinebalun is designed using the substrate material with the dielectric constant of FR4 material. The proposed balun is designed using different transmission lines. Thus the balun should achieves -3dB power division and 1800 phase differences between the outputs. The main objective of this design focuses on size reduction. To reduce the size, A balun is realized using the equivalent T-shape structure. After the reduction techniques the implemented size of the balun is 29.41x44.32 mm2 achieves 35% of size reduction. Thus the measured S11 are -23 dB and the S21,S31 remains -3dB and provide 1790 phase difference between the outputs at the frequency of 2.4GHz.

scholarly journals Iterative Analysis of Dielectric Constant of Patch Antenna Substrate at UHF Band

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.16) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Amish Kumar Jha ◽  
Bharti Gupta Gupta ◽  
Preety D Swami
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Patch Antenna ◽  
Dielectric Materials ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Shape Model ◽  
Iterative Analysis ◽  
Working Frequency ◽  
Simulation Results

This paper presents an investigation of effect of substrate material properties on the performance of antenna. The simulations are tested for 30 different dielectric materials on the basic RPA antenna model as well as on the most common U shape model using CST Microwave Studio. Two designs are proposed. On the basis of simulation results it has been concluded that for the first design the best material is which has a dielectric constant of 2.7 (𝜀r = 2.7) with bandwidth improvements of around 69.33% to 88.6% as compared to the most frequently used materials at present. For the second design the best result is obtained for the material that has dielectric constant in the range 2.0 to 2.7.  For a material having dielectric constant of 2.1 (𝜀r = 2.1) bandwidth improvement of around 11.74% with respect to RT Duroid was observed. For the second design, radiations from all other materials were not available in the working frequency range of 1GHz to 6GHz.  

Fan Shaped Patch with Fan Shaped Defected Ground Structure is designed for X-band Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
K.S. Ravi Kumar ◽  
Lalbabu Prasad ◽  
B. Ramesh ◽  
K.P. Vinay
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dielectric Substrate ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Defected Ground Structure ◽  
Ground Structure ◽  
Band Region ◽  
X Band ◽  
Simulation Results

In this novel work a simple Fan Shaped Patch (FSP) Antenna is designed for X-band applications using Fan Shaped DGS structure to improve the Bandwidth and Gain. The Antenna is designed by using low cost FR4 Epoxy dielectric substrate material having dielectric constant of 4.4 with size 31.4x28.33x1.6mm3. The Antenna is simulated by using CST MW studio2014 software to analyze the results. The simulation results shows reasonable |S11|<-10 for the frequency range over 8.38 to 11.59GHz in X-band region.

STEERABLE ARRAY ANTENNA USING A 2 × 2 BUTLER MATRIX FOR 5G APPLICATIONS

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Ifeoma Orakwue ◽  
Razali Ngah ◽  
Tharek A. Rahman ◽  
B. M. Sa’ad ◽  
Mohsen Khalily
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Wireless Communications ◽  
Frequency Band ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Array Antenna ◽  
Beam Scanning ◽  
Branch Line ◽  
Wireless Applications ◽  
Butler Matrix ◽  
Fifth Generation

This paper presents the design of a beam steerable array antenna based on branch line coupler (BLC) at 28 GHz frequency band for fifth generation (5G) wireless applications.  The array is designed using Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate material of 0.254 mm thickness and dielectric constant of 2.2. The designed antenna has six elements array and is fed by a BLC which serves as a beamformer to obtain the beam scanning ranging from -16 to +16 degrees. The maximum gain of 14.5 dBi and a wideband that cover from 25.2 GHz to 32 GHz was obtained by measurement. The proposed antenna is applicable to 28 GHz frequency band proposed for 5G wireless communications. All simulated and measured results are clearly presented.

scholarly journals Design of Compact Branch Line Coupler

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Jutru ◽  
Maheswari S
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Return Loss ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Branch Line ◽  
S Parameters ◽  
Microwave Applications ◽  
Simulation Results

The objective is to design a compact branch line coupler to operate at a 2.4GHz frequency. The branch line coupler focuses on -3dB power division with 900 phase difference. T-shaped structure is used to construct the compact branch line coupler. Conventional branch line coupler is also designed and counterfeit using ADS software along with the compact branch line coupler for comparison. The S-parameters for the both coupler are counterfeit and compared. The simulation results of compact branch line coupler had Better return loss, isolation, amplitude and phase difference are all accomplished. Using the proposed method 44% size reduction is achieved. Many microwave applications and integrated circuits, such as amplifier, phase shifters and balanced mixers use branch line couplers.

Microstructural characterization of YBaCuO Films on LaAlO3 substrates

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 180-181
Author(s):  
E. L. Hall ◽  
A. Mogro-Campero ◽  
N. Lewis ◽  
L. G. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Film Growth ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Film Plane ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
High Loss ◽  
Amorphous Substrates ◽  
High Dielectric

There have been a large number of recent studies of the growth of Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films, and these studies have employed a variety of substrates and growth techniques. To date, the highest values of Tc and Jc have been found for films grown by sputtering or coevaporation on single-crystal SrTiO3 substrates, which produces a uniaxially-aligned film with the YBa2Cu3Ox c-axis normal to the film plane. Multilayer growth of films on the same substrate produces a triaxially-aligned film (regions of the film have their c-axis parallel to each of the three substrate <100> directions) with lower values of Jc. Growth of films on a variety of other polycrystalline or amorphous substrates produces randomly-oriented polycrystalline films with low Jc. Although single-crystal SrTiO3 thus produces the best results, this substrate material has a number of undesireable characteristics relative to electronic applications, including very high dielectric constant and a high loss tangent at microwave frequencies. Recently, Simon et al. have shown that LaAlO3 could be used as a substrate for YBaCuO film growth. This substrate is essentially a cubic perovskite with a lattice parameter of 0.3792nm (it has a slight rhombohedral distortion at room temperature) and this material exhibits much lower dielectric constant and microwave loss tangents than SrTiO3. It is also interesting from a film growth standpoint since it has a slightly smaller lattice parameter than YBa2Cu3Ox (a=0.382nm, b=c/3=0.389nm), while SrTiO3 is slightly larger (a=0.3905nm).

Novel Miniaturized Harmonic Suppression Branch-Line Coupler Using Artificial Transmission Lines for UHF Applications

2011 ◽  
Vol E94-C (7) ◽  
pp. 1237-1239
Author(s):  
Chia-Hao KU ◽  
Hsien-Wen LIU ◽  
Yu-Shu LIN ◽  
Kuei-Yi LIN ◽  
Pao-Jen WANG
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Harmonic Suppression ◽  
Branch Line

New aspects of power grid facilities personnel workplaces electromagnetic environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 569-574
Author(s):  
Nina B. Rubtsova ◽  
Sergey Yu. Perov ◽  
Olga V. Belaya ◽  
Tatiana A. Konshina
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Frequency Characteristics ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Electromagnetic Environment ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Special Assessment

Introduction. Electromagnetic safety of power grid facilities staff requires the exclusion of electromagnetic fields (EMF) harmful effects. EMF is evaluated by 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields (EF and MF) values in the framework of working conditions special assessment, and very rarely the analysis of the electromagnetic environment (EME) is carried out in depth. The aim of the study - EME hygienic assessment of power grid EHV facilities personnel workplace with adequate 50 Hz EF and MF levels evaluation as well as the analysis of EF and MF in the frequency range from 5 Hz to 500 Hz amplitude-frequency characteristics. Materials and methods. 50 Hz EF and MF values assessment was carried out on open switchgears (S) of substations and within sanitary breaks of 500 and 750 kV overhead power transmission lines (OTL). Measurements along to OTL trasses was performed using matrix-based method. Measurements and analysis of EF and MF values in 5-500 Hz frequency range amplitude-frequency characteristics were performed in the territory of 500 and 750 kV S. Results. Power frequency 50 Hz measurements results at 500 and 750 kV S ground-level personnel workplaces showed the presence of an excess of permissible limit values by EF intensity and the absence of an excess by MF. The measured EF values within 500 and 750 kV OTL sanitary gaps require limiting the working time of linemen due to the excess of the hygienic norms for full work shift, while the MP levels were almost completely within the standard values for persons not occupationally connected with electrical installations maintenance. MF and EE frequency range from 50 Hz to 500 Hz spectral characteristics analysis showed that 3rd harmonic percentage does not exceed 2.5% for EF and 6% for MF of the main level, the level of the 5th harmonic does not exceed 1% for EF and 3.5% for MF, the level of the 7th harmonic does not exceed 0.2% for EF and 0.8% for MF. These data show despite its low levels the contribution of MF different harmonics in a possible adverse impact on humane than EF corresponding harmonics. Conclusions. There was the confirmation of the previously justified use of the "matrix" scheme for of EF and MF values measurement along OTL routes. The relevance of to EF and MF all frequency components expos ure assessing possible health risk in extremely high voltage S territories and under OTL, based on international recommendations due to the lack of sanitary regulations in the Russian Federation for >50 Hz-30 kHz EF and MF, is shown.

scholarly journals Combined Reduced Phase Dual-Directional Illumination Digital Holography and Speckle Displacements for Shape Measurement

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Davood Khodadad
Keyword(s):  
Phase Difference ◽  
Digital Holography ◽  
Relative Phase ◽  
Groove Depth ◽  
Phase Unwrapping ◽  
Shape Measurement ◽  
Phase Ambiguity ◽  
Holographic Method ◽  
Height Range ◽  
Phase Differences

We present a digital holographic method to increase height range measurement with a reduced phase ambiguity using a dual-directional illumination. Small changes in the angle of incident illumination introduce phase differences between the recorded complex fields. We decrease relative phase difference between the recorded complex fields 279 and 139 times by changing the angle of incident 0.5° and 1°, respectively. A two cent Euro coin edge groove is used to measure the shape. The groove depth is measured as ≈300  μm. Further, numerical refocusing and analysis of speckle displacements in two different planes are used to measure the depth without a use of phase unwrapping process.

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